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Main article:ESPN

ESPN is anAmerican-based globalcableandsatellite televisionchannel that focuses onsports-related programming inc

Origins[edit]

ESPN was founded byBill Rasmussen,his sonScott Rasmussen,then 43 year old eye doctor andAetnainsurance agent Ed Eagan.[1]Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for theNew England Whalersin 1978.[1]During his tenure with the hockey team, Rasmussen had met Eagan, who displayed an interest in building a career in television. Eagan approached Bill with the idea of creating a monthlycable televisionprogram coveringConnecticutsports and was curious to see if the Whalers would be interested in being the main feature on the show.[1]

Though discouraged by his firing, Rasmussen and Eagan began to discuss a new course; Bill Rasmussen's original idea was to create a cable television network that focused on covering all sporting events in the state of Connecticut (for example, the Whalers, theBristol Red Soxand theConnecticut Huskies), rather than just focusing on one team as Eagan had proposed.[1]Rasmussen knew little about cable television at the time and with under 20% of homes receiving cable, the task to create such a network was tedious.[2]

In the summer of 1978, the Rasmussens, with Eagan and his associate Bob Beyus – who owned a video production company – began to seek out support from cable operators and potential investors for the sports channel which they had come to name theEntertainment and Sports Programming Network(ESP).[2]They began topitchtheir idea on June 26 of that year, inviting twelve representatives from local cable operators – only five of whom had accepted the offer. The representatives that were present were skeptical of the concept and stated that it would be impractical and too costly to take a risk on something that would seemingly falter.[2]Despite the setback, the team held apress conferenceto help spread the word. 35 reporters were invited, however only four appeared and were less than enthusiastic about the prospects of the company.[2]Beyus felt the future of ESP was in doubt and departed following the conference.[3]

In spite of these initial difficulties, ESP was incorporated on July 13, 1978, for a fee of $91.[3]The trio still had to find a way to broadcast their new sports channel and began their research at United Cable, where they were told about a new means of television distribution,satellite communication.[3]They were then directed toRCA,which had experience in satellite communication, having launchedSatcominto orbit and frequently using the technology inEurope;the concept was still new in the United States (satellite delivery was first used for full-time television broadcasts byHBOin September 1975), and was not immediately embraced.[3]Al Parinello, who was hired by RCA to promote the new technology, received a phone call from Rasmussen and wanted to meet with him in person.[4]At the meeting, Bill explained they were interested in regional sports broadcasting, however, Parinello explained that with satellite communication, their channel could be broadcast across the country.[4]Furthermore, when they were informed that buying a continuous 24-hour satellite feed was less expensive than sending the signal across Connecticut via landlines, they agreed to buy thetransponderfor the satellite.[4]

With a wider audience to appeal to, they began to retool their original concept, and on August 16, 1978, both father and son agreed that the channel would show all types of sports 24 hours a day, have a half-hour sports show every night, hire sportscasters and buy a fleet of trucks to travel across the nation covering various sporting events.[5]Putting together money from various family members and associates, they put down $30,000 for the transponder.[6]The group then had to search for property to set up their headquarters. They originally began looking for land inPlainville,however, due to an ordinance that prohibited satellite dishes, ESP could not settle there.[7]Instead, they chose to buy a parcel of land for $18,000 inBristolthat had been built on adump;the satellite signal was unaffected in the area, making it an ideal location.[7]

Initial financing and development[edit]

The Rasmussens received financial aid from J. B. Doherty and K. S. Sweet Associates on an interim basis, but they were interested in finding permanent investors. Doherty shared a similar sentiment and after several failed attempts to do so, he approached Stuart Evey, aGetty Oil Companyexecutivewho was the vice president of non-oil operations.[8][9]Evey was immediately interested in the venture and brought it to the attention of Getty's finance manager, George Conner. Though a bit wary, the company decided to invest in the project by February 1979.[10]

College sports rights[edit]

With the newly found financial assistance, Bill, aware that ESP would struggle to secure rights to professional sports at the time, felt the company could strike a deal with theNational Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA) for the rights to rebroadcast their college sporting events.College basketballat the time was popular, and Rasmussen felt rebroadcasting games such as the fast-paced basketball would attract new viewers. Furthermore, by having a contract with the NCAA, it would legitimize ESP without Rasmussen having to utilize the Getty name to help further his pursuits.[10]Rasmussen organized a meeting with NCAA officials and, following a hastily put together presentation, negotiations began; the parties eventually came to terms. In the agreement, ESP agreed to broadcast eighteen different NCAA sports, including championship games, in their entirety, for two years. The contract was made official on March 14, 1979.[10]

