Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast | |
|---|---|
| Иркутская область | |
 Coat of arms | |
 | |
| Coordinates:57°22′N106°00′E/ 57.367°N 106.000°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district | Siberian[1] |
| Economic region | East Siberian[2] |
| Administrative center | Irkutsk |
| Government | |
| • Body | Legislative Assembly[3] |
| •Governor[3] | Igor Kobzev[4] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 774,846 km2(299,170 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 4th |
| Population | |
| • Total | 2,370,102 |
| • Estimate (2018)[7] | 2,404,195 |
| • Rank | 20th |
| • Density | 3.1/km2(7.9/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 77.6% |
| •Rural | 22.4% |
| Time zone | UTC+8(MSK+5 [8]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-IRK |
| License plates | 38, 85, 138 |
| OKTMOID | 25000000 |
| Official languages | Russian[9] |
| Website | http://www.irkobl.ru |
Irkutsk Oblast(Russian:Ирку́тская о́бласть,romanized:Irkutskaya oblastʹ;Buryat:Эрхүү можо,romanized:Erkhüü mojo) is afederal subjectofRussia(anoblast), located in southeasternSiberiain the basins of theAngara,Lena,andNizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers.Theadministrative centeris thecityofIrkutsk.It borders theRepublic of Buryatiaand theTuva Republicin the south and southwest, which separate it fromKhövsgöl ProvinceinMongolia;Krasnoyarsk Kraiin the west; theSakha Republicin the northeast; andZabaykalsky Kraiin the east. It had a population of 2,370,102 at the2021 Census.[6]
Geography[edit]
Irkutsk Oblast borders with theRepublic of Buryatiaand theTuva Republicin the south and southwest, withKrasnoyarsk Kraiin the west, with theSakha Republicin the northeast, and withZabaykalsky Kraiin the east.
The unique and world-famousLake Baikalis located in the southeast of the region. It is drained by theAngara,which flows north across the province; the outflow rate is controlled by theIrkutsk Dam.The two other major dams on the Irkutsk Oblast's section of the Angara areat BratskandUst-Ilimsk;both forming large reservoirs. TheLenahas its source in Irkutsk Oblast as well, and flows north-east into the neighboring Sakha Republic.
Irkutsk Oblast consists mostly of the hills and broad valleys of theCentral Siberian Plateau,with theLena-Angara Plateau.ThePrimorsky Rangeand theBaikal Mountainsstretch along Lake Baikal, and in the northeast rise theNorth Baikal Highlandsand thePatom Plateau.Pik Tofalariyais the highest point of the oblast.
Climate[edit]
The climate varies from warm summercontinentalin the south to continental-subarctic in the northern part (Köppen climate classification:Dwc). For almost half the year, from mid-October until the beginning of April, the average temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F).[11]Winters are very cold, with average high temperatures in Irkutsk of −14.9 °C (5.2 °F) and average lows of −25.3 °C (−13.5 °F) in January. Summers are warm but short: the average high in July is +24.5 °C (76.1 °F) and the average low is +11.2 °C (52.2 °F). However, by September, the weather cools down significantly to an average daily high of +15.3 °C (59.5 °F) and an average daily low of +2.5 °C (36.5 °F).[12][13]More than half of allprecipitationfalls in thesummermonths, with the wettest month being July, with 96.2 millimeters (3.79 in) of rain. January is the driest month, with only 11 millimeters (0.43 in) of precipitation. Annual precipitation averages 419.8 millimeters (16.53 in).[14]
History[edit]
Pre-history[edit]
Mongolic-relatedSlab Gravecultural monuments survive inBaikalterritory.[15][need quotation to verify]The territory ofBuryatiacame under the control of theXiongnuEmpire (209 BC – 93 CE), of the MongolianXianbei state(93–234), of theRouran Khaganate(330–555), of theGöktürk Khaganate(555-603), of theEastern Turkic Khaganate(603-744), of theUyghur Khaganate(744-847), of theYenisei Kyrgyz(847-1219), of theMongol Empire(1206–1368) and of theNorthern Yuan(1368–1691).[16] Medieval Mongol tribes like theMerkit,Bayads,Barga MongolsandTümedsinhabited Buryatia.[16]TodayBuryat-Mongolsremain in the territory of the oblast.
Russian presencein the area dates from the 17th century: theRussian Tsardomexpanded eastward following theconquest of the Khanate of Sibirin 1582. By the end of the 17th century, Irkutsk had become a small town, monasteries were being built, and suburbs and agricultural settlements had started to form.
