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Hertfordshire

Coordinates:51°49′N0°13′W/ 51.817°N 0.217°W/51.817; -0.217
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withHerefordshire.

Hertfordshire
Non-metropolitanandceremonial county
Hertfordshire within England
Coordinates:51°49′N0°13′W/ 51.817°N 0.217°W/51.817; -0.217
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionEast
EstablishedLikely 10th century
Time zoneUTC+0(GMT)
• Summer (DST)UTC+1(BST)
UK ParliamentList of MPs
PoliceHertfordshire Constabulary
Largest townWatford
Ceremonial county
Lord LieutenantRobert Voss
High SheriffAnne Patricia Brewster[1](2024-25)
Area1,643 km2(634 sq mi)
• Rank36th of 48
Population
(2022)[2]
1,204,588
• Rank13th of 48
Density733/km2(1,900/sq mi)
Non-metropolitan county
County councilHertfordshire County Council
ControlConservative
Admin HQHertford
Area1,643 km2(634 sq mi)
• Rank21st of 21
Population
(2022)[3]
1,204,588
• Rank6th of 21
Density733/km2(1,900/sq mi)
ISO 3166-2GB-HRT
GSS codeE10000015
ITLUKH23
Websitehertfordshire.gov.uk
Districts

Districts of Hertfordshire
Districts
  1. North Hertfordshire
  2. Stevenage
  3. East Hertfordshire
  4. Dacorum
  5. City of St Albans
  6. Welwyn Hatfield
  7. Broxbourne
  8. Three Rivers
  9. Watford
  10. Hertsmere

Hertfordshire(/ˈhɑːrtfərdʃɪər/ⓘHART-fərd-sheeror/-ʃər/-⁠shər;often abbreviatedHerts) is aceremonial countyin theEast of Englandand one of thehome counties.It bordersBedfordshireto the north-west,Cambridgeshireto the north-east,Essexto the east,Greater Londonto the south andBuckinghamshireto the west. The largest settlement isWatford,and the county town isHertford.

The county has an area of 634 square miles (1,640 km2) and had a population of 1,198,800 at the2021 census.[4]After Watford (131,325), the largest settlements areHemel Hempstead(95,985),Stevenage(94,470) and the city ofSt Albans(75,540).[5]Forlocal governmentpurposes Hertfordshire is anon-metropolitan countywith ten districts beneathHertfordshire County Council.

Elevations are higher in the north and west, reaching more than 800 feet (240 m) in theChilternsnearTring.The county centres on the headwaters and upper valleys of the riversLeaand theColne;both flow south and each is accompanied by a canal. Hertfordshire's undeveloped land is mainly agricultural and much of the county is covered by theMetropolitan green belt.

Since 1903,Letchworthhas served as the prototypegarden citywhileStevenagebecame the first town to expand underpost-war Britain'sNew Towns Act 1946(9 & 10 Geo. 6.c. 68).Serviceshave become the largest sector of the county's economy.

History

[edit]
Main article:History of Hertfordshire

The county's landmarks span many centuries, ranging from theSix HillsinStevenagebuilt by local inhabitants during theRomanperiod, toLeavesden Film Studios.The volume of intact medieval andTudor buildingssurpasses London, in places in well-preservedconservation areas,especially inSt Albans,which includes remains of the Roman town ofVerulamium.

In 913, Hertfordshire was the area assigned to a fortress constructed atHertfordunder the rule ofEdward the Elder.Hertford is derived from theAnglo-Saxonheort ford,meaningdeercrossing (of a watercourse). The name Hertfordshire is first recorded in theAnglo-Saxon Chroniclein 1011. Deer feature in many county emblems. Many of the names of the current settlements date back to the Anglo-Saxon period, with many featuring standard placename suffixes attributed to the Anglo-Saxons: "ford", "ton", "den", "bourn", "ley", "stead", "ing", "lett", "wood", and "worth", are represented in this county by Hertford, Royston, Harpenden, Redbourn, Cuffley, Wheathampstead, Tring, Radlett, Borehamwood and Rickmansworth.