Though ESP would not launch for some six months, the1979 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournamenthad garnered considerable attention, as it was watched by 24.1 million viewers, due to the matchup betweenLarry BirdandMagic Johnson– the tournament is regarded as having an instrumental part in ESP's eventual success due to the fact many viewers called their cable providers asking that they wanted "that channel that has all the basketball."[10]

In May 1979, Getty provided $15 million to the company andAnheuser-Buschcame to an agreement with ESP for the largest advertising contract in cable television history at the time, valued at $1.38 million.[11]

Leadership and personnel[edit]

Rasmussen, realizing that ESP needed additional sponsors and advertising, decided to distinguish the network from the "Big Threethree-letter networks, "ABC,NBCandCBS,and renamed ESP as ESPN-TV.[11]The name was shortened to just ESPN prior to the channel's launch.[11]Evey, who had essentially gained control of the company, sought out ESPN's first president; Rasmussen wanted to hireDick Ebersol,who had been fired from NBC in January 1979, but Evey had little interest in doing so. Ebersol suggestedChet Simmons,who at the time was runningNBC Sportsbut had become increasingly frustrated with NBC chairman Jane Cahill Pfeiffer, whose visions conflicted with those of Simmons.[12]Evey promised Simmons that he would face little interference from Rasmussen, without Bill's knowledge, and Simmons agreed to become the network's first president – an appointment that was officially announced on July 18, 1979.[13]

With the Rasmussens gradually being pushed out of the company, Evey and Simmons continued to move forward, hiring a broadcasting team that includedJim Simpson,George Grande,Bob Ley,Lee Leonard,Chris BermanandDick Vitale.As ESPN's launch date approached, the building that would house the new network had yet to be completed – the cable which was connected to the satellite was only plugged in about five minutes prior to the launch of the network.[14]

Debut[edit]

On September7, 1979, at 7:00 p.m.Eastern Time,an estimated 30,000 viewers tuned in to witness the launch of ESPN.[15]Simultaneously, ESPN debuted its firstSportsCentertelecast with anchors Lee Leonard and George Grande.[15]The first words spoken were from Leonard who informed viewers: "If you're a fan,ifyou're a fan, what you'll see in the next minutes, hours, and days to follow may convince you you've gone to sports heaven. "[15]The first score Grande announced wasChris Evert's victory overBillie Jean Kingat theUS Open.SportsCenterlasted a half-hour, consisting mainly of videotaped highlights.[15]Following the conclusion of the telecast, the network aired amen's professional slow-pitch softballgame fromLannon, Wisconsinwith Joe Boyle working play-by-play, formerYankeesplayerJohnny Blanchardofferingcolor commentaryand formerDetroit TigerscatcherJim Priceas field reporter. It was the first game of a best-of-nine World Series between theMilwaukee Schlitzand theKentucky Bourbons.[16]

ESPN Broadcast, 1979 APSPL World Series, Game 8, Milwaukee at Kentucky

Early programming also included boxing, wrestling and college soccer.[15]The initial music package in 1979 was composed by veteran production music composer Dave Shields with Mel Hall at Cinira Corp in San Diego using studio musicians from Hollywood and San Diego. He wrote a logo melody and expanded it for various purposes, and composed themes for all the programs at that time, including a reggae-rock style promotional song. They also usedVangelis's "Pulstar"as the theme toSportsCenterearly on.