18th century[edit]
From the 18th century trades and crafts began to develop, and gold- and silver-smiths appeared. As the Russian state expanded to the east of Irkutsk, the city became the capital of enormous territories from theYenisey Riverto thePacific Ocean,and played an important role in the exploration and securing of vast Eastern-Siberian and Far-Eastern territories for Russia. Gradually, Irkutsk gained more importance as the main transportation- and trade-center of Eastern Siberia; it became a center of trade routes fromKamchatka,Chukotka,YakutiatoMongolia,andChina.The administrative importance of the city also increased, and it became a center of a fifth of theprovincesof Siberia; in 1764 it became the center of an independent province, theIrkutsk Governorate.
For Irkutsk the 18th century was a time of research expeditions. Some of the organization ofVitus Bering'sfirst(1725–1730) andsecond(1733-1743) expeditions to the shores of Kamchatka took place in Irkutsk.
A merchant class developed in the city of Irkutsk. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the Irkutsk industrial and merchant companies ofGolikov,Trapeznikov,Ivan Stepanovich Bechevin,Nikolai Prokofevich Mylnikov,Sibirakovybegan to explore theAleutian Islandsand laterAlaska.In 1799 the merchant companies came together in aRussian-American Company"for the trades on the territory of the Aleutian andKuril islandsand the rest of theNorth-Eastern sea,belonging to Russia by the right of discovery ".Grigorii Ivanovich Shelikhov,an outstanding seafarer, played an important role in controlling enormous spaces of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. He founded the first colonies ofRussian Americathrough theShelikhov-Golikov Company.In 1727 the Russian Orthodox Church established the IrkutskEparchy.
During the 18th century, schools, professional-technical education colleges, science museums, libraries, theaters, and book-printers developed in Irkutsk. Educational and cultural organizations opened. In 1725 the first school in Eastern Siberia, attached to theVoznesensky monastery(founded in 1672), opened, and in 1754 sea (navigation) schools and secondary schools opened throughout the Irkutsk area. The 1780s saw the opening of the second public library in provincial towns in Russia, as well as a regional museum and an amateur theater. In Irkutsk outstanding citizens appeared, still remembered today. These included the architect, geographer and historianAnton ivanovich Losev(1765–1829), the writerIvan Timofeevich Kalashnikov(1797–1863), and the teacher Semyon Semyonovich Schukin (1789—1863). Siberian science buildings opened. A.G. Laxman,Lomonosov'sapprentice, one of the first Siberian mineralogists, worked in Irkutsk.
The city landscape of Irkutsk was changing. TheIrkutsk Spassky churchof 1706 (one of the oldest stone buildings in Eastern Siberia), the uniqueIrkutsk Krestovozdvizhenskaya church(1747), the "Prikaznayaizba "(order house), the first stone construction, and the Triumph gate were built.
19th century[edit]
In the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, Irkutsk Province gradually increased in importance as a center of trade, craft, and culture. It became the center of Russian trade with China and, from the 1830s, a gold-manufacturing center of Eastern Siberia. In 1803 Irkutsk became the center of the SiberianGovernorate-General,and in 1822 it became the center of theEastern Siberian Governorate-General.The Governors-General of Eastern Siberia greatly influenced the development of the city.
Irkutsk merchants explored theYeniseyskyandLeno-Vitimskygold regions and substantially increased their capital, which made them the richest merchants in Siberia. The Irkutsk merchant class began to play a major role in the city's development. Intensive city construction took place. Private residences, hospitals, orphanages, and schools were built, while significant funds went towards education and the development of science in the region.
The architecture of the city of Irkutsk underwent change. TheIrkutsk White House,done in Russian classic style in 1800–1804, and theMoscow Triumphal Gates of Irkutsk– a monument of the nineteenth century, were built in honor of the tenth anniversary ofAlexander I'sreign.
In the second half of the nineteenth century the printing art developed in Irkutsk, the first newspapers being, “Irkutsk province news” and “Amur”. The names of A.P.Schapov, M.B.Zagoskin, V.I.Vagin were connected with the newspaper “Siberia”. In 1851, the first scientific organization in Eastern Siberia – the Siberian branch of Russian geographical society, was opened. In 1877, it was called the Eastern-Siberian branch. V.I.Dybovskii, A.L.Chekanovskii, I.D.Cherskii, V.A.Obruchev, geologists, geographers and researchers of Siberia, worked in Irkutsk Oblast on exploringLake Baikaland theLena River.
The summer of 1879 could be considered to be a dramatic period in the city of Irkutsk's history. During a July 22–24 fire almost all the central parts of the city were burnt, and more than two thirds of city buildings and 75 city districts were destroyed. The city began to revive, getting a new look. Stone and wooden constructions built after the fire have been preserved up to the present day. In 1898 the arrival of the first train via theTrans-Siberian Railwayto Irkutsk Oblast was a major event. The construction of theTrans-Siberian Railwaycontributed to further city development.
