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Coordinates:44°39′N40°00′E/ 44.650°N 40.000°E/44.650; 40.000
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Republic of Adygea
Адыгэ Республик(Adyghe)
Республика Адыгея(Russian)
Republic
Flag of Republic of Adygea
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of Adygea
Coat of arms
Anthem:Anthem of the Republic of Adygea[2]
Location of Republic of Adygea
Coordinates:44°39′N40°00′E/ 44.650°N 40.000°E/44.650; 40.000
CountryRussia
Federal district[1]Southern
Economic region[3]North Caucasus
CapitalMaykop[4]
Government
• TypeState Council (Khase)[5]
•HeadMurat Kumpilov[5]
Area
[6]
• Total7,792 km2(3,009 sq mi)
Population
(2021 Census)[7]
• TotalIncrease496,934
• Rank75th
• Density63.77/km2(165.2/sq mi)
•Urban
49.4%
•Rural
50.6%
Time zoneUTC+3(MSK[8])
ISO 3166 codeRU-AD
Vehicle registration01
Official language(s)Adyghe[9]•Russian[10]

TheRepublic of Adygea,(/ˌɑːdɪˈɡeɪə/)[11][a]also known as theAdyghe Republic,is arepublicofRussia.It is situated in theNorth CaucasusofEastern Europe.The republic is a part of theSouthern Federal District,and covers an area of 7,600 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi), with a population of roughly 496,934 residents.[7]It is anenclavewithinKrasnodar Kraiand is the fifth-smallest Russian federal subject by area.Maykopis thecapitaland the largest city of Adygea, home to one-third of the republic's population.

Adygea is one of Russia'sethnicrepublics, primarily representing the indigenousCircassian peoplethat form 25% of the Republic's population, whileRussiansform a majority at 60%, and with minority populations ofArmeniansandUkrainians.The official languages of Adygea areAdygheandRussian.

History[edit]

Map of Adygea

TheCherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblastwas established within theRussian SFSRon July 27, 1922, on the territories of theKuban-Black Sea Oblast,primarily settled by theAdyghe people.[12]At that time,Krasnodarwas theadministrative center.It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of theRussian SFSR,but on October 17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly createdNorth Caucasus Kraiwithin the RSFSR.[13]

It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast (AO) in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of the newAzov-Black Sea Krai,which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part ofKrasnodar Kraiwhen it was established on September 13, 1937.

On July 3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.[14]The first President of the republic wasAslan Dzharimov,elected on 5 January 1992.[15]

Relations between the Adyghe and ethnic Russians in Adygea are currently good. Russians make up two-thirds of the population within Adygea.[16]The current Head of Adygea isMurat Kumpilov.[17]

Geography[edit]

Adygea lies in Russia'sSouthern Federal Districtof Eastern Europe, in the foothills of theNorthwestern Caucasusin theCaucasus MountainsSystem, withplainsin the northern areas and mountains in the southern area. Forests (mainly of European beech, oak, and maple) cover almost 40% of its territory.

  • Area— 7,792 km2(3,009 sq mi).
  • Borders— the Republic of Adygea is entirely surrounded byKrasnodar Krai.
  • Highest point—Chugush Mountain:3,238 m (10,623 ft).

Rivers[edit]

Khodz river headwaters, endemic region

The 870-kilometer (540 mi) longKuban Riveris one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between the Republic of Adygea andKrasnodar Krai.
Other rivers include:

Lakes[edit]

Lago-Naki area in Adygea

The republic has no large lakes. However, the several large reservoirs include:

Mountains[edit]

Mount Fisht

The republic's major mountains and peaks range in height from 2,000–3,238 metres (6,562–10,623 ft), and include:

Natural resources[edit]

The republic is rich inoilandnatural gas.Other natural resources includegold,silver,tungsten,andiron.

Climate[edit]

  • Average January temperature:−0.5 °C (31.1 °F)
  • Average July temperature:+23 °C (73 °F)
  • Average annualprecipitation:70 centimeters (28 in)

February 15, 2010, recorded the absolute maximum for the winter months—in the capital, the city ofMaykop,the temperature was 23.4 °C (74.1 °F).

Politics[edit]

Former Head of the Republic of Adygea, Aslan Tkhakushinov, in 2010

The chief executive of the government of the Republic of Adygea is theHead(called "President" until May 2011), who is appointed for a five-year term. Proficiency in theAdyghe languageis a prerequisite for the candidate.[19]

The current Head,Murat Kumpilov(since January 27, 2017), succeededAslan Tkhakushinov,initially as acting Head of the region. There is also a directly electedState Council(KhaseorXase—not to be confused with the Adyghe Khase, a union of Adyghe who supported Sovmen for a second term), which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.

The Republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to theState Dumaand the other two to theFederation Council.