SportsCenter,the channel's flagship program, would grow in popularity throughout its history and became known for the six-note theme (colloquially referred to as "DaDaDa, DaDaDa" ) that was written by John Colby, who served as ESPN'smusic director,producer and composer from 1984 to 1992 (who has also served as the music director and bandleader for theESPY Awardssince the show's inception in 1993, and has composed themes for other ESPN programs and sports telecasts including college sports, NBA and NFL broadcasts,Outside the Linesand ESPNews).[17]

Two days after their first broadcast, Evey issued an ultimatum to Bill, in which he stated that Rasmussen should remain out of the way as he had little command within the company anymore. Scott was fired by Evey as there were growing conflicts between Evey, Simmons and Rasmussen.[18]

ESPN struggled financially during its early years. In 1980,Anheuser-BuschVice President and Director of MarketingMichael Roartypersuaded his company to invest $1million in ESPN.[19]Anheuser-Busch gave an additional $5million to the network in 1981.[19]Roarty saw these investments as a smart business decision, telling theSt. Louis Post-Dispatchin 1994, "We gave them $1million that first year. And if we hadn't, they'd have gone under... I believed the beer drinker was a sports lover... The next year we gave them $5million. I think it turned out to be the best investment we've ever made. "[19]In 1993,Sporting Newsnamed Roarty the sixth most powerful figure in American sports, citing his early commitment to ESPN.[20]

Professional sports arrive[edit]

ESPN (along with theUSA Network) was among the earliest cable-based broadcast partners for theNational Basketball Association(NBA). Lasting from 1982 to 1984, the network's relationship with the association marked its initial foray into American professional sports. After an 18-year hiatus, ESPN (by then, under the auspices of the ABC network) secured a $2.4 billion, six-year broadcast contract with the NBA, thereby revitalizing its historic compact with U.S.professional basketball.

ESPN was also a long time home for motorsports broadcasts as part of theirAuto Racing(later ESPN SpeedWorld) block of programming withLarry NuberandBob Jenkinsin the booth from 1979 to 2006 along withBob Varsha,Ned Jarrett,Jon Beekhuis,Jackie Stewart,Mike Joy,Dr. Jerry Punch,Eli Gold,Marty Reid,Paul Page,andKen Squier.ESPN still broadcasts auto racing to this day but without the SpeedWorld branding.


In 1983, theUnited States Football League(USFL) made its debut on ESPN and ABC. The league – which lasted for three seasons – enjoyed ephemeral success, some portion of which was a byproduct of the exposure afforded through ESPN coverage.

In 1984, ABC reached a deal with Getty Oil to acquire ESPN. ABC retained an 80% share, and sold a 20% interest toNabisco.The Nabisco shares were later sold to theHearst Corporation,which still holds a 20% ownership stake in the channel today. In May 1985, ABC was purchased byCapital Cities Communicationsin a $3.5 billion deal that was finalized in February 1986.[21]In February 1996,The Walt Disney Companypurchased Capital Cities/ABC for $19 billion, and assumed the latter company's 80% stake in ESPN at that time.[22]According to an analysis published byBarron's Magazinein February 2008, ESPN "is probably worth more than 40% of Disney's entire value... based on prevailing cash-flow multiples in the industry."[23]Despite it technically being ajoint venture,for all intents and purposes, ESPN operates as a division of Disney as a result of the company's controlling interest (as it was with ABC and Capital Cities before it).

On July 15, 1985, ESPN started airing the "ESPN Sports Update" (later known as the "28/58 Update" ), a condensed rundown of scores and news that aired at 28 and 58 minutes past the hour at times whenSportsCenterwas not airing.[24]Later, when the viewers were used to it, the updates would often start with a sponsor where it used to say "28/58 Update" and the vertical display of "Update". The airtimes of these updates were modified to 18 and 58 minutes past the hour on May 30, 2005.

In1987,ESPN gained partial rights to theNational Football League.The league agreed to the deal, as long as ESPN agreed tosimulcastthe games onbroadcast televisionstations in the localmarketsof the participating teams.ESPN Sunday Night Footballwould last for 19 years and spur ESPN's rise to legitimacy. During the 2006 NFL season, ESPN began airingMonday Night Football,formerly seen on its sister network ABC (NBC took over broadcast rights to the Sunday night game package). Former CommissionerPaul Tagliabuecredits ESPN for revolutionizing the NFL: "ESPN was able to take the draft, the pregame and highlight shows, and other NFL programming to a new level."[25]

In 1990, ESPN addedMajor League Baseballto its lineup with the signing of a $400 million contract to broadcast the league's games.[26]The contract was renewed and continued through to 2011.Jon MillerandJoe Morganserved as the longtime voices of the network's centerpieceSunday Night Baseballbroadcasts through the 2010 season.Steve Phillipsjoined the announcing team for the 2009 season, but was later dismissed by the network that October. In December 2010, ESPN announced thatOrel Hersheiser,Dan ShulmanandBobby Valentinewould be the new announcers ofSunday Night Baseballfor the 2011 season. Valentine went back to managing after the 2011 season and was replaced byTerry Francona(Valentine and Francona essentially switched duties; Valentine became manager of theBoston Red SoxandTerry Franconabecame an analyst forSunday Night Baseball).

ESPN broadcast each of the fourmajor professional sports leaguesinNorth Americafrom 2002 until 2004, when it cut ties with theNational Hockey League.[27]The network aired NHL games from 1980 to 1982, from 1986 to 1989, from 1992 to 2004, and most recently from 2021 to the present. ESPN has been broadcastingMajor League Soccergames about once a week on ESPN2 since that league's inception in 1996. In most years, the annualAll-Star GameandMLS Cupchampionship game, and in some years, the Opening Night game, are shown on ABC broadcast stations.

With the increasing cost of live sports entertainment, such as theUS$8.8 billion cost to acquire NFL football broadcast rights for eight years, "scripted entertainment has become a luxury item for ESPN," said David Carter, director of the Sports Business Institute at theUniversity of Southern Californiain a 2007 interview inVariety.[28]

ESPN broadcasts 65 sports, 24 hours a day in 16 languages in more than 200 countries.[29]

Expansion[edit]

ESPN set itself apart from its competition by using the top reporters for each of their respective sports by the early 1990s. Some examples include:Peter Gammons(baseball),Chris Mortensen(football),Al Morganti(hockey),David Aldridge(basketball) andMel Kiper, Jr.(NFL Draft). Other well-known reporters have includedAndrea Kremer,Ed Werderand Mark Schwartz.

The 1990s and early 2000s saw a considerable growth within the company.ESPN Radiolaunched on January 1, 1992 and has seen tremendous success.[30]ESPN2was launched on October 1, 1993, beginning with the inaugural telecast ofSportsNite,hosted byKeith OlbermannandSuzy Kolber.Three years later on November 1, 1996,ESPNewswas launched, withMike Tiricoas the channel's firstanchor.[31]In 1997, ESPN acquired the Classic Sports Network for $175 million from the channel's founders,Brian Bedoland Steve Greenberg, and renamed itESPN Classic.[32]ESPNU,a network focusing exclusively oncollegiate sports,was launched on March 4, 2005.

ESPN made its expansion into video gaming by joining forces with game publisherSony Imagesoftfor a series of video games in 1993. The venture was short-lived, only releasing fewer titles for theSNES,Sega GenesisandSega CD.[33]

In 1994, ESPN launchedThe ESPN Sports Poll,created by theChilton Company.The Sports Poll was the first ongoing national daily study of sports fan activities and interests in the United States.Sporting Newsacknowledged the accomplishments of The ESPN Sports Poll in 1996.[34]

Disney planned to start an ESPN West in late 1998, aregional sports networkfor theGreater Los Angeles Areathat would air live games of theAnaheim AngelsandMighty Ducks of Anaheim,but the plan was abandoned.[35]In 1999, ESPN joined forces with Konami and Disney Interactive for a series of video games calledESPN the Games,to replace the Konami XXL Sports Series branding, to release a series of titles for thePlayStation,Dreamcast,Game Boy Advance,Game Boy Color,Nintendo 64,Xbox,GameCubeandPlayStation 2.[36]The venture ended in 2002,[37]and joined forces withSega.[38]The venture made its full expansion when ESPN,Visual ConceptsandSegateamed up to set up the ESPN Videogames to replace the Sega Sports label as part of the retooling of the2Kgame franchise.[39]In 2005, just before the expiration of the ESPN-2K alliance, ESPN then signed up a 15-year agreement withElectronic Artsto allow ESPN personalities and presentations to appear onEA Sportsgames for the next 15 years.[40]

After Disney's acquisition of ESPN,ABC Sportsbegan to increasingly integrate its operations with the network in 1996. That yearSteve Bornstein,president of ESPN since 1990, was also made president of ABC Sports. This integration culminated in the 2006 decision to merge ABC Sports' operations with ESPN, which transitioned all ABC Sports telecasts to ESPN-styled productions and branding under the bannerESPN on ABC.[41][42]However, due to the nature of ESPN still being a joint venture between Disney and Hearst, ESPN on ABC is still legally separate from ESPN, since Hearst has no ownership interest in the ABC network.

In 1998, ESPN also began utilizing a "Skycam"during its NHL broadcasts, later expanding its use to baseball, basketball and football games.[24]In 2007, ESPN signed an agreement with theArena Football Leagueto broadcast at least one game every week, usually on Monday nights. In January 2008, ESPN signed a multimillion-dollar contract with professional gaming circuit,Major League Gaming(MLG).

The West Coast headquarters and studio building for ESPN.

In April 2009, ESPN opened a broadcast production facility in downtownLos Angelesat theL.A. Livecomplex, across fromStaples Center.The five-story facility houses two television production studios with digital control rooms on the upper floors, and previously held anESPN Zonerestaurant on the first two floors until the restaurant's closure in 2013. One of the studios serves as the production and broadcast facilities for the late night editions ofSportsCenter.[43]

In October 2009, ESPN marked its 30th anniversary with the premiere of30 for 30,a series of documentaries focusing on major sports stories and events that occurred over the 30 years that the network had been on the air. While premiering to low ratings,[44]awareness and critical reception of the series increased in later installments, leading to an increase in viewership. By the seventh episode,The U,the audience had grown to a 1.8 rating and well over 2 million viewers.[45]

The most-watched program in the history of cable television was the2011 BCS National Championship Game,which aired on January 10, 2011, earning a 17.8 ratings share and an audience of 27.3 million viewers in 17.7 million homes.[46][47]

International expansion[edit]

In the early 1990s, ESPN established a new division,ESPN International,to take advantage of the growing satellite markets inAsia,AfricaandLatin America.ESPN would also purchase a minority stake in a consortium known as NetStar Communications, which was formed to acquire the Canadian sports networksTSNandRDSfromLabatt;due to rules regarding the foreign ownership of television broadcasters in Canada, Labatt could no longer own TSN after its purchase byInterbrew.After the majority stake of TSN/RDS was sold toCTV(which in turn was acquired byBell Globemediain 2011), TSN adopted an ESPN-styled logo, and rebranded its sports news program asSportsCentre(aCanadian Englishversion ofSportsCenter). RDS, likewise, also adopted an ESPN-styled logo. Bell continues to own majority control and directly operate both TSN and RDS instead of ESPN because of the aforementioned Canadian rules on foreign ownership.

In 2004, ESPN entered the European market by launching a version ofESPN Classic,and then by acquiring theNorth American Sports Network(which was relaunched as ESPN America in February 2009). In August 2009, ESPN also launched adomestic channelfor theUnited KingdomandIrelandafter acquiring domestic rights to 46Barclays Premier Leaguematches for the forthcoming season, and 23 matches each for the following three seasons. The deal replaced a previous contract withSetanta Sports GB,which was experiencing financial difficulties and bankruptcy.[48]

2017 layoffs[edit]

On April 26, 2017, approximately 100 ESPN employees were notified that their position with the sports network had been terminated, among them athletes-turned-analystsTrent DilferandDanny Kanell,and noted journalists likeNFLbeat reporterEd WerderandMajor League BaseballexpertJayson Stark.[49]The layoffs come as ESPN continues to shed viewers, more than 10 million over a period of several years, while forking over big money for the broadcast rights to such properties as the NFL,NBAandCollege Football Playoff.[50]Further cost-cutting measures taken include moving the studio operations of ESPNU to Bristol fromCharlotte, North Carolina,[51]reducing its longtime MLB studio showBaseball Tonightto Sundays as a lead-in to theprimetime gameand adding theMLB Network-producedIntentional TalktoESPN2's daily lineup.[52]

2020–present[edit]

On March 11, 2020, theWorld Health Organization(WHO) declared theCOVID-19outbreak to be apandemic.This declaration, along with sporting leagues having their players test positive for the disease, resulted incancellationsto almost all traditional sporting events globally over the next few weeks in the most severe disruption to the sporting calendar sinceWorld War II.Due to these circumstances, ESPN announced that it would undergo major changes to its programming schedule, opting to show replays of classic sporting events, sports documentaries, and expanded news programs.