There is evidence of human life in Hertfordshire from theMesolithic period.It was first farmed during theNeolithic periodand permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of theBronze Age.This was followed by tribes settling in the area during theIron Age.

Following theRoman conquest of Britain in AD 43,theCatuvellauni tribeaccepted peace and adapted to the Roman life; resulting in the development of several new towns, includingVerulamium(St Albans) where inc. 293the first recorded British martyrdom is traditionally believed to have taken place.Saint Alban,a Romano-British soldier, took the place of a Christian priest and was beheaded on Holywell Hill. His martyr's cross of a yellow saltire on a blue field is reflected in theflag and coat of arms of Hertfordshireas the yellow field to the stag or Hart representing the county. He is the Patron Saint of Hertfordshire.

With thedeparture of the Roman Legions in the early 5th century,the now-unprotected territory was invaded and colonised by theAnglo-Saxons.By the 6th century, the majority of the modern county was part of theEast Saxonkingdom. This relatively short-lived kingdom collapsed in the 9th century, ceding the territory of Hertfordshire to the control of the West Anglians ofMercia.The region finally became an English shire in the 10th century, on the merger of the West Saxon and Mercian kingdoms.

In the midst of the Norse invasions, Hertfordshire was on the front lines of much of the fighting. KingEdward the Elder,in his reconquest of Norse-held lands in what was to becomeEngland,established a "burh"or fort in Hertford, which was to curb Norse activities in the area. His father,King Alfred the Great,established the River Lea as a boundary between his kingdom and that of the Norse lordGuthrum,with the north and eastern parts of the county being within theDanelaw.There is little evidence however ofNorseplacenames within this region, and many of theAnglo-Saxonfeatures remained intact to this day. The county however suffered from renewed Norse raids in the late 10th to early 11th centuries, as armies led byDanish kingsSwein ForkbeardandCnut the Greatharried the country as part of their attempts to undermine and overthrow English kingAthelred the Unready.

A century later,William of Normandyreceived the surrender of some senior English Lords and Clergy atBerkhamsted,before entering London unopposed and being crowned atWestminster.Hertfordshire was used for some of the new Norman castles atBishop's Stortford,and atKing's Langley,a staging post between London and the royal residence ofBerkhamsted.

TheDomesday Bookrecorded the county as having ninehundreds.TringandDanaisbecame one—Dacorum—from Danis Corum or Danish rule harking back to aVikingnotSaxonpast. The other seven wereBraughing,Stevenage,Cashio,Buntingford,Hertford,HitchinandOdsey.

In the later Plantagenet period, St. Albans Abbey was an initial drafting place of what was to becomeMagna Carta.And in the later Wars of the Roses, St. Albans was the scene of two major battles between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists.

In Tudor times,Hatfield Housewas often frequented by Queen Elizabeth I. Stuart King James I used the locale for hunting and facilitated the construction of a waterway, theNew River,supplyingdrinking waterto London.

As London grew, Hertfordshire became conveniently close to the English capital; much of the area was owned by thenobilityandaristocracy,thispatronagehelped to boost the local economy. However, the greatest boost to Hertfordshire came during theIndustrial Revolution,after which the population rose dramatically. In 1903,Letchworthbecame the world's firstgarden cityandStevenagebecame the first town to redevelop under theNew Towns Act 1946(9 & 10 Geo. 6.c. 68).

The flag of the historic county of Hertfordshire

The first shooting-down of azeppelinover Great Britain during WW1 happened in Cuffley.[6]

From the1920suntil the late1980s,the town ofBorehamwoodwas home to one of the major Britishfilm studiocomplexes, including theMGM-British Studios.Many well-known films were made here including the first threeStar Warsmovies (IV,V,&VI). The studios generally used the name ofElstree.American directorStanley Kubricknot only used to shoot in those studios but also lived in the area until his death.Big Brother UKandWho Wants to Be a Millionaire?have been filmed there.EastEndersis filmed at Elstree. Hertfordshire has seen development atWarner Bros. Studios, Leavesden;theHarry Potterserieswas filmed here and the 1995 James Bond filmGoldenEye.[7]

On 17 October 2000, theHatfield rail crashkilled four people with over 70 injured.[8]The crash exposed the shortcomings ofRailtrack,which consequently saw speed restrictions and major track replacement. On 10 May 2002, the fourth of thePotters Bar rail accidentsoccurred killing seven people; the train was travelling at high speed when it derailed and flipped into the air when one of the carriages slid along the platform where it came to rest.