TheConstitution of the Republic of Adygeawas adopted on May 14, 1995.

Divisions[edit]

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Adygea
Main article:List of administrative and municipal divisions of the Republic of Adygea

The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts (raions), twocities/towns,and (at a lower administrative level) fiveurban-type settlements.Municipally,the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46 rural settlements.

Name Local Name Area in
km2		 Population
Census[20]2010		 Population
Estimate[21]
1 Jan 2018
Cities (republican municipal districts)
Maykop Городской округ
Майкоп 		58.6 166,540 165,279
Adygeysk Городской округ
Адыгейск 		32.4 14,659 15,207
Districts
Giaginsky District Гиагинский м.р. 790.0 31,766 31,394
Koshekhablsky District Кошехабльский м.р. 606.7 30,422 29,726
Krasnogvardeysky District Красногвардейский м.р. 725.5 30,868 31,765
Maykopsky District Майкопский м.р. 3,667.4 58,439 60,107
Takhtamukaysky District Тахтамукайский м.р. 440.0 69,662 82,909
Teuchezhsky District Теучежский м.р. 710.0 20,643 20,802
Shovgenovsky District Шовгеновский м.р. 521.4 16,997 16,187
Adygea Republic Республика Адыгея 7,600.0 439,996 453,376
  • Note "м.р." above is an abbreviation for "муниципальный район" (Municipal District)

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1926113,481—
1939241,799+113.1%
1959284,690+17.7%
1970385,644+35.5%
1979404,504+4.9%
1989432,588+6.9%
2002447,109+3.4%
2010439,996−1.6%
2021496,934+12.9%
Source: Census data
2019 2021
Average: 73.8 years 71.2 years
Male: 69.1 years 66.6 years
Female: 78.4 years 75.8 years
  • Life expectancy at birth in Adygea
    Life expectancy at birth in Adygea
  • Life expectancy with calculated differences
    Life expectancy with calculated differences
  • Life expectancy in Adygea, Krasnodar Krai and neighboring regions
    Life expectancy in Adygea, Krasnodar Krai and neighboring regions
  • Zoomed version of the chart since 2014
    Zoomed version of the chart since 2014

Vital statistics[edit]

Source:Russian Federal State Statistics ServiceArchivedApril 12, 2008, at theWayback Machine[28]
Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 386,000 5,681 3,307 2,374 14.7 8.6 6.2
1975 396,000 5,900 3,907 1,993 14.9 9.9 5.0
1980 409,000 6,610 4,828 1,782 16.2 11.8 4.4
1985 423,000 6,966 5,283 1,683 16.5 12.5 4.0
1990 436,000 6,171 5,375 796 14.2 12.3 1.8 2.06
1991 439,000 5,912 5,905 7 13.5 13.5 0.0 1.96
1992 444,000 5,306 5,969 - 663 12.0 13.5 -1.5 1.73
1993 447,000 4,774 6,662 -1 888 10.7 14.9 -4.2 1.54
1994 449,000 4,907 6,519 -1 612 10.9 14.5 -3.6 1.59
1995 450,000 4,798 6,475 -1 677 10.7 14.4 -3.7 1.55
1996 450,000 4,625 6,382 -1 757 10.3 14.2 -3.9 1.49
1997 450,000 4,430 6,302 -1 872 9.8 14.0 -4.2 1.42
1998 451,000 4,340 6,245 -1 905 9.6 13.9 -4.2 1.38
1999 450,000 3,879 6,215 -2 336 8.6 13.8 -5.2 1.22
2000 448,000 4,071 6,710 -2 639 9.1 15.0 -5.9 1.27
2001 447,000 4,212 6,566 -2 354 9.4 14.7 -5.3 1.31
2002 447,000 4,540 6,715 -2 175 10.2 15.0 -4.9 1.39
2003 446,000 4,634 6,929 -2 295 10.4 15.6 -5.2 1.40
2004 444,000 4,648 6,645 -1 997 10.5 15.0 -4.5 1.37
2005 443,000 4,550 6,726 -2 176 10.3 15.2 -4.9 1.32
2006 441,000 4,606 6,686 -2 080 10.4 15.2 -4.7 1.33
2007 440,000 5,210 6,454 -1 244 11.8 14.7 -2.8 1.50
2008 440,000 5,601 6,558 - 957 12.7 14.9 -2.2 1.60
2009 439,000 5,513 6,219 - 706 12.5 14.2 -1.6 1.66
2010 439,000 5,721 6,065 - 476 13.0 14.1 -1.1 1.70
2011 441,000 5,511 6,197 - 554 12.5 13.8 -1.3 1.66
2012 444,000 5,700 5,924 - 224 12.9 13.4 -0.5 1.71
2013 445,000 5,568 5,814 - 246 12.5 13.1 -0.6 1.68
2014 448,000 5,699 5,938 - 239 12.7 13.3 -0.6 1.73
2015 450,000 5,613 5,841 - 228 12.5 13.0 -0.5 1.72
2016 453,000 5,451 5,818 - 367 12.1 12.9 -0.8 1.69(e)
2017 453,000 4,758 5,734 - 976 10.5 12.7 -2.2
2019 4,184 5,654 - 1,470 9.1 12.3 -3.2
2020 4,419 6,154 - 1,735 9.5 13.3 -3.8