After having last carried national-televised NHL games in 2004, ESPN and ABC agreed on a seven-year contract (agreed on March 10, 2021) to televise games, and will also air some games on ESPN+ andHulu.The contract also stated that ABC will exclusively air four of the seven Stanley Cup Finals, marking the first time that the entirety of the Finals would air on broadcast television exclusively since1980.

A week later, ESPN and the NFL agreed on a landmark ten-year contract (agreed on March 18, 2021) to continue televising Monday Night Football, and will also air games on ABC and ESPN+. Terms of this deal include: expanding the MNF schedule to 23 games, but ESPN will phase it into three steps. The schedule will expand from 17 games to 19 games in 2021, the last year of ESPN’s current eight-year agreement, to include two games during the final week of the season, as part of a new Saturday doubleheader to kick off the new Week 18 (both will have playoff implications and will be simulcast on ESPN and ABC). In 2022, which will be a bridge agreement year, the schedule expands to 21 games, to include two more exclusive games, one on ABC, the first one since 2005, and one on ESPN+, which will be anInternational game.Then in 2023, the first of the new ten-year agreement, two more games, both on ABC exclusively, will be added, to make the schedule 23 games. Other major terms include: continued rights for ESPN and ABC to air both the Pro Bowl and NFL Draft, flex scheduling rights from Week 12 on, typically used by the NFL’s other broadcast partners: CBS, Fox, NBC, and NFL Network, a Divisional playoff game, and the rights for ABC to air Super Bowls LXI and LXV, the first Super Bowls under the Disney/ESPN-NFL agreement, and ABC’s first Super Bowls sinceSuper Bowl XL.ESPN also was allowed the rights to producealternate broadcastsfor select games. ESPN took advantage of this by teaming with Omaha Productions to produce theManningcast,a ten-game alternate broadcast series hosted byPeytonandEli Manning.ESPN later signed a five-year deal to be the home of the new Monday Night Super Wild Card Game, which included the Manningcast.

On December 12, 2022, ESPN announced that they had partnered with theSuperstar Racing Experience(SRX) to bringThursday Night Thunderback after a 20 year hiatus.[53]

On August 8, 2023, ESPN andPenn Entertainmentannounced a deal to brand Penn's sportsbooks with ESPN branding. Penn's existingBarstool SportsSportsbook will be rebranded as ESPN Bet in Fall 2023.[54][55]

On February 6, 2024, ESPN announced a joint venture withFox SportsandTNT Sportsto offer anas-yet-unnamed sports streaming bundle,including the three organizations' main linear sports channels and associated media rights, beginning in fall 2024.[56]Additionally, the company plans to launch a "flagship" standalone streaming offering, including the ESPN and ESPN2 linear channels, in late summer or fall 2025.[57]

2023 layoffs[edit]

Numerous ESPN employees, including longtime SportsCenter anchor Neil Everett and radio host Max Kellerman were let go as part of the mass layoffs.[58]

Criticism[edit]

See also:Criticism of ESPN

Despite its acclaim and notability, ESPN and its sister networks have been the targets of criticism for some of its programming. This criticism includes accusations of biased coverage, conflict of interest, and controversies about individual broadcasters and analysts' backgrounds and character.

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdMiller & Shales, pp. 3–4
  2. ^abcdMiller & Shales, p. 5
  3. ^abcdMiller & Shales, p. 6
  4. ^abcMiller & Shales, pp. 7–8
  5. ^Miller & Shales, p. 9
  6. ^Miller & Shales, p. 11
  7. ^abMiller & Shales, p. 13
  8. ^Miller & Shales, p. 14
  9. ^Miller & Shales, p. 16
  10. ^abcdMiller & Shales, pp. 19–23
  11. ^abcMiller & Shales, p. 25–26
  12. ^Miller & Shales, pp. 27–29
  13. ^Miller & Shales, p. 31
  14. ^Miller & Shales, pp. 40–44
  15. ^abcdeMiller & Shales, pp. 44–45
  16. ^Radcliffe, J. R."40 years ago, the first live ESPN game ever broadcast was a slow-pitch softball game in Wisconsin. How did it happen?".Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.RetrievedSeptember 15,2019.
  17. ^"Meet SportsCenter Theme Composer Colby, the" DaDaDa, DaDaDa "Guy".September 10, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon November 6, 2019.
  18. ^Miller & Shales, pp. 52–53
  19. ^abcKohler, Jeremy (March 19, 2013)."Michael Roarty dies at 84; marketer helped build Anheuser-Busch brand".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2020.RetrievedApril 6,2013.
  20. ^"Michael J. Roarty, advertising exec., dies".United Press International.March 18, 2013.RetrievedApril 6,2013.
  21. ^Vise, David A. (March 19, 1985)."Capital Cities Communications To Buy ABC for $3.5 Billion".RetrievedDecember 23,2017– via www.WashingtonPost.com.
  22. ^Geraldine Fabrikant (January 5, 1996)."THE MEDIA BUSINESS;Disney and ABC Shareholders Solidly Approve Merger Deal".New York Times.RetrievedJuly 8,2013.
  23. ^Santoli, M.. (February 2008). The Magics Back. Barrons, 88(8), 27–29,31. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1435830791).
  24. ^abESPN's 30th Anniversary – 30 ESPN Firsts & InnovationsESPN MediaZone.ArchivedMarch 27, 2010, at theWayback Machine
  25. ^ESPN: The Uncensored History.
  26. ^"ESPN, Inc".Encyclopædia Britannica.August 2, 2023.
  27. ^Rovell, Darren (August 18, 2005)."ESPN decides not to match Comcast's offer".ESPN.com.Archivedfrom the original on September 20, 2018.RetrievedJuly 15,2011.
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  29. ^ESPN IncEncyclopædia Britannica.
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  33. ^"ESPN, SONY UNIT JOIN IN VIDEO GAME VENTURE".Hartford Courant.January 14, 1993.RetrievedSeptember 18,2022.
  34. ^,The Sporting News, December 30, 1996{{citation}}:Missing or empty|title=(help).
  35. ^Plans Dropped For 'ESPN West'- CBS, July 14, 1998
  36. ^I. G. N. Staff (November 5, 1999)."Konami, Disney and ESPN Bond".IGN.RetrievedSeptember 18,2022.
  37. ^IGN (April 2, 2002)."Konami and ESPN at an End".IGN.RetrievedSeptember 18,2022.
  38. ^I. G. N. Staff (May 9, 2002)."Sega Connects with ESPN".IGN.RetrievedSeptember 18,2022.
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  40. ^Richtel, Matt (January 18, 2005)."Electronic Arts and ESPN Sign 15-Year Deal to Sell Games".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedSeptember 18,2022.
  41. ^Deitsch, Richard (August 10, 2006)."Worldwide leader expands".SI.com.
  42. ^"'ESPN on ABC' to debut during college football season ".ESPN.Associated Press. August 10, 2006.
  43. ^Greg Johnson,ESPN is on schedule to land in L.A. in 2009,Los Angeles Times,December 18, 2007.
  44. ^Best, Neil (October 9, 2009)."Watchdog – Giants' TV ratings jump is third best in NFL to this point".Newsday.RetrievedOctober 12,2009.
  45. ^Jackson, Barry (March 19, 2010).""The U" sequel on UM rebirth ".The Miami Herald.RetrievedMarch 22,2010.
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  47. ^McCarter, Mark (January 10, 2012)."Alabama-LSU game draws second-highest rating in cable history".The Huntsville Times.RetrievedFebruary 2,2012.
  48. ^ESPN snaps up Premier League TV packages,ESPN.com, June 22, 2009.
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  51. ^Katherine Peralta (April 26, 2017)."ESPN layoffs hit Charlotte offices".The Charlotte Observer.The McClatchy Company.RetrievedApril 27,2017.
  52. ^Ian Casselberry (April 27, 2017)."ESPN cutting Baseball Tonight to Sundays only, partnering with MLB Network on Intentional Talk".Awful Announcing.RetrievedApril 27,2017.
  53. ^McCarthy, Michael (December 12, 2022)."ESPN Partners With Tony Stewart's SRX Series".Front Office Sports.
  54. ^Manzo, John R. (August 8, 2023)."ESPN to Launch ESPN BET in a New Agreement with PENN Entertainment".ESPN Press Room U.S.RetrievedAugust 8,2023.
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Bibliography[edit]

  • Miller, James Andrew; Shales, Tom (2011).Those Guys Have All the Fun: Inside the World of ESPN.Little, Brown and Company.ISBN978-0-316-04300-7.
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