Several politically exiled figures were connected with Irkutsk city. Among the first of the exiled was A.N. Radischev, who lived in Irkutsk for more than 3 months. Since the 1830s, the Decembrists lived in settlements and in colonies in the Irkutsk Oblast. The exiled houses of Volkonsky and Trubetskoy later became house-museums. N. A. Panov, I. V. Podzhio, A. Z. Muravyov, P. A. Mukhanov, A. P. Yushnevsky, V. A. Bechasnov, the wife of Trubetskoy and their children stayed in Irkutsk for the rest of their lives. In the late 1850s, the Petrashevtzy appeared in Irkutsk. The exiled historian-democrat, A.P. Schapov, lived here until his last days, and the Polish rebels and revolutionaries (including thenarodnik) also lived here.
A well-known Russian publicist of the nineteenth century, N. Shelgunov, wrote about Irkutsk: “Irkutsk is the only Siberian city, which has the city character....As England created London, France - Paris, Siberia – created Irkutsk. Siberia is proud of Irkutsk, “not to see this city” means “not to see Siberia”.
In the early nineteenth century the city was considerably changed, especially its center. Large buildings were being built, mason streets were being made, cab drivers and street lights appeared. The water supply and the first electrification stations were built. The Irkutsk Regional museum was stamped with the names of Siberian researchers on its walls (1883), the building of the first public community, city theater (1897), Kazan' cathedral, made in new Byzantine style (1893), and the Roman Catholic cathedral (1895) completed an architectural style of the city. In 1908 a monument toAlexander IIIwas opened on the Angara embankment.
20th century[edit]
The city was damaged and influenced by the political events of the twentieth century – the Russian revolution, the 1917October Revolution,the Civil war and theGreat Patriotic War(as the Soviet Union's part in WW2 is commonly referred to in Russia. This is distinct from WW2, in that it began with 1941Operation Barbarossa,whereas WW2 began with the September 1939invasion of Poland).
Since the 1930s the industrial construction of the city had begun. Mechanical engineering plants, the air plant, brick and concrete plants, tea fabric, and food industry plants were being built. Economic development of the city contributed to scientific, educational and cultural development. The first Higher education in Eastern Siberia,Irkutsk State Universitywas founded in 1918. Its departments were developing as independent institutes: medical, pedagogical, finance-economical. In 1930 the metallurgic institute was opened, in 1934 the agricultural institute was organized.
The early Soviets educated women in traditional professions like nursing and primary education. At right is the Irkutsk orphanage named for E. Medvednikova, which served both as an eleemosynary institution and educational facility.
Since the 1950s a rapid development of the city of Irkutsk took place. In 1947 streetcar routes were opened in the city and trolleybus routes were opened in 1972. In 1958 a TV center was established. The city's larger districts and micro regions construction period began. New districts such as Baykalsky, Solnechny, Yubileyny, Primorsky, Akademgorodok and others were created.[17]
21st century[edit]
The2022 Russian invasion of Ukrainenegatively affected the Irkutskian conscript class of February 2023 who all perished nearDonetskby early March 2023. Irkutsk regional governorIgor Kobzev,a general and a former deputy head of theMinistry of Emergency Situationswho has four children himself, had said the previous November that the sons of Irkutsk belonged to the state rather than to their families.[18]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Economy[edit]
The main industries of Irkutsk Oblast are metals, energy, logging, oil and fuels, machine-building, chemicals, food industry, and hydroelectricity. The average wages in Irkutsk Oblast are 10% higher than in Russia overall[citation needed].
Politics[edit]
Soviet era[edit]
During theSovietperiod, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Irkutsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority),[citation needed]the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside electedregional parliament.
Russian Federation[edit]
The Charter of Irkutsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. TheLegislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblastis the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with theConstitution of Russia.
Demographics[edit]
The oblast is very thinly populated, with a population density of 3 people per square kilometer, compared to a national average of 8.4.Irkutskis the administrative center and largest city, with 612,973 residents. Other large cities areBratsk(238,825 people),Angarsk(229,592 people),Ust-Ilimsk(83,635 people), andUsolye-Sibirskoye(80,331 people).