In early December 2005, the2005 Hemel Hempstead fuel depot explosionsoccurred at theHertfordshire Oil Storage Terminalat Buncefield on the edge of Hemel Hempstead.[9][10][11]

Geography

[edit]

Hertfordshire is located in the south-eastern part of England and is the county immediately north of London. It is officially part of theEast of Englandregion, a mainly statistical unit.[12]To the east isEssex,to the west isBuckinghamshireand to the north areBedfordshireandCambridgeshire.A significant minority of the population across all districtscommutetoCentral London.

The county's boundaries were roughly fixed by theCounties (Detached Parts) Act 1844which eliminatedexclaves;amended when, in 1965 under theLondon Government Act 1963,East Barnet Urban DistrictandBarnet Urban Districtwere abolished, their area was transferred to form part of the present-dayLondon Borough of Barnetand thePotters Bar Urban DistrictofMiddlesexwas transferred to Hertfordshire.

The highest point in the county is at 244 m (801 ft) (AOD) onthe Ridgewaylong distance national path, on the border ofHastoenearTringwithDrayton Beauchamp,Buckinghamshire.[13]

At the 2011 census, among the county's ten districts,East Hertfordshirehad the lowest population density (290 people per km2) andWatfordthe highest (4210 per km2). Compared with neighbouring Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire lacks large towns or cities on the scale ofLutonorMilton Keynes,whose populations exceed 200,000, but its overall population (1.2 million in 2021) is greater than those of the two aforementioned counties.

TheRiver LeanearHarpendenruns throughWheathampstead,Welwyn Garden City, Hertford, Ware, and Broxbourne before reachingCheshuntand ultimately the River Thames. The far west of the county is the most hilly, with theChiltern HillssurroundingTring,Berkhamstedand the Ashridge estate. ThisArea of Outstanding Natural Beautyruns from near Hitchin in the north to Berkshire and Oxfordshire.

Many of the county's major settlements are in the central, northern and southern areas, such as Watford, Hemel Hempstead,Kings Langley,Rickmansworth,St. Albans,Harpenden,Redbourn,Radlett,Borehamwood,Potters Bar,Stevenage,Hatfield,Welwynand Welwyn Garden City,Hitchin,Letchworth and Baldock. These are all small to medium-sized locations, featuring a mix of post-WWII new towns and older/more historical locales. TheCity of St. Albansis an example of a historical settlement, as its cathedral and abbey date to theNormanperiod, and there are ruins from the Roman settlement ofVerulamiumnearby the current city centre. Stevenage is a mix of post-WWIInew townplanning amidst its prior incarnation as a smaller town. The Old Town in Stevenage represents this historic core and has many shops and buildings reflecting its pre-WWII heritage. Hitchin also has a historic centre, with manyTudorandStuartera buildings interspersed amongst more contemporary structures.

Hertfordshire's eastern regions are predominantly rural and arable, intermixed with villages and small to medium-sized towns. Royston, Buntingford andBishop's Stortford,along withWareand the county town of Hertford are major settlements in this regard. The physical geography of eastern Hertfordshire is less elevated than the far west, but with lower rising hills and prominent rivers such as theStort.This river rises inEssexand terminates via a confluence with the Lea near to Ware. Apart from the Lea and Stort, the River Colne is the major watercourse in the county's west. This runs near Watford and Radlett, and has a complex system/drainage area running south into both Greater London and Buckinghamshire.

An unofficial status, the purple star-shaped flower with yellow stamens, thePasquefloweris among endemiccounty flowers.[14]

Geology

[edit]
Main article:Geology of Hertfordshire

The rocks of Hertfordshire belong to the great shallowsynclineknown as theLondon Basin.The beds dip in a south-easterly direction towards the syncline's lowest point roughly under theRiver Thames.The most important formations are theCretaceousChalk,exposed as the high ground in the north and west of the county, forming theChiltern Hillsand the youngerPalaeocene,Reading BedsandEocene,London Claywhich occupy the remaining southern part. The eastern half of the county was covered by glaciers during theIce Ageand has a superficial layer of glacialboulder clays.

Natural resources and environment

[edit]
Peter de Wint,Cornfields near Tring Station, Hertfordshire,1847,Princeton University Art Museum
Relief map

Much of the west – and much more in the east – have richly diverse countryside.[15]These range from beech woods of theChilterns,claylandbuffer zonecountryside of Braughing and the Hadhams across toancienthornbeamcoppiceswest of the upper Lea valley.[15]The county has sweeping panoramas of chalklands nearRoyston,Baldock,HextonandTring.[15]

Large parts of the county are used for agriculture.

Somequarryingof sand and gravel occurs around St Albans. In the past, clay has supplied local brick-making and still does inBovingdon,just south-west of Hemel Hempstead. The chalk that is the bedrock of much of the county provides anaquiferthat feeds streams and is also exploited to provide water supplies for much of the county and beyond. Chalk has also been used as a building material and, once fired, the resultant lime was spread on agricultural land to improve fertility. The mining of chalk since the early 18th century has left unrecorded underground galleries that occasionally collapse unexpectedly and endanger buildings.[16]

Fresh water is supplied to London fromWare,using theNew Riverbuilt byHugh Myddletonand opened in 1613. Local rivers, although small, supported developing industries such as paper production atNash Mills.[17]

Hertfordshire affords habitat for a variety of flora and fauna. A bird once common in the shire is thehooded crow,the old name of which is the eponymous name of the regional newspaper, theRoyston Crowpublished inRoyston.A product, now largely defunct, waswatercress,based inHemel HempsteadandBerkhamstedsupported by reliable, clean chalk rivers.[18]

Urban areas

[edit]
See also:List of places in Hertfordshire,List of settlements in Hertfordshire by population,andList of lost settlements in Hertfordshire
class=notpageimage|
Main towns in Hertfordshire and environs

Economy

[edit]
View of one of the buildings atHatfield Business Park,currently the headquarters ofEE

This is a table of trends of regional gross value added of Hertfordshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.[19]

Year Regional Gross Value Added[n 1] Agriculture[n 2] Industry[n 3] Services[n 4]
1995 11,742 96 3,292 8,354
2000 18,370 77 4,138 14,155
2003 20,937 82 4,348 16,507

Hertfordshire has the main operational and/or headquarters UK site of some very large employers. Clockwise from north:

InStevenage(a subsidiary of:BAE Systems,AirbusandFinmeccanica)MBDA,developsmissiles.In the same town,Airbus (Defence & Space Division)produces satellites.

Hatfield was wherede Havillanddeveloped the first commercial jet liner, theComet.Now the site is a business park and new campus for theUniversity of Hertfordshire.This major employment site notably hostsEE,ComputacenterandOcadogroceries and other goods e-commerce.

Welwyn Garden CityhostsTesco's UK base, hosts the UKCereal Partnersfactory and in pharmaceuticals it hosts Roche UK's headquarters (subsidiary of the SwissHoffman-La Roche).GlaxoSmithKlinehas plants inWareandStevenage.

Hemel Hempsteadhas large premises ofDixons Carphone.

The National Pharmacy Association (NPA), the trade association for UK pharmacies, is based inSt Albans.

Kings Langleyhas the plant-office ofPure,makingDAB digital radios.

Watfordhosts national companies such asJ D Wetherspoon,Camelot Group,Bathstore,and Caversham Finance (BrightHouse). It is also the UK base of multi-nationalsHilton Worldwide,TotalEnergies,TK Maxx,Costco,JJ Kavanagh and Sons,VinciandBeko.The 2006World Golf Championshipand the2013 Bilderberg Conference,took place atThe Grove hotel.[20]Warner Bros.owns and runs its main UK base since the 2000s, Warner Studios, in Leavesden, Watford.

RickmansworthhostsSkanska.

Media

[edit]

Television

[edit]

Most of the county is served byBBC London&ITV London,howeverStevenageandNorth Hertfordshireis served byBBC East&ITV Anglia.Some northwestern parts of the county aroundTringcan also receiveBBC SouthandITV Meridian.

Radio

[edit]

Local radio for the county is provided byBBC Three Counties Radio,BBC Radio Cambridgeshire(coveringRoyston),Heart Hertfordshire,Greatest Hits Radio Bucks, Beds and Herts(formerly Mix 96),Mix 92.6(formerly Radio Verulam St. Albans) and Community Radio Dacorum (Hemel Hempstead).

Newspapers

[edit]

Local newspapers in the county are:

Sport

[edit]

Watersports

[edit]

Waltham Cross,Broxbourne,is the location of theLee Valley White Water Centre,a purpose built venue opened in 2010 for the2012 Summer Olympics.The site consists of two white water courses; one 300mGrade IV"Olympic" run; and one 160mGrade III"legacy" run.[21]

During the games the Center was the venue for thecanoe and kayak slalom events.

Lee Valley has since hosted theICF Canoe Slalom World Championshipstwice. First in2015,and most recently in2023,where Britain topped the medal table with 5 golds.

Football

[edit]
Vicarage Road stadium in Watford

As of the 2021–22 season, there are fourprofessional football teamsin Hertfordshire:Watford F.C.,Stevenage F.C.,Arsenal W.F.C.andBoreham Wood F.C.

Since 1922, Watford play their home games atVicarage Road.[22]The club joined the Football League in 1920 as a founding member of the Third Division[23]and first played in the First Division of English football in1982,finishing as runners-up to championsLiverpool.[23]Watford was promoted to the Premier League at the end of the 2020–2021 season. After spending one season in the Premier League, they were relegated to the Championship again for the 2022-2023 season.[24]

Stevenage F.C. was formed in 1976 as Stevenage Borough and have played atBroadhall Waysince 1980.[25]Stevenage was the first club to win a competitive match at the newWembley Stadium,beatingKidderminster Harriers3–2 in the2007 FA Trophy Final.[26]The club currently play in theEFL League Twoand have been managed by former playerAlex Revellsince February 2020.[27]

Arsenal F.C.,whilst based at theEmirates Stadiumin theLondon Borough of Islington,has long held a training ground in the county. Until 1999, it held the London ColneyUniversity of Londonfacility, until it built a new purpose-built compound adjacent to it. Watford FC currently utilises the old Arsenal training area as its training facility.

Arsenal W.F.C. play atMeadow ParkinBorehamwood.[28]The club was formed in 1987 and have played in theFA Women's Super Leaguesince its inaugural season in2011.[29]

Hertfordshire has many semi-professional and amateur clubs. The highest placed areHemel Hempstead TownandSt Albans City,who play in theNational League SouthandBishop's Stortford F.C.who play in theNational League North.

Rugby

[edit]

Rugby league

[edit]

Hemel Stagsare arugby leagueteam based inHemel Hempstead.[30]Hemel Stags have played atPennine Way Stadiumsince the club's founding in 1981.[31][32]Until 2018, the club played inleague 1,thethird tierof the British rugby league system, and now compete in theConference League South.[33]

Rugby union

[edit]

TheHertfordshire Rugby Football Unionis the governing body forrugby unionin Hertfordshire and is responsible for any interested parties involved in rugby.[34]

Tring Rugbyplay matches at Cow Lane, Tring.[35]The first XV currently play in theRegional 1 South East,[36]League. Alevel 5league.

GAA

[edit]

Gaelic Footballis played within Hertfordshire, with clubs fromOxfordshireall the way toCambridgeplaying in the Hertfordshire League and Championship. Eire Óg, Oxford are the 2022 County Champions.Hurlingis played by an amalgamated team, St Declan's CLG, with players contributed from all football teams across Hertfordshire. St Declan's currently play in theWarwickshireLeague and Championship, having previously played in theLondon GAAchampionship. A number of St Declan's players have also played for the Warwickshire Senior Hurling team, playing in the Lory Meagher and Nicky Rackard competitions, including Patrick Lancaster, Eamon Doherty, Alan Hayes, and Alex Hanley.

Landmarks

[edit]
Cedars Park
St Albans Abbey
St George's School
Hatfield House
Bluebells in Dockey Wood
The Warner Bros.Making of Harry PotterStudio Tour at Leavesden

Below is a list of notable visitor attractions in Hertfordshire:

Main footpaths

[edit]

Transport

[edit]
Junction of theM1andM25nearHemel Hempstead
Govia Thameslink Railwayprovide frequent train services through Hertfordshire on theMidland Main LineandEast Coast Main Line
Bridge 168 on theGrand Union Canal

Hertfordshire is ahome countywith many towns forming part of theLondon commuter beltand has some of the principal roads in England including theA1,A1(M),A41,A414,M1,M11,and theM25.

Four principal national railway lines pass through the county:

A number of other local rail routes also cross Hertfordshire:

Three commuter lines operated byTransport for Londonenter the county:

The distance travelled by buses in Hertfordshire has reduced by 56.5% since 2017.[37]

Stansted AirportandLuton Airportare both within 10 miles (16 km) of the county's borders in Essex and Bedfordshire, respectively. The commercial airfield atElstreeis for light aircraft.

TheGrand Union Canalpasses throughRickmansworth,Watford,Hemel Hempstead,BerkhamstedandTring.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toHertfordshire.

Education

[edit]
University of Hertfordshire
See also:List of schools in Hertfordshire

Hertfordshire has 26 independent schools and 73 state secondary schools. The state secondary schools are entirelycomprehensive,although 7 schools in the south and southwest of the county arepartially selective(seeEducation in Watford). All state schools havesixth forms,and there are nosixth form colleges. The tertiary colleges, each with multiple campuses, areHertford Regional College,North Hertfordshire College,Oaklands CollegeandWest Herts College. TheUniversity of Hertfordshireis a modern university based largely inHatfield.It has more than 23,000 students.

Literature

[edit]

Hertfordshire is the location ofJack Worthing's country house inOscar Wilde's playThe Importance of Being Earnest.

Jane Austen's novelPride and Prejudiceis primarily set in Hertfordshire.[38]

The location of Mr Jarndyce's Bleak House inCharles Dickens'sBleak Houseis near St Albans.[39]

The eponymous residence inE. M. Forster's novelHowards Endwas based onRooks Nest Housejust outsideStevenage.[40]

George OrwellbasedAnimal FarmonWallington, Hertfordshire,where he lived between 1936 and 1940. Manor Farm and The Great Barn both feature in the novel.[41][42][43]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
  2. ^includes hunting and forestry
  3. ^includes energy and construction
  4. ^includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

References

[edit]
  1. ^"No. 64345".The London Gazette.10 March 2023. p. 5286.
  2. ^"Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales".Office for National Statistics.24 June 2024.Retrieved26 June2024.
  3. ^"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022".Office for National Statistics.26 March 2024.Retrieved3 May2024.
  4. ^"Census 2021 Profile for Hertfordshire".Herts Insight.Retrieved14 December2023.
  5. ^"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk.Retrieved14 December2023.
  6. ^"Zeppelin Raids - Herts at War".hertsatwar.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 28 February 2017.Retrieved23 January2017.
  7. ^"Leavesden Studios".Film London.Archived fromthe originalon 7 August 2007.Retrieved4 November2018.
  8. ^"Hatfield train crash remembered".BBC News.17 October 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  9. ^Lewis, Katy (11 December 2015)."I thought a plane had landed on us".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  10. ^Staff and agencies (11 December 2005)."Fuel depot blaze 'will last for days'".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  11. ^"Buncefield blast companies sentenced to pay £9m".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  12. ^"The East of England".East of England Local Government Association.Archived fromthe originalon 27 January 2012.Retrieved23 January2012.
  13. ^Bathurst, David (2012).Walking the county high points of England.Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 105–110.ISBN978-1-84-953239-6.
  14. ^"Wild Plants: Pasqueflower"Archived26 February 2015 at theWayback MachinePlantlife.Retrieved 26 February 2015
  15. ^abcRowe, Anne; Williamson, Tom (June 2013).Hertfordshire: A Landscape History.Univ of Hertfordshire Press.ISBN978-1-909291-02-7.
  16. ^"About the chalk mines".Dacorum Borough Council. 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 12 December 2008.Retrieved7 February2009.
  17. ^"Sir Hugh Myddleton New River".Intriguing History.25 April 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 17 June 2018.Retrieved17 June2018.
  18. ^"Parishes: Hemel Hempstead".A History of the County of Hertford.Originally published by Victoria County History, London. Vol. 2. British History Online. 1908.
  19. ^Regional Gross Value AddedArchived1 December 2007 at theWayback Machine,Office for National Statistics,pp. 240–253.
  20. ^Charlie Skelton (2 June 2013)."The week ahead: Bilderberg 2013 comes to... the Grove hotel, Watford".The Guardian.
  21. ^"Lee Valley White Water Centre".Visit Lee Valley.Retrieved5 June2024.
  22. ^"Vicarage Road - Watford - The Stadium Guide".stadiumguide.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  23. ^ab"Watford Football Club archive 1881-2017".watfordfcarchive.com.Archived fromthe originalon 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  24. ^"Watford relegated from the Premier League after failing to beat Crystal Palace".The Mirror.7 May 2022.Retrieved15 July2022.
  25. ^"The Lamex Stadium - Stevenage Football Club".stevenagefc.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  26. ^"Kidderminster 2-3 Stevenage".12 May 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 13 September 2007.Retrieved2 August2018.
  27. ^"Managerial change".Stevenage F.C.16 February 2020.Retrieved15 July2021.
  28. ^"Meadow Park, home to Boreham Wood, Arsenal Ladies".footballgroundmap.com.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  29. ^Conn, David (7 April 2011)."Women's Super League aims to step out of men's shadow | David Conn".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  30. ^"Hertfordshire Rugby League Clubs".rugbyclubs.info.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2018.Retrieved3 August2018.
  31. ^"Find Us - Hemel Stags - Rugby League Team".Hemel Stags.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2018.Retrieved3 August2018.
  32. ^"World famous Bradford Bulls are on their way to Pennine Way this Sunday".Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2018.Retrieved3 August2018.
  33. ^"National League Division One Table - Rugby Union".BBC Sport.Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2018.Retrieved3 August2018.
  34. ^"Hertfordshire Rugby Football Union - News - Fullerians RFC".fullerians.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2018.Retrieved3 August2018.
  35. ^Caminsky, Spencer."Area Guide: Scenery, culture and a manageable commute, Tring has it all".Herts Advertiser.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2018.Retrieved3 August2018.
  36. ^"London & SE Division".Rugby Football Union. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022.Retrieved5 October2022.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  37. ^"Hertfordshire: Covid was catalyst for bus service reduction".BBC News.20 February 2023.Retrieved20 February2023.
  38. ^"Pride and Prejudice - the Hertford connection".Our Hertford and Ware.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  39. ^"Charles Dickens".Herts Memories.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  40. ^Forster, E. M. (Edward Morgan) (1 November 2001)."Howards End"– via Project Gutenberg.
  41. ^"At the gates of Animal Farm".The Telegraph.24 September 2003.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  42. ^"Over the road from Animal Farm".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
  43. ^"All villages are equal".The Guardian.24 May 1999.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2018.Retrieved2 August2018.
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