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the2021 Census,[29]ethnicRussiansmake up 64.4% of the republic's total population, while the ethnicAdygheare 25.7%. Other groups includeArmenians(3.3%),Kurds(1.2%),Romani people(0.7%) andUkrainians(0.6%).

Ethnic
group 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Russians 29,102 25.6% 171,960 71.1% 200,492 70.4% 276,537 71.7% 285,626 70.6% 293,640 68.0% 288,280 64.5% 270,714 63.6% 287,778 64.4%
Adyghe 50,821 44.8% 55,048 22.8% 65,908 23.2% 81,478 21.1% 86,388 21.4% 95,439 22.1% 108,115 24.2% 109,699 25.8% 114,688 25.7%2
Armenians 738 0.7% 2,348 1.0% 3,013 1.1% 5,217 1.4% 6,359 1.6% 10,460 2.4% 15,268 3.4% 15,561 3.7% 14,810 3.3%
Kurds 2 0.0% 262 0.1% 3,631 0.8% 4,528 1.1% 5,233 1.2%
Romani 1,109 0.3% 1,134 0.3% 1,844 0.4% 2,364 0.6% 2,908 0.7%
Ukrainians 26,405 23.3% 6,130 2.5% 7,988 2.8% 11,214 2.9% 12,078 3.0% 13,755 3.2% 9,091 2.0% 5,856 1.4% 2,810 0.6%
Others 6,415 5.7% 6,313 2.6% 7,289 2.6% 11,198 2.9% 13,939 3.4% 18,752 4.3% 26,355 5.9% 14,093 3.3% 18,403 4.1%
  1. 50,304 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[30]
  2. Including 397Kabardinsand 16,133Cherkess.

Religions[edit]

Maykop Central Mosque
Religion in Adygea as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[31][32]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 35.4%
OtherOrthodox
 
 1.4%
OtherChristians
 
 3.8%
Islam
 
 23.6%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 19.8%
Atheismandirreligion
 
 8.2%
Other and undeclared
 
 7.8%

According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people[31]35.4% of the population of Adygea adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church,23.6% toIslam,3% areunaffiliatedChristiansand 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or are members of otherOrthodox churches.In addition, 19.8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" 8% isatheist,and 8.6% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.[31]

Education[edit]

Adyghe State UniversityandMaykop State Technological University,both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.

Economy[edit]

Maykop Beer Brewery

Even though it is one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producinggrain,sunflowers,tea,tobacco,and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.

Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.

Transportation[edit]

There is asmall airportinMaykop(ICAO airport codeURKM). Several rail lines pass through the republic.

Culture[edit]

A man speaking Adyghe.

TheAdyghe language(Адыгабзэ) is a member of theNorthwest Caucasian language family.Along withRussian,Adyghe is the official language of the republic.

There are 8 state and 23 public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

Part ofa serieson the
Circassians
Адыгэхэр
Arrows in the Circassian flag
List of notable Circassians
Circassian genocide
Circassian diaspora
Circassian tribes

Surviving

Destroyed or barely existing

Religion
Religion in Circassia
Languages and dialects
History
Show
Culture

References[edit]

  1. ^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г.(President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District.Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^Law #90
  3. ^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР.(Gosstandartof the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions,as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. ^Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, Article 62
  5. ^abConstitution of the Republic of Adygea, Article 7.4.
  6. ^Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004)."Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation) ".Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002)(in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived fromthe originalon September 28, 2011.RetrievedNovember 1,2011.
  7. ^ab"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации".Federal State Statistics Service.RetrievedSeptember 1,2022.
  8. ^"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian).RetrievedJanuary 19,2019.
  9. ^Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, Article 5
  10. ^Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of theConstitution of Russia.
  11. ^"Adygeya at merriam-webster.com".m-w.com.RetrievedSeptember 23,2009.
  12. ^Азаренкова, Бондарь & Вертышева (1986),p. 154.
  13. ^М. Макфола; Н. Петрова (1998).Политический альманах России 1997. Том 2. Социально-политические портреты регионов[Political Almanac of Russia 1997. Vol. 2. Social and Political Portraits of the Regions](PDF)(in Russian) (online ed.). Московский Центр Карнеги. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 30, 2007.RetrievedApril 17,2007.
  14. ^Official website of the Republic of Adygea.Основные сведенияArchivedJuly 23, 2013, at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  15. ^Richmond, Walter (2008).The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future.Routledge. p. 146.ISBN978-1134002498.
  16. ^ВПН-2010(in Russian). Gks.ru. Archived fromthe originalon March 15, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 22,2014.
  17. ^"Russian Elections: United Russia Winning Most Votes – Al-Manar TV Lebanon".
  18. ^Baryshnikova, Gennady; John F. Hoffeckerb; Robin L. Burgess (May 1996). "Palaeontology and Zooarchaeology of Mezmaiskaya Cave (Northwestern Caucasus, Russia)".Journal of Archaeological Science.23(3): 313–335.doi:10.1006/jasc.1996.0030.Over 6000 large mammal and numerous small vertebrate remains have been recovered from preliminary excavations at Mezmaiskaya Cave
  19. ^Казенин, Константин (2009)."Тихие" конфликты на Северном Кавказе(in Russian). Moscow:Regnum.p. 17.ISBN978-5-91150-030-6.
  20. ^State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics.[full citation needed]
  21. ^"Federal State Statistics Service data".www.gks.ru.Archived fromthe originalon July 26, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 15,2019.
  22. ^Russian Federal State Statistics Service.Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1[2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1](XLS)(in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
  23. ^Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census](in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
  24. ^Federal State Statistics Service(May 21, 2004).Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS).Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002](in Russian).
  25. ^Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров[All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989](in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – viaDemoscope Weekly.
  26. ^"Демографический ежегодник России"[The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service of Russia(Rosstat).RetrievedJune 28,2022.
  27. ^"Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении"[Life expectancy at birth].Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia(in Russian). Archived fromthe originalon February 20, 2022.RetrievedJune 28,2022.
  28. ^Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики(in Russian). Gks.ru. May 8, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon December 24, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 21,2014.
  29. ^"Национальный состав населения".Federal State Statistics Service.RetrievedDecember 30,2022.
  30. ^"ВПН-2010".rosstat.gov.ru.
  31. ^abc"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia".Sreda, 2012.
  32. ^2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps."Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017.Archived.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Adyghe:Адыгэ Республик,romanized:Adyge Riespublik,[aːdəɣɐ];Russian:Республика Адыгея,romanized:Respublika Adygeya[ɐdɨˈɡʲejə]

Sources[edit]

  • Государственный Совет – Хасэ Республики Адыгея. Закон №90 от 7 июня 2007 г. «О государственных символах Республики Адыгея (текст в ред. от 7 июня 2007 г.)», в ред. Закона №91 от 28 апреля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Законы Республики Адыгея». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Советская Адыгея", No. 112–113, 14 июня 2007 г.(State Council of the Republic of Adygea.Law #90 of June 7, 2007On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Adygea (text of rev. of June 7, 2007),as amended by the Law #91 of April 28, 2012On Amending Various Laws of the Republic of Adygea.Effective as of the day of official publication.).
  • Закон №168-1 от 14 февраля 1995 г. «О праздичных днях и памятных датах», в ред. Закона №231 от 1 августа 2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 3 Закона Республики Адыгея "О праздичных днях и памятных датах" ». Вступил в силу 14 февраля 1995 г. Опубликован: "Ведомости ЗС (Хасэ) - Парламента РА", No. 15, 14 февраля 1995 г..(Law #168-1 of February 14, 1995On Holidays and Memorial Dates,as amended by the Law #231 of August 1, 2013On Amending Article 3 of the Law of the Republic of Adygea "On Holidays and Memorial Dates".Effective as of February 14, 1995.).
  • Государственный Совет — Хасэ Республики Адыгея. 10 марта 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Адыгея(текст в ред. от 3 мая 2007 г.)», в ред. Конституционного закона №459 от 30 октября 2015 г. «О поправках к Конституции Республики Адыгея». Опубликован: "Ведомости ЗС (Хасэ) — Парламента РА", №16, 6–10 марта 1995 г.(State Council of the Republic of Adygea.March 10, 1995Constitution of the Republic of Adygea(text of rev. of May 3, 2007),as amended by the Constitutional Law #459 of October 30, 2015On the Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea.).
  • Президент Республики Адыгея. Распоряжение №46-рп от 2 апреля 2007 г. «Об организации официального Интернет-сайта исполнительных органов государственной власти Республики Адыгея».(President of the Republic of Adygea. Directive #46-rp of April 2, 2007On Creation of the Official Website of the Executive Organs of State Power of the Republic of Adygea.).
  • Азаренкова, А. С.; Бондарь, И. Ю.; Вертышева, Н. С. (1986).Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985 гг.)(in Russian). Краснодарское книжное издательство.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toАдыгея.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forAdygea.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adygea&oldid=1229355065#History"