Most of the population areethnic Russians.A minority group, theBuryats,have a specialUst-Orda Buryat Okruginside the oblast. Russians and other Slavic/Germanic groups make up 92.9% of the population, according to the 2021 Census, while Buryats are 3.6%.Tofalarsnumber 659, a decrease from 722 in 1989.[19]
|
One small ethnic group, concentrated in three villages (Pikhtinsk, Sredne-Pikhtinsk, and Dagnik) inZalarinsky Districtis the so-called "Bug Hollanders": descendants of Polish-speakingLutheranfarmers who had moved to Siberia from the then RussianVolhyniain 1911–1912 in search of affordable land.[citation needed]Although they had long lost German (or Dutch) language of their ancestors (even in the early twentieth century they spoke Ukrainian and read Polish), they were still consideredethnic Germans,and duringWorld War IIwere usually drafted for work in labor camps, instead of front-line military service.[20]
Religion[edit]
According to a 2012 survey[21]28.1% of the population of Irkutsk Oblast adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church,7% areunaffiliatedgenericChristians,6% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian)Orthodox churches,2% of the population adheres to theSlavic native faith(Rodnovery), and 1% toIslam.In addition, 37% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 17% isatheist,and 1.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[21]
Population[edit]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 514,267 | — |
| 1959 | 1,976,453 | +284.3% |
| 1970 | 2,313,410 | +17.0% |
| 1979 | 2,559,522 | +10.6% |
| 1989 | 2,830,641 | +10.6% |
| 2002 | 2,581,705 | −8.8% |
| 2010 | 2,428,750 | −5.9% |
| 2021 | 2,370,102 | −2.4% |
| Source: Census data | ||
2,370,102 (2021 Census);[23]2,428,750 (2010 Russian census);[24]2,581,705 (2002 Census);[25]2,830,641 (1989 Soviet census).[26]
Irkutsk Oblast registered natural population growth in 2008, the first time after 1993.[27]Still, the future prospects for population growth in Irkutsk seems bleak. In 2007, women in Irkutsk were having an average of 1.602 children each. Fertility rate was extremely low in urban areas, where women were having just 1.477 children each. In rural areas however, the fertility rate was slightly above replaceable levels. In rural areas of Irkutsk Oblast, women were having an average of 2.165 children each. (Figures are not available for 2008, although for Russia as a whole fertility rates for 2008 were approx. 6% higher than that in 2007, and for Irkutsk 9% higher).[28]
Vital statistics for 2022:[29][30]
- Births: 24,593 (10.5 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 33,437 (14.2 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[31]
1.69 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[32]
Total — 66.80 years (male — 61.90, female — 71.69)
| District in 2007 | Type | Birth Rate[33] | Death Rate | NGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irkutsk Oblast | Obl | 13.8 | 14.0 | -0.02% |
| Bratsk | Urb | 11.8 | 13.0 | −0.12% |
| Zima | Urb | 17.4 | 17.2 | 0.02% |
| Irkutsk | Urb | 13.5 | 12.6 | 0.09% |
| Sayansk | Urb | 12.9 | 11.8 | 0.11% |
| Svirsk | Urb | 14.3 | 21.7 | −0.74% |
| Tulun | Urb | 13.9 | 15.3 | −0.14% |
| Usolye-Sibirskoye | Urb | 13.1 | 16.3 | −0.32% |
| Ust-Ilimsk | Urb | 10.5 | 9.4 | 0.11% |
| Cheremkhovo | Urb | 15.1 | 20.6 | −0.55% |
| Angarsky | Rur | 11.0 | 13.5 | −0.25% |
| Balagansky | Rur | 15.9 | 14.1 | 0.18% |
| Bodaybinsky | Rur | 13.6 | 13.9 | −0.03% |
| Bratsky | Rur | 13.5 | 14.7 | −0.12% |
| Zhigalovsky | Rur | 18.8 | 16.7 | 0.21% |
| Zalarinsky | Rur | 16.0 | 15.9 | 0.01% |
| Ziminsky | Rur | 14.7 | 16.4 | −0.17% |
| Irkutsky | Rur | 16.1 | 13.1 | 0.30% |
| Kazachinsko-Lensky | Rur | 15.3 | 11.8 | 0.35% |
| Katangsky | Rur | 12.8 | 14.6 | −0.18% |
| Kachugsky | Rur | 17.3 | 15.4 | 0.19% |
| Kirensky | Rur | 13.6 | 14.7 | −0.11% |
| Kuytunsky | Rur | 16.0 | 17.0 | −0.10% |
| Mamsko-Chuysky | Rur | 9.9 | 19.3 | −0.94% |
| Nizhneilimsky | Rur | 14.3 | 15.0 | −0.07% |
| Nizhneudinsky | Rur | 14.2 | 19.9 | −0.57% |
| Olkhonsky | Rur | 18.6 | 13.0 | 0.56% |
| Slyudyansky | Rur | 16.4 | 15.6 | 0.08% |
| Tayshetsky | Rur