Master race

Arno Breker's 1939 neoclassical sculptureDie Partei(*The Party*), which flanked one of the entrances to theAlbert Speer-designedReich Chancelleryin Berlin. The sculpture emphasizes what the Nazis considered to be desirable"Nordic" racial characteristics.

Themaster race(German:Herrenrasse) is apseudoscientificconcept inNaziideology in which the putative "Aryan race"is deemed the pinnacle ofhuman racialhierarchy.^[1]Members were referred to as "Herrenmenschen"(" master humans ").^[2]

The Nazi theoristAlfred Rosenbergbelieved that the "Nordic race"was descended fromProto-Indo-Europeans,who he believed hadpre-historicallydwelt on theNorth German Plainand may have ultimately originated on the lost island ofAtlantis.^[3]TheNazisdeclared that theAryanswere superior to all other races, and believed they were entitled to expand territorially.^[4]The actual policy that was implemented by the Nazis resulted in theAryan certificate.This document, which was required by law for all citizens of the Reich, was the "Lesser Aryan certificate" (Kleiner Ariernachweis) and could be obtained through anAhnenpass,which required the owner to trace their lineage throughbaptism,birth certificates, or certified proof thereof that all grandparents were of "Aryan descent".

TheSlavs,Roma,and Jews were defined as being racially inferior and non-Aryan "Untermenschen",and were thus considered to be a danger to the Aryan orGermanicmaster race.^[5]According to the Nazi secretHunger PlanandGeneralplan Ost,the Slavic population was to be removed from Central Europe through expulsion, enslavement, starvation, and extermination,^[6]except for a small percentage who were deemed to be non-Slavic descendants of Germanic settlers, and thus suitable forGermanisation.^[7]

Historical background

Early attempts to claim a racial division between "masters" and "slaves", or the belief that a nation's ruling class isbiologicallysuperior to its ruled subjects, were made in the 18th century.Henri de Boulainvilliersin his bookHistory of the Ancient Government of France(published posthumously in 1727) tried to prove that in France, the nobility represented the descendants of the oldFrankishruling class, whereas the rest of the population was descended from the subjectGauls.Therefore, two qualitatively different races were confronting one another, and the only way to abolish the superiority of the Franks was to destroy their civilization.^[8]Classical liberaltheorists such asVolneyandSieyèsdiscredited this theory by showing that the French nobility consisted mostly ofnouveaux richeswho came from all parts of the country, and thus the idea of a racially pure Frankish lineage was fraudulent.^[9]

In 1855, French countArthur de Gobineaupublished his infamous workAn Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races.Expanding upon Boulainvilliers' use ofethnographyto defend theAncien Régimeagainst the claims of theThird Estate,Gobineau divides the human species into three major groupings, white, yellow and black, claiming to demonstrate that "history springs only from contact with the white races." Among the white races, he distinguishes theAryanrace as the pinnacle of human development, the basis of all European aristocracies. However, inevitablemiscegenationled to the "downfall of civilizations".

Gobineau's influence was slight at first. In his letters toAlexis de Tocqueville,he complained that his book was being hushed up in France and was having a real effect only in the United States. Tocqueville, who rejected the book in spite of his friendship with Gobineau, pointed out to him that this was because the book was in accord with theslave owners'interests in the Southern states.^[10]However, in the 1880s the book gained popularity in Germany thanks to the efforts ofCosima Wagner.In 1899,Houston Stewart Chamberlain,aGermanophileEnglishman and Cosima Wagner's son-in-law, publishedThe Foundations of the Nineteenth Century.Expanding upon Gobineau's earlier theories, he argued thatWestern civilizationis deeply marked by the influence of theTeutonicpeoples. Chamberlain grouped all European peoples—not just Germans, butCelts,Slavs,Greeks,andLatins—into the "Aryan race",a race built on the ancientProto-Indo-Europeanculture. At the helm of the Aryan race, and, indeed, all races, he saw theNordicor Teutonic peoples.

The "Übermensch"(German) (" Overman "or" Superman ") is aconceptin thephilosophy ofGerman philosopherFriedrich Nietzsche—he posited the "Übermensch"as a goal for humanity to set for itself in his 1883 bookThus Spoke Zarathustra(German:Also Sprach Zarathustra). However, Nietzsche never developed the concept on racial grounds. Instead, the "Übermensch""seems to be the ideal aim of spiritual development more than a biological goal ".^[11]Nazismdistorted the concept's real meaning in order to make it fit its 'master race' view.

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was postulated that Indo-Europeans (who were generally referred to as "Aryans") made up the highest branch of humanity because their civilization was the most technologically advanced. This reasoning was simultaneously intertwined withNordicism,which proclaimed that the "Nordic race"was the" purest "form of theAryan race.Today, this view is regarded as a form ofscientific racismand contradicts the belief inracial equalityby advocating the view that one race is superior to all other races.

Eugenics

Eugenicscame to play a prominent role in this racial thought as a way to improve and maintain thepurityof the Aryan master race. Eugenics was a concept adhered to by many thinkers in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, such asMargaret Sanger,^[12]^[13]Marie Stopes,H. G. Wells,Woodrow Wilson,Theodore Roosevelt,Madison Grant,^[14]Émile Zola,George Bernard Shaw,John Maynard Keynes,^[15]John Harvey Kellogg,Linus Pauling,^[16]andSidney Webb.^[17]

In 1908, the first "Better Babies" competition was held at the Louisiana State Fair. Babies were judged using standards pertaining to livestock: height, weight, unblemished skin, well-formed fingers, lack of unnecessary fat, and cooperative behavior. The purpose was to develop child-breeding health standards. At theKansas State Fairbeginning in 1920, a "Fitter Family" contest, sponsored by theAmerican Eugenics Society's Committee on Popular Education, family members had to submit an "Abridged Record of Family Traits" and were then administered physical and psychological examinations to determine their "fitness", or eugenic health. Contestants received letter grades and the winners – almost always white and of Western and Northern European background – were awarded trophies. Some years later, contestants in the Miss America contest beginning in 1935 were required to be "of the white race" and had to submit a detailed account of their ancestry; those who had backgrounds connecting them to thePilgrims'arrival on theMayfloweror theAmerican Revolutionary Warreceived an advantage.^[18]

The Nazis took this concept to an extreme byestablishing a programto systematically genetically enhance the Nordic Aryans themselves through a program ofNazi eugenics,based on theeugenics lawsof the US state of California,^[19]^{[better source needed]}to create asuper race.^[4]

Hierarchy

The modern concept of themaster raceis generally derived from a 19th-centuryracial theory,which posited ahierarchyof races that was based on darkness ofskin colour.This 19th-century concept was initially developed by CountJoseph Arthur De Gobineau.Gobineau's basic concept, as further refined and developed inNazism,placed blackIndigenous AustraliansandEquatorial Africansat the bottom of the hierarchy, while white Northern and Western Europeans (which consisted ofGermans,Swedes,Icelanders,Norwegians,Danes,British, Irish,Dutch,Belgianand Northern French) were placed at its top;olive skinnedwhite Southern Europeans (who consisted of Southern French,Portuguese,Spaniards,Italians,Romanians,andGreeks,i.e., those who were called theMediterranean race,were regarded as another sub-race of theCaucasian race) and placed in its upper middle ranks; and theSemiticandHamitic races(supposed sub-races of the Caucasian race) were placed in its lower-middle ranks (because the Jews, wereSemites,the Nazis believed their cleverness made them extremely dangerous—they had their own plan forJewish world domination,aconspiracywhich needed to be opposed by all thoughtful Aryans).^[4]Slavssuch asPolesandRussianswere not considered Aryans;^[5]and neither were the members of theMongoloid race(including its offshoots such asMalayans,American Indians) andmixed-racepeople such asEurasians,thebronze Mestizos,Mulattos,Afro-Asians,andZamboswere placed in its lower middle ranks. However, the Japanese were consideredhonorary Aryans.^[20]

In their attempt to scientifically prove the racial inferiority ofSlavs,German (and Austrian) racial scientists were forced to gloss over their findings which consistently proved that Early Slavs weredolicocephalicand fair haired, i.e., "Nordic", while the South Slavic "Dinaric" sub-race was often viewed favourable.^[21]Nazis used the term "Slavic race", and considered Slavs to be non-Aryan.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]The concept of a Slavic "Untermensch"accompanied their political goals, and it was particularly aimed atPolesandRussians.Germany's immediate goal wasDrang nach Ostenor expansion into the East, which was the first phase in its ultimate plan to conquer Europe, andUkraine's "chernozem"(black earth) soil was regarded as a particularly desirable zone for colonization by the"Herrenvolk"(listen^ⓘ) ( "master people" ).

In relation to the Nazis' belief inracial purity,author and historianLucy Dawidowiczwrote:

In the hierarchy of Nazi racism, the "Aryans" were the superior race, destined to rule the world after the destruction of their racial arch-foe, the Jews. The lesser races over whom the Germans would rule included the Slavs — Poles, Russians, Ukrainians.... Hitler's racial policy with regard to the Slavs, to the extent that it was formulated, was "depopulation." The Slavs were to be prevented from procreating, except to provide the necessary continuing supply of slave laborers. "^[27]

'Master race' in the United States

Origins and context

In the United States, the concept of 'master race' arose within the context of master-slave race relations in the slavery-based society of historical America – particularly in theSouthin the mid-19th century. It was based upon both the experience ofslaveryand thepseudo-scientific justifications for racial slavery,but also on the relations between whites in the South andNorth,particularly during theAmerican Civil War.

First occurrences

Benjamin W. Leigh,representingVirginiain theUnited States Senate,said in a speech of January 19, 1836:

There has been in Virginia as earnest a desire to abolish slavery as exists any where at this day. It commenced with the Revolution, and many of our ablest and most influential men were active in recommending it, and in devising plans for the accomplishment of it. The Legislature encouraged and facilitated emancipation by the owners, and many slaves were so emancipated. The leaning of the courts of justice was alwaysin favorem libertatis.This disposition continued until the impracticability of effecting a general emancipation, without incalculable mischief to the master race, and danger of utter destruction to the other, and the evils consequent on partial emancipations, became too obvious to the Legislature, and to the great majority of the people, to be longer disregarded.^[28]

TheOxford English Dictionaryrecords thatWilliam J. Graysonused the phrase "master race" in his poemThe Hireling and the Slave(1855):

For these great ends hath Heaven’s supreme command
Brought the black savage from his native land,
Trains for each purpose his barbarian mind,
By slavery tamed, enlightened, and refined;
Instructs him, from a master-race, to draw
Wise modes of polity and forms of law,
Imbues his soul with faith, his heart with love,
Shapes all his life by dictates from above

where the phrase denotes the relation between the white masters and negro slaves.

By 1860 Virginian authorGeorge Fitzhughwas using the "challenging phrase 'master race', which soon came to mean considerably more than the ordinary master-slave relationship".^[29]Fitzhugh, along with a number of southern writers, used the term to differentiate Southerners from Northerners, based on thedichotomythat Southerners were supposedly descendants ofNormans/Cavalierswhereas Northerners were descendants ofAnglo-Saxons/Puritans.^[30]

Uses of the concept

In 1861, the Southern press bragged that Northern soldiers would "encounter a master race" and knowledge of this fact would cause Northern soldiers' "knees to tremble".^[31]^[32]TheRichmond Whigin 1862 proclaimed that "the master race of this continent is found in the southern states",^[33]^[34]and in 1863 theRichmond Examinerstated that "there are slave races born to serve, master races born to govern".^[35]^[36]

In the works ofJohn H. Van Evrie,a Northern supporter of theConfederacy,the term was interchangeable withwhite supremacy,notably inWhite Supremacy and Negro Subordination, Or, Negroes a Subordinate Race and (so-called) slavery its normal condition(1861). InSubgeneation: the theory of the normal relations of the races; an answer to miscegenation(1864) Van Evrie created the words "subgen" to describe what he considered to be the "inferior races" and "subgeneation" to describe the ‘normal’ relation of such inferior races to whites, something which he considered to be the "verycorner-stoneof democracy ";^[37]but these words never entered the dictionary.

The racial termUntermenschoriginates from the title ofKlansman Lothrop Stoddard's 1922 bookThe Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man.^[38]It was later adopted by the Nazis from that book's German versionDer Kulturumsturz: Die Drohung des Untermenschen(1925).^[39]An advocate of the U.S. immigration laws that favored Northern Europeans, Stoddard wrote primarily on the alleged dangers posed by "coloured"peoples to white civilization, with his most famous bookThe Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacyin 1920.Alfred Rosenbergwas the leading Nazi who attributed the concept of the East-European "under man" to Stoddard. As the Nazi Party's chief racial theorist, Rosenberg oversaw the construction of a human racial "ladder" that justified Hitler's racial and ethnic policies. Referring to Russian communists, Rosenbeg wrote in hisDer Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts(1930) that "this is the kind of human being thatLothrop Stoddardhas called the 'under man.' "["...den Lothrop Stoddard als 'Untermenschen' bezeichnete. "]^[40]

Nordicism

The origins of the Nazi version of the master race theory were in the 19th-century racial theories of CountJoseph Arthur De Gobineau,who argued that cultures degenerated when distinct races mixed. It was believed at this time that the peoples of Southern Europe were racially mixed with the non-EuropeanMoorsfrom across theMediterranean Sea,while the peoples of Northern Europe and Western Europe remained pure. Proponents of theNordicismfurther argued that Nordic peoples had developed an innate toughness and determination due to the harsh, challenging climate in which they evolved.

The philosopherArthur Schopenhauerwas one of the earliest proponents of a theory presenting a hierarchical racial model of history, attributing civilisational primacy to the "white races" who gained their sensitivity and intelligence by refinement in the rigorous north.

The highest civilisation and culture, apart from the Ancient Indians and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmins, the Incas, and the rulers of the South Sea Islands. All this is because necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate. This they had to do in order to make up for the parsimony of nature and out of it all came their high civilisation.^[41]

Despite this, he was adamantly against differing treatment of races, was fervently anti-slavery, supporting theabolitionistmovement in the United States. He describes the treatment of "[our] innocent black brothers whom force and injustice have delivered into [the slave master's] devilish clutches" as "belonging to the blackest pages of mankind's criminal record".^[42]

Hans Frank,Hitler's personal lawyer, stated that Hitler carried a copy of Schopenhauer's bookThe World as Will and Representationwith him wherever he went throughoutWorld War I.^[43]

Werner Goldberg,who was part Jewish but blond and blue-eyed, was used in Nazi recruitment posters as "The Ideal German Soldier."

The postulatedsuperiorityof these people was said to make them born leaders, or a "master race".^[44]Other authors includedGuido von List,his associateLanz von Liebenfels,and the British-born German racial theoristHouston Stewart Chamberlain,all of whom felt that the white race in general, andGermanic peoplesin particular, were superior to others, given thepurificationof both the white race and the German people from the other races which were "polluting" them, a newmillenarianage of Aryan god-men would arrive.^[45]

Nazi policy stressed the superiority of the Germanic "Übermenschen"(" superhuman ")Nordic race,a sub-race of thewhite Caucasian raceEuropean population defined byanthropometricmodels of racial difference. The Nordic race was said to comprise only of theGermanic peoples:Scandinavians and the rest of the Nordic countries (Norwegians, Swedes, Danes, Icelanders, and Faroese),ethnic Germans(includingAustrians,Banat Swabians,as well asSudeten,BalticandVolga Germans), Alemannic Swiss, Liechtensteiners, Luxembourgers, the Dutch, Flemings, Afrikaners, Frisians and the English.

The Nazi racial theoristHans F. K. Güntherfirst defined "Nordic thought" in his programmatic bookDer Nordische Gedanke unter den Deutschen.The fact that Germans were not purely Nordic was acknowledged by Günther in his bookRassenkunde des deutschen Volkes( "Racial Science of the German People" ) from 1922, in which he described the German people as being made up of all five of his European racial categories: Nordic, Mediterranean,Dinaric,Alpine,andEast Baltic.^[46]Most official Nazi comments on the Nordic race were based on Günther's works, and Alfred Rosenberg presented Günther with a medal for his work in anthropology.

Although the physical ideal of these racial theorists was typically the tall,fair-haired,andlight-eyedNordic individual, such theorists accepted the fact that a considerable variety of hair and eye colour existed within the racial categories they recognised. For example,Adolf Hitlerand many Nazi officials had dark hair and were still considered members of theAryan raceunder Nazi racial doctrine, because the determination of an individual's racial type depended on a preponderance of many characteristics in an individual rather than on just one defining feature.^[47]

Hitler andHimmlerplanned to use theSSas the basis for the racial "regeneration" of Europe following the final victory of Nazism. The SS was to be a racial elite chosen on the basis of "pure" Nordic qualities.^[48]^[49]^[50]

Giuseppe Sergi(1841–1936) was an Italian anthropologist of the early twentieth century, best known for his opposition to Nordicism in his books on the racial identity of ancient Mediterranean peoples. His concept of theMediterranean racebecame important to the modelling of racial difference in the early twentieth century.

Aryanism and Nazism

The termAryanis derived from theSanskritword (ā́rya), which is derived fromarya,the originalIndo-Iranian autonym.Also,the wordIran(fromMiddle PersianĒrān,"theĒrs") is thePersianword for [the land/place of] theAryans.^[51]

Following the ideas of Gobineau and others, the Nazi theoristAlfred Rosenbergdetermined that these people, who, he claimed, were originally fromAtlantis,were a dynamicwarrior peoplewho dwelt in northern climates on theNorth German Plaininprehistoric times,from which they migrated southeast by riding theirchariots,eventually reachingUkraine,Iran,and then India. They were supposed to be the ancestors of the ancientGermanic tribes,who shared their warrior values. Rosenberg opposed Christianity because to him, it was an alienSemitic slave-moralitywhich was inappropriate for the warrior Aryan master race and in its place, he supported a melange of aspects ofHindu VedicandZoroastrianteachings (both of these religions were organised by Aryans), along with pre-Christian EuropeanOdinistic paganism,which he also considered distinctively Aryan in character.^[52]

InNazi Germany,theNuremberg Race Lawsof 1935 forbadesexual relations and marriagebetween an "Aryan" and a "non-Aryan" in order to maintain the purity of the Aryan race. Such relations became a punishable crime which was known asRassenschandeor "racial shame".^[53]TheLeague of German Girlswas particularly required to instruct girls to avoidRassenschandebecause according to Nazism, maintaining racial purity was particularly important for young females.^[54]Aryans found guilty of this crime could face incarceration in a concentration camp, while non-Aryans could even face the death penalty.^[55]The Nazis recognized the Germanic people as the master race, and several policies were implemented in order to improve and maintain the Germanic-Nordic ubermenschen Aryan "master race," including the practice ofeugenics.In order to eliminate "defective" citizens and rid the country of theintellectually disabledor those who were born withgenetic deficiencies,as well as those who were deemed racially inferior, theT-4 Euthanasia Programwas administered byKarl Brandt,one of Hitler's personal physicians. Additionally, a program ofcompulsory sterilisationwas also implemented and as a result of it, forced operations were performed on hundreds of thousands of individuals. Many of thesepoliciesare generally seen as being related to what eventually became known asthe Holocaust.^[7]

The Nazis also undertook measures to increase the number of Nordics in Germany. TheLebensbornprogram was only open to German women who fit the Nordic profile. During the Nazioccupation of Poland,the Nazis took young Nordic-looking Polish children who were classified as being descended from ethnic German settlers in order to determine whether or not they were "racially valuable". If that were the case, the young children were taken back to theseLebensbornhouses so they could be raised as Germans.^[56]

In Nazi Germany, theAryan certificatewas an official document which certified that its owner was an Aryan. Aryan certificates could also be obtained by citizens of other countries. In its section which is titledRacial Tenet(Rassegrundsatz), the Aryan certificate states:

In line with national socialist thinking which does full justice to all other peoples, there is never the expression of superior or inferior, but alien racial admixtures.^[57]

For the "Greater Aryan certificate" Germans had to prove that as far back as January 1, 1800 "none of their paternal nor their maternal ancestors had Jewish or coloured blood".^[58]SSofficers had to prove this reaching back to 1750.

During a speech he made in 1936, Nazi Propaganda MinisterJoseph Goebbelssaid:

Today arises in young and old, high and low, poor and rich, the will that the German nation must again be a world people. All of us are convinced of it: we must participate in the ruling of the world. We must become a master race, and therefore we must educate our people to be a master race. This must begin with the smallest child, who must be educated in this master-ethic.^[59]

In 1943,Reichskommissarfor UkraineErich Kochreminded Germans:

We are a master race, which must remember that the lowliest German worker is racially and biologically a thousand times more valuable than the population here.^[60]

Yamato and Japan

During theMeiji era,a sense of superiority over other Asians existed in the Japanese society, with discrimination being enacted against even against racial minorities such as theRyūkyūandAinupeoples.^[61]^[62]In July 1943, promotion of Yamato racial superiority was further affirmed by the Japanese government with the publishing ofAn Investigation of Global Policy with theYamato Raceas Nucleus.^[63]

Mediterranean race

The claim that theMediterranean racewas responsible for the most important of ancient Western civilisations was a problem for the promoters of Nordic superiority. According toGiuseppe Sergi,the Mediterranean race was the "greatest race of the world" and was singularly responsible for the most accomplished civilisations of ancient times, including those ofMesopotamia,Persia,Egypt,Greece,Phoenicia,Carthage,andRome.The Mediterranean race was also a major influence to the outside world in the modern era: during the 16th century, Spain andPortugalestablished the firstglobal empiresin Western history, placing both nations on the highest level of political and economic powers in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Charles Gabriel Seligmanalso stated that "it must, I think, be recognised that the Mediterranean race has actually more achievements to its credit than any other race, since it is responsible for by far the greater part of Mediterranean civilisation, certainly before 1000 BC (and probably much later), and so shaped not only theAegean cultures,but those of Western as well as the greater part ofEastern Mediterraneanlands, while the culture of their near relatives, theHamiticpre-dynasticEgyptians,formed the basis of that ofEgypt."^[64]

The Nazis explained this by pointing out that the originalLatinsandGreekswereIndo-EuropeanNordic tribes which had migrated into Italy andGreece,during the Iron Age era. The Nazis also claimed that theSpanishandPortuguese Empireswere examples of Nordic power since, at the time, their governments were run by the descendants of the GermanicVisigothswho invaded Spain andPortugalfifteen centuries earlier. However, they did admit that the masses of people who lived during the flowering of these four civilizations were Mediterranean. This led to Germans of all European races to be classified as Aryans.^[52]

Cultural influences

Aryan master race ideology was common throughout the educated intellectual community and literate strata of the Western world until the post-World War IIera. Such theories were commonplace in early-20th century fantasy literature.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the originalBuck Rogersstories andnewspaper cartoons,Buck Rogers, in his adventures in the 25th century that takes place on Earth, depicts him fighting forAryan-Americansfrom the liberated zone aroundNiagara, New York,against theRed Mongol Empire,a Chinese empire of the future which rules most of North America.^[65]

In the 1930s, both educational and storybooks for children in Germany taught their readers about the master race. In theSun Kohscience fiction series, the protagonist Koh says things like "My forefathers were Aryan", and in a story aboutAtlantis,he says, "If our Atlantis once again rises out of the sea, then we will get from there the blond, steel-hardmenwith the pure blood and will create with them the master race, which will finally rule the earth. "^[66]The German writerMichael Ende,who was born in 1929 and grew up reading such books, wrote his classic novelJim Button and Luke the Engine Driverin the 1950s, as a way of opposing the Nazi propaganda he was taught as a child.Frankfurter Allgemeine ZeitungwriterJulia Vosswrote a book^{[note 1]}on Jim Button, uncovering Ende's many references to Nazi symbols in that book.^[67]Voss shows how Ende upends the Nazi belief that Atlantis was the original home of the Aryan race by creating his own submerged city and making it rise, but not to restore Aryan master-race rule over the Earth, rather it becomes a multi-racial paradise with Jim Button, who is black and a descendant of the Magi Caspar, as its king.^[66]

In the 1948 filmRopebyAlfred Hitchcock,one of the central characters, Brandon Shaw, is a firm believer in the master race ideology.^{[citation needed]}

In theDoctor Whoseries,the Doctor's frequent enemies, theDaleks,consider themselves a master race which must purge the universe of all other life forms;Terry Nationexplicitly modeled them on the Nazis.^[68]In the 2009 special "The End of Time",whenthe Mastertransforms the entire human race into copies of himself, he claims that there is no human race, but only "the Master race".

In theHarry Potterseries, while the parallels were not originally intentional, there is much similarity betweenLord Voldemort's "pureblood" ideology and the master race ideology of the Nazis, with wizards being "pure" and anyone with Muggle (non-wizard) blood being considered "half-blood" or "mudblood", a word used and treated the same way a racial slur would be in the real world (Neo-Naziscall non-white peoplemud people).^[69]

In the filmLethal Weapon 2,the Master Race is a criminal organization of corruptAfrikanerdiplomatic officials from South Africa, led by South African consul-general in Los Angeles namef Arjen Rudd that smuggles illegalgold krugerrandsinto the United States of America viaLos Angeles Harbor.

References

Informational notes

^Voss' book was written as a doctoraldissertation.

Citations

^Bryant, Edwin; Bryant, Edwin Francis; Bryant, Professor of Hinduism Edwin (2001-09-06).The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate.Oxford University Press, USA.ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
^Michaelis, Meir (June 1972)."World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937-1970)".The Historical Journal.15(2).Cambridge University Press:331–360.doi:10.1017/S0018246X00002624.JSTOR 2638127.S2CID 162629479.
^Rosenberg, Alfred,The Myth of the 20th Century.The termAtlantisis mentioned two times in the whole book; the termAtlantis-hypothesisis mentioned just once. Rosenberg (page 24): "It seems to be not completely impossible, that at parts where today the waves of the Atlantic ocean murmur and icebergs move along, once a blossoming land towered in the water, on which a creative race founded a great culture and sent its children as seafarers and warriors into the world; but if this Atlantis-hypothesis proves untenable, we still have to presume a prehistoric Nordic cultural center." Rosenberg (page 26): "The ridiculed hypothesis about a Nordic creative center, which we can call Atlantis – without meaning a sunken island – from where once waves of warriors migrated to all directions as first witnesses of Nordic longing for distant lands to conquer and create, today becomes probable." Original: "Es erscheint als nicht ganz ausgeschlossen, dass an Stellen, über die heute die Wellen des Atlantischen Ozeans rauschen und riesige Eisgebirge herziehen, einst ein blühendes Festland aus den Fluten ragte, auf dem eine schöpferische Rasse große, weitausgreifende Kultur erzeugte und ihre Kinder als Seefahrer und Krieger hinaussandte in die Welt; aber selbst wenn sich diese Atlantishypothese als nicht haltbar erweisen sollte, wird ein nordisches vorgeschichtliches Kulturzentrum angenommen werden müssen.... Und deshalb wird die alte verlachte Hypothese heute Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass von einem nordischen Mittelpunkt der Schöpfung, nennen wir ihn, ohne uns auf die Annahme eines versunkenen atlantischen Erdteils festzulegen, die Atlantis, einst Kriegerschwärme strahlenförmig ausgewandert sind als erste Zeugen des immer wieder sich erneut verkörpernden nordischen Fernwehs, um zu erobern, zu gestalten."
^^a ^b ^cHitler, AdolfMein Kampf1925
^^a ^bLongerich 2010,p. 241.
^Snyder 2010,pp. 162–163, 416.
^^a ^b Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski."Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe".Warsaw, Poland: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived fromthe originalon 6 November 2011.
^"Lukács, György (1952),The Destruction of Reason,p. 668 "(PDF).
^"Lukács, György (1952),The Destruction of Reason,p. 669 "(PDF).
^"Lukács, György (1952),The Destruction of Reason,pp. 670-1 "(PDF).
^Solomon, Robert C.;Higgins, Kathleen M.(2000).What Nietzsche Really Said.Schocken Books, a division of Random House, Inc. p.47.ISBN 0-8052-4157-4.
^Margaret Sanger, quoted inKatz, Esther; Engelman, Peter (2002).The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger.Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 319.ISBN 978-0-252-02737-6.Our... campaign for Birth Control is not merely of eugenic value, but is practically identical in ideal with the final aims of Eugenics
^Franks, Angela (2005).Margaret Sanger's eugenic legacy.Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 30.ISBN 978-0-7864-2011-7.... her commitment to eugenics was constant... until her death
^Grant, Madison.The Passing of the Great Race,Scribner's Sons, 1922.
^Keynes, John Maynard (1946). "Opening remarks: The Galton Lecture".The Eugenics Review.38(1): 39–40.
^Everett Mendelsohn, Ph.D.Pauling's Eugenics,The Eugenic Temptation,Harvard Magazine, Mar–April 2000
^Gordon, Linda(2002).The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America.University of Illinois Press. p. 196.ISBN 0-252-02764-7.
^Speier, Susanna (June 29, 2011)"Beauty Pageants and the Misunderstanding of Evolution Meet....Again"Scientific American
^Black, Edwin (November 9, 2003)."Eugenics and the Nazis – the California connection".San Francisco Chronicle.
^Snyder (1976).Encyclopedia of the Third Reich,p. 170.
^Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether (2003).Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe.New York: Berghahn Books. p. 203.ISBN 978-1-57181-385-5.
^Mark Mazower (7 March 2013).Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe.Penguin Books Limited.ISBN 978-0-14-191750-4.
^Fischel, Jack R. (2010).Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust.Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 175.ISBN 978-0-8108-7485-5.The policy of Lebensraum was also the product of Nazi racial ideology, which held the view that the Slavic peoples of the east were inferior to the Aryan race.
^Stephenson, Jill (2006).Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis.London; New York: Hambledon Continuum. p. 135.ISBN 978-1-85285-442-3.Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma.
^Levine, Alan J. (1 January 1996).Race Relations Within Western Expansion.Westport, CT: Greenwood. p. 98.ISBN 978-0-275-95037-8.Preposterously, Central European Aryan theorists, and later the Nazis, would insist that the Slavic-speaking peoples were not really Aryans
^Timm, Annette F. (2010).The Politics of Fertility in Twentieth-Century Berlin.Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 118.ISBN 978-0-521-19539-3.The Nazis' singleminded desire to "purify" the German race through the elimination of non-Aryans (particularly Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs)
^Lucy Dawidowicz,The Holocaust and the Historians,p.10:
^Gales & Seaton's Register, 1836, p191
^Wish, HarveyGeorge Fitzhugh: propagandist of the Old SouthLouisiana State University Press (1943) p270
^see Watson jr, Ritchie DevonNormans and Saxons: Southern Race Mythology and the Intellectual History of the American Civil WarLouisiana State University Press (2008)
^quoted in Grant and Lee: victorious American and vanquished Virginian Praeger (2008) p15
^Daniel, John Moncure (1868).The Richmond Examiner During the War; Or the Writings of John M. Daniel. With a Memoir of His Life, by His Brother, Frederick S. Daniel.C. A. Alvord. p. 24.ISBN 978-0-608-42800-0.Thebattle of Manassasdemonstrated, at once and forever, the superiority of the Southern soldiers, and there is not a man in the army, from the humblest private to the highest officer, who does not feel it. Now, this piece of information is extensivelt diffused in the camp of the enemy. They know now that when they go forth to the field they will encounter a master race. The consciousness of this fact will cause their knees to tremble beneath them on the day of battle. It will demoralize them. It has already done so.
^quoted in Conkling, HenryAn Inside View of the Rebellion: An American Citizen's Textbook(1864) p7
^Abbott, John Stevens Cabot (1863).The History of the Civil War in America: Comprising a Full and Impartial Account of the Origin and Progress of the Rebellion...G. Bill. pp. 419–420.The whole experience of the war is an attestation of the truth long since discovered by impartial observers, that the master race of this continent is found in the Southern States. Of a better stock, originally, and habituated to manlier pursuits and exercises, they have ruled in affairs of State by force of the stronger will and larger wisdom that pertain to and distinguish superior races of men, while on the field of battle they have in every contest held a priority of place, conceded to them by their present adversaries.
^quoted in Senate documents, otherwise publ. as Public documents and Executive documents: 14th Congress, 1st session-48th congress, 2nd session and special session (1869) p670
^"The Apostles of Slavery".The New York Times.1863-06-03.ISSN 0362-4331.Retrieved2023-05-05.The Richmond Examiner evidently means to prepare the world for the new gospel of slaveholding which the Confederacy is to preach and practice to the conversion of nations, in the article in question, one paragraph of which we reprint as a specimen of the whole: "The establishment of the Confederacy is verily a distinct reaction against the whole course of the mistaken civilization of the age. For ' Liberty Equality, Fraternity,' we have deliberately substituted Slavery, Subordination and Government. Those social and political problems which rack and torture modern society we have undertaken to solve for ourselves, in our own way, and upon our own principles. That among equals equality is right;' among those who arc naturally unequal, equality is chaos; that there are slave races born to serve, master races born to govern. Such are the fundamental principles which we inherit from the ancient world, which we lifted up in the face of a perverse generation that has forgotten the wisdom of its fathers; by those principles we live and in their defence we have shown ourselves ready to die. Reverently we feel that our Confederacy is a God-sent missionary to the nations, with great truths to breach. We must speak them boldly; and whose hath ears to hear let him hear."
^Subgeneationp42
^Stoddard, Lothrop(1922).The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man.New York:Charles Scribner's Sons.
^ Losurdo, Domenico(2004)."Toward a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism"(PDF, 0.2 MB).Historical Materialism.12(2). Translated by Marella & Jon Morris.Brill:25–55, here p. 50.doi:10.1163/1569206041551663.ISSN 1465-4466.
^ Rosenberg, Alfred(1930).Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit[The Myth of the Twentieth Century] (in German). Munich: Hoheneichen-Verlag. p. 214. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-11-04.
^Arthur Schopenhauer,Parerga and Paralipomena,Volume II, Section 92
^Parerga and Paralipomena,"On Ethics," Sec. 5
^"Hitler Myths".
^Yenne 2010,p. 88.
^Yenne 2010,pp. 22–25, 88.
^Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Eastbourne, England: UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS, 2008, 2010. P. 150.
^"The range of blond hair colour in pure Nordic peoples runs from flaxen and red to shades of chestnut and brown... It must be clearly understood that blondness of hair and of eye is not a final test of Nordic race. The Nordics include all the blonds, and also those of darker hair or eye when possessed of a preponderance of other Nordic characters. In this sense the word" blond "means those lighter shades of hair or eye colour in contrast to the very dark or black shades which are termed brunet. The meaning of 'blond' as now used is therefore not limited to the lighter or flaxen shades as in colloquial speech. In England among Nordic populations there are large numbers of individuals with hazel brown eyes joined with the light brown or chestnut hair which is the typical hair shade of the English and Americans. This combination is also common in Holland and Westphalia and is frequently associated with a very fair skin. These men are all of 'blond' aspect and constitution and consequently are to be classed as members of the Nordic race." Quoted in Grant, 1922, p. 26.
^Hale, Christopher (2003).Himmler's Crusade.Bantam Press.pp. 74–87.ISBN 0-593-04952-7.
^Russell, Stuart (1999).Heinrich Himmler's Camelot.Kressman-Backmayer.
^Geoffrey G. Field, "Nordic Racism",Journal of the History of Ideas,University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977, p. 523
^Wiesehofer, JosephAncient Persia.New York:1996 I.B. Tauris
^^a ^bRosenberg, AlfredDer Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts,1930 ( "The Myth of the 20th Century" )
^Michael Burleigh (7 November 1991).The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945.Cambridge University Press. p.49.ISBN 978-0-521-39802-2.
^Bytwerk, Randall."The Jewish Question in Education".
^Leila J. Rupp,Mobilizing Women for War,p 125,ISBN 0-691-04649-2
^Joseph W. Bendersky (11 July 2013).A Concise History of Nazi Germany.Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 180.ISBN 978-1-4422-2270-0.
^German: "Dem Denken des Nationalsozialismus entsprechend, jedem anderen Volke volle Gerechtigkeit widerfahren zu lassen, ist dabei niemals von höher- oder minderwertigen, sondern stets nur von fremden Rasseneinschlägen die Rede."
^Quotation in German: "wer unter seinen Vorfahren väterlicherseits oder mütterlicherseits kein jüdisches oder farbiges Blut hat ";in: Isabel Heinemann. "Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut", Wallstein Verlag, 1999,ISBN 3-89244-623-7,p. 54
^Eberhard Aleff; Walter Tormin; Friedrich Zipfel (1970).Das Dritte Reich(in German). Verlag für Literatur und Zeitgeschehen. p. 129.Heute steckt in jung und alt, in hoch und niedrig, in arm und reich der besessene Wille, die deutsche Nation wieder zu einem Weltvolk emporzuführen. Jedermann bei uns ist davon überzeugt: Wir müssen an der Beherrschung der Welt teilnehmen. Wir müssen deshalb ein Herrenvolk werden, und deshalb müssen wir unser Volk zum Herrenvolk erziehen. Das muß schon beim kleinsten Pimpf anfangen, der schon in dieser Herrenmoral erzogen werden muß.
^Horst Von Maltitz (1973).The Evolution of Hitler's Germany: The Ideology, the Personality, the Moment.McGraw-Hill. p. 53.ISBN 978-0-07-067608-4.
^Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William D. (January 2013)."Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan".RetrievedNovember 12,2023.
^Zohar, Ayelet (October 15, 2020)."Introduction: Race and Empire in Meiji Japan".The Asia-Pacific Journal.RetrievedNovember 12,2023.
^Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (Fall 2000),Ethnic Engineering: Scientific Racism and Public Opinion Surveys in Midcentury Japan,vol. 8, Duke University Press, pp. 499–529
^The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,Vol. 54. (January – June, 1924), p. 30.
^The Collected Works of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century1969 Chelsea House—Introduction byRay Bradbury—Reprints of the originalBuck Rogerscomic strips
^^a ^bJulia Voss,"Jim Knopf rettet die Evolutionstheorie"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung(December 16, 2008). Retrieved July 31, 2011(in German)
^Book review ofDarwins Jim Knopfby Julia VossKultiversum.de "Im Zickzack durch Lummerland" (2009). Retrieved August 4, 2011(in German)
^http://nzdwfc.tetrap.com/archive/tsv51/terrynation.html| Terry Nation – Writing For The Screen, By Paul Scoones
^Johnston, Ian (29 July 2004)."Author 'chilled' to learn Harry's half-blood status has Nazi parallels".RetrievedJune 30,2011.

Bibliography

Longerich, Peter(2010).Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews.Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
Snyder, Timothy(2010).Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin.New York: Basic Books.ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.
Yenne, Bill (2010).Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS.Minneapolis: Zenith.ISBN 978-0-7603-3778-3.

[67] Voss' book was written as a doctoraldissertation.

[1] Bryant, Edwin; Bryant, Edwin Francis; Bryant, Professor of Hinduism Edwin (2001-09-06).The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate.Oxford University Press, USA.ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.

[2] Michaelis, Meir (June 1972)."World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937-1970)".The Historical Journal.15(2).Cambridge University Press:331–360.doi:10.1017/S0018246X00002624.JSTOR 2638127.S2CID 162629479.

[3] Rosenberg, Alfred,The Myth of the 20th Century.The termAtlantisis mentioned two times in the whole book; the termAtlantis-hypothesisis mentioned just once. Rosenberg (page 24): "It seems to be not completely impossible, that at parts where today the waves of the Atlantic ocean murmur and icebergs move along, once a blossoming land towered in the water, on which a creative race founded a great culture and sent its children as seafarers and warriors into the world; but if this Atlantis-hypothesis proves untenable, we still have to presume a prehistoric Nordic cultural center." Rosenberg (page 26): "The ridiculed hypothesis about a Nordic creative center, which we can call Atlantis – without meaning a sunken island – from where once waves of warriors migrated to all directions as first witnesses of Nordic longing for distant lands to conquer and create, today becomes probable." Original: "Es erscheint als nicht ganz ausgeschlossen, dass an Stellen, über die heute die Wellen des Atlantischen Ozeans rauschen und riesige Eisgebirge herziehen, einst ein blühendes Festland aus den Fluten ragte, auf dem eine schöpferische Rasse große, weitausgreifende Kultur erzeugte und ihre Kinder als Seefahrer und Krieger hinaussandte in die Welt; aber selbst wenn sich diese Atlantishypothese als nicht haltbar erweisen sollte, wird ein nordisches vorgeschichtliches Kulturzentrum angenommen werden müssen.... Und deshalb wird die alte verlachte Hypothese heute Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass von einem nordischen Mittelpunkt der Schöpfung, nennen wir ihn, ohne uns auf die Annahme eines versunkenen atlantischen Erdteils festzulegen, die Atlantis, einst Kriegerschwärme strahlenförmig ausgewandert sind als erste Zeugen des immer wieder sich erneut verkörpernden nordischen Fernwehs, um zu erobern, zu gestalten."

[hitler1925-4] Hitler, AdolfMein Kampf1925

[FOOTNOTELongerich2010241-5] Longerich 2010,p. 241.

[FOOTNOTESnyder2010162–163,_416-6] Snyder 2010,pp. 162–163, 416.

[THE-7] Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski."Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe".Warsaw, Poland: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived fromthe originalon 6 November 2011.

[8] "Lukács, György (1952),The Destruction of Reason,p. 668 "(PDF).

[9] "Lukács, György (1952),The Destruction of Reason,p. 669 "(PDF).

[10] "Lukács, György (1952),The Destruction of Reason,pp. 670-1 "(PDF).

[11] Solomon, Robert C.;Higgins, Kathleen M.(2000).What Nietzsche Really Said.Schocken Books, a division of Random House, Inc. p.47.ISBN 0-8052-4157-4.

[12] Margaret Sanger, quoted inKatz, Esther; Engelman, Peter (2002).The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger.Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 319.ISBN 978-0-252-02737-6.Our... campaign for Birth Control is not merely of eugenic value, but is practically identical in ideal with the final aims of Eugenics

[13] Franks, Angela (2005).Margaret Sanger's eugenic legacy.Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 30.ISBN 978-0-7864-2011-7.... her commitment to eugenics was constant... until her death

[14] Grant, Madison.The Passing of the Great Race,Scribner's Sons, 1922.

[15] Keynes, John Maynard (1946). "Opening remarks: The Galton Lecture".The Eugenics Review.38(1): 39–40.

[16] Everett Mendelsohn, Ph.D.Pauling's Eugenics,The Eugenic Temptation,Harvard Magazine, Mar–April 2000

[17] Gordon, Linda(2002).The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America.University of Illinois Press. p. 196.ISBN 0-252-02764-7.

[18] Speier, Susanna (June 29, 2011)"Beauty Pageants and the Misunderstanding of Evolution Meet....Again"Scientific American

[19] Black, Edwin (November 9, 2003)."Eugenics and the Nazis – the California connection".San Francisco Chronicle.

[20] Snyder (1976).Encyclopedia of the Third Reich,p. 170.

[21] Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether (2003).Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe.New York: Berghahn Books. p. 203.ISBN 978-1-57181-385-5.

[22] Mark Mazower (7 March 2013).Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe.Penguin Books Limited.ISBN 978-0-14-191750-4.

[23] Fischel, Jack R. (2010).Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust.Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 175.ISBN 978-0-8108-7485-5.The policy of Lebensraum was also the product of Nazi racial ideology, which held the view that the Slavic peoples of the east were inferior to the Aryan race.

[24] Stephenson, Jill (2006).Hitler's Home Front: Wurttemberg Under the Nazis.London; New York: Hambledon Continuum. p. 135.ISBN 978-1-85285-442-3.Other non-'Aryans' included Slavs, Blacks and Roma.

[25] Levine, Alan J. (1 January 1996).Race Relations Within Western Expansion.Westport, CT: Greenwood. p. 98.ISBN 978-0-275-95037-8.Preposterously, Central European Aryan theorists, and later the Nazis, would insist that the Slavic-speaking peoples were not really Aryans

[26] Timm, Annette F. (2010).The Politics of Fertility in Twentieth-Century Berlin.Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 118.ISBN 978-0-521-19539-3.The Nazis' singleminded desire to "purify" the German race through the elimination of non-Aryans (particularly Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs)

[27] Lucy Dawidowicz,The Holocaust and the Historians,p.10:

[28] Gales & Seaton's Register, 1836, p191

[29] Wish, HarveyGeorge Fitzhugh: propagandist of the Old SouthLouisiana State University Press (1943) p270

[30] see Watson jr, Ritchie DevonNormans and Saxons: Southern Race Mythology and the Intellectual History of the American Civil WarLouisiana State University Press (2008)

[31] quoted in Grant and Lee: victorious American and vanquished Virginian Praeger (2008) p15

[32] Daniel, John Moncure (1868).The Richmond Examiner During the War; Or the Writings of John M. Daniel. With a Memoir of His Life, by His Brother, Frederick S. Daniel.C. A. Alvord. p. 24.ISBN 978-0-608-42800-0.Thebattle of Manassasdemonstrated, at once and forever, the superiority of the Southern soldiers, and there is not a man in the army, from the humblest private to the highest officer, who does not feel it. Now, this piece of information is extensivelt diffused in the camp of the enemy. They know now that when they go forth to the field they will encounter a master race. The consciousness of this fact will cause their knees to tremble beneath them on the day of battle. It will demoralize them. It has already done so.

[33] quoted in Conkling, HenryAn Inside View of the Rebellion: An American Citizen's Textbook(1864) p7

[34] Abbott, John Stevens Cabot (1863).The History of the Civil War in America: Comprising a Full and Impartial Account of the Origin and Progress of the Rebellion...G. Bill. pp. 419–420.The whole experience of the war is an attestation of the truth long since discovered by impartial observers, that the master race of this continent is found in the Southern States. Of a better stock, originally, and habituated to manlier pursuits and exercises, they have ruled in affairs of State by force of the stronger will and larger wisdom that pertain to and distinguish superior races of men, while on the field of battle they have in every contest held a priority of place, conceded to them by their present adversaries.

[35] quoted in Senate documents, otherwise publ. as Public documents and Executive documents: 14th Congress, 1st session-48th congress, 2nd session and special session (1869) p670

[36] "The Apostles of Slavery".The New York Times.1863-06-03.ISSN 0362-4331.Retrieved2023-05-05.The Richmond Examiner evidently means to prepare the world for the new gospel of slaveholding which the Confederacy is to preach and practice to the conversion of nations, in the article in question, one paragraph of which we reprint as a specimen of the whole: "The establishment of the Confederacy is verily a distinct reaction against the whole course of the mistaken civilization of the age. For ' Liberty Equality, Fraternity,' we have deliberately substituted Slavery, Subordination and Government. Those social and political problems which rack and torture modern society we have undertaken to solve for ourselves, in our own way, and upon our own principles. That among equals equality is right;' among those who arc naturally unequal, equality is chaos; that there are slave races born to serve, master races born to govern. Such are the fundamental principles which we inherit from the ancient world, which we lifted up in the face of a perverse generation that has forgotten the wisdom of its fathers; by those principles we live and in their defence we have shown ourselves ready to die. Reverently we feel that our Confederacy is a God-sent missionary to the nations, with great truths to breach. We must speak them boldly; and whose hath ears to hear let him hear."

[37] Subgeneationp42

[38] Stoddard, Lothrop(1922).The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man.New York:Charles Scribner's Sons.

[39] Losurdo, Domenico(2004)."Toward a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism"(PDF, 0.2 MB).Historical Materialism.12(2). Translated by Marella & Jon Morris.Brill:25–55, here p. 50.doi:10.1163/1569206041551663.ISSN 1465-4466.

[40] Rosenberg, Alfred(1930).Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit[The Myth of the Twentieth Century] (in German). Munich: Hoheneichen-Verlag. p. 214. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-11-04.

[41] Arthur Schopenhauer,Parerga and Paralipomena,Volume II, Section 92

[42] Parerga and Paralipomena,"On Ethics," Sec. 5

[43] "Hitler Myths".

[FOOTNOTEYenne201088-44] Yenne 2010,p. 88.

[FOOTNOTEYenne201022–25,_88-45] Yenne 2010,pp. 22–25, 88.

[Maxwell150-46] Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Eastbourne, England: UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS, 2008, 2010. P. 150.

[47] "The range of blond hair colour in pure Nordic peoples runs from flaxen and red to shades of chestnut and brown... It must be clearly understood that blondness of hair and of eye is not a final test of Nordic race. The Nordics include all the blonds, and also those of darker hair or eye when possessed of a preponderance of other Nordic characters. In this sense the word" blond "means those lighter shades of hair or eye colour in contrast to the very dark or black shades which are termed brunet. The meaning of 'blond' as now used is therefore not limited to the lighter or flaxen shades as in colloquial speech. In England among Nordic populations there are large numbers of individuals with hazel brown eyes joined with the light brown or chestnut hair which is the typical hair shade of the English and Americans. This combination is also common in Holland and Westphalia and is frequently associated with a very fair skin. These men are all of 'blond' aspect and constitution and consequently are to be classed as members of the Nordic race." Quoted in Grant, 1922, p. 26.

[48] Hale, Christopher (2003).Himmler's Crusade.Bantam Press.pp. 74–87.ISBN 0-593-04952-7.

[49] Russell, Stuart (1999).Heinrich Himmler's Camelot.Kressman-Backmayer.

[50] Geoffrey G. Field, "Nordic Racism",Journal of the History of Ideas,University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977, p. 523

[autogenerated1996-51] Wiesehofer, JosephAncient Persia.New York:1996 I.B. Tauris

[ReferenceA-52] Rosenberg, AlfredDer Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts,1930 ( "The Myth of the 20th Century" )

[Burleigh1991-53] Michael Burleigh (7 November 1991).The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945.Cambridge University Press. p.49.ISBN 978-0-521-39802-2.

[54] Bytwerk, Randall."The Jewish Question in Education".

[rupp125-55] Leila J. Rupp,Mobilizing Women for War,p 125,ISBN 0-691-04649-2

[Bendersky2013-56] Joseph W. Bendersky (11 July 2013).A Concise History of Nazi Germany.Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 180.ISBN 978-1-4422-2270-0.

[57] German: "Dem Denken des Nationalsozialismus entsprechend, jedem anderen Volke volle Gerechtigkeit widerfahren zu lassen, ist dabei niemals von höher- oder minderwertigen, sondern stets nur von fremden Rasseneinschlägen die Rede."

[58] Quotation in German: "wer unter seinen Vorfahren väterlicherseits oder mütterlicherseits kein jüdisches oder farbiges Blut hat ";in: Isabel Heinemann. "Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut", Wallstein Verlag, 1999,ISBN 3-89244-623-7,p. 54

[59] Eberhard Aleff; Walter Tormin; Friedrich Zipfel (1970).Das Dritte Reich(in German). Verlag für Literatur und Zeitgeschehen. p. 129.Heute steckt in jung und alt, in hoch und niedrig, in arm und reich der besessene Wille, die deutsche Nation wieder zu einem Weltvolk emporzuführen. Jedermann bei uns ist davon überzeugt: Wir müssen an der Beherrschung der Welt teilnehmen. Wir müssen deshalb ein Herrenvolk werden, und deshalb müssen wir unser Volk zum Herrenvolk erziehen. Das muß schon beim kleinsten Pimpf anfangen, der schon in dieser Herrenmoral erzogen werden muß.

[60] Horst Von Maltitz (1973).The Evolution of Hitler's Germany: The Ideology, the Personality, the Moment.McGraw-Hill. p. 53.ISBN 978-0-07-067608-4.

[ryukyuandainu-61] Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William D. (January 2013)."Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan".RetrievedNovember 12,2023.

[62] Zohar, Ayelet (October 15, 2020)."Introduction: Race and Empire in Meiji Japan".The Asia-Pacific Journal.RetrievedNovember 12,2023.

[63] Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (Fall 2000),Ethnic Engineering: Scientific Racism and Public Opinion Surveys in Midcentury Japan,vol. 8, Duke University Press, pp. 499–529

[64] The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,Vol. 54. (January – June, 1924), p. 30.

[65] The Collected Works of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century1969 Chelsea House—Introduction byRay Bradbury—Reprints of the originalBuck Rogerscomic strips

[voss-66] Julia Voss,"Jim Knopf rettet die Evolutionstheorie"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung(December 16, 2008). Retrieved July 31, 2011(in German)

[68] Book review ofDarwins Jim Knopfby Julia VossKultiversum.de "Im Zickzack durch Lummerland" (2009). Retrieved August 4, 2011(in German)

[69] ttp://nzdwfc.tetrap.com/archive/tsv51/terrynation.html| Terry Nation – Writing For The Screen, By Paul Scoones

[70] Johnston, Ian (29 July 2004)."Author 'chilled' to learn Harry's half-blood status has Nazi parallels".RetrievedJune 30,2011.

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v t e Racism
Types of racism	Aversive Colorism Covert Cultural Cyber Environmental Formal Gendered Institutional Internalized Patent Laissez-faire Linguistic Neocolonial Romantic Scientific Societal Substantive Symbolic Xenophobia
Manifestations of racism	Anti-miscegenation laws Apartheid Biological determinism Discrimination based on nationality Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic jokes Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Hate crime Hate speech Hate group Racialization Racial hierarchy Racial nationalism Racial profiling Racial segregation
Racism by region	Global apartheid Africa South Africa Asia China Japan North Korea South Korea Thailand Vietnam Arab world Libya Saudi Arabia Sudan Australia Europe Denmark France Germany Italy Poland Portugal Russia Soviet Union Spain United Kingdom Middle East Iran Israel Palestine Turkey North America Canada United States Mexico South America Argentina Brazil Chile
Racism by target	Arab Asians Chinese Chinese Americans Zainichi Chinese Japanese Japanese Americans Japanese Koreans Korean Zainichi Koreans Vietnamese Black African Americans Women Native Americans Hispanic & Latino Mexican Jewish Jewish Americans In Jewish communities LGBT Middle Eastern Muslim Romani Slavic Wine industry Racial supremacy White supremacy
Related topics	Ableism Alt-right Anti-racism Casteism Ethnic plastic surgery Go back to where you came from Herrenvolk democracy Interminority racism in the United States Lynching Passing Perpetual foreigner Psychometrics of racism Race and sexuality Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Race card Racial figleaf Racial integration Racial quota Racism in sport in Australia Reverse racism Sociology of race and ethnic relations
Category Commons Index

v t e Nazism
Organisation	Ahnenerbe Geheime Staatspolizei Deutsches Jungvolk Hitler Youth League of German Girls NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Nazi Party Sturmabteilung(SA) Schutzstaffel(SS)
History	Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung German rearmament Nazi Germany Religion in Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Adolf Hitler's cult of personality Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Neo-Nazism Final solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation
Ideology	Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Dolchstoßlegende Jewish conspiracy theory Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Economic interventionism Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Indoctrination Militarism Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Rassenschande Untermenschen Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Gleichschaltung Volksgemeinschaft Volkskörper
Politicians	Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Lammers von Ribbentrop Röhm Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher
Ideologues	Baeumler Chamberlain Darré Devi Eckart Feder de Gobineau Haushofer von Liebenfels von List Müller Rosenberg Schmitt von Sebottendorf
Atrocities and war crimes	Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani genocide
Outside Germany	American Nazi Party Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling (Norway) National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Movement (United States) National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Nordic Resistance Movement Ossewabrandwag (South Africa) SUMKA (Iran) Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia) World Union of National Socialists More…
Lists	Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Nazi ideologues Nazi Party leaders and officials Nazi Party members Last surviving war crime suspects Speeches given by Adolf Hitler SS personnel Women in Nazi Germany
Role and impact in German society	The Wehrmacht Cinema Economy
Related topics	Art Architecture Cinema Beefsteak Nazi Economy Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German Romanticism Political views of Adolf Hitler Racial theories Strasserism Women
Category

v t e Historical definitions of race
Scientific racism
Color terminology	Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White
Historical concepts	Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid Aryan Atlantid Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamites Indid Iranid Mediterranean Nordic Pamirid Semites Turanid Malay Mongoloid Proto-Mongoloid Sinodonty and Sundadonty Negroid Negrito
Sociological	By region in India in Latin America in Brazil in Colombia in Singapore in the United States Passing Racial discrimination Racism Racial stereotypes Colorism Master race Nazism and race Racial hygiene Whiteness studies Négritude
Writers	Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Daniel Garrison Brinton Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F. K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Roger Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z. Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann
Publications	An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of Peoplein Different Climates(1744) The Outline of History of Mankind(1785) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question(1849) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races(1855) The Races of Europe(Ripley, 1899) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century(1899) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples(1907) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics(1911) Castes in India(1916) The Passing of the Great Race(1916) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy(1920) The Myth of the Twentieth Century(1930) Annihilation of Caste(1936) The Races of Europe(Coon, 1939) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus(1943) The Race Question(1950)
Related	Ethnogenesis Eugenics Great chain of being History of anthropometry Miscegenation Monogenism Multiracial Polygenism Pre-Adamite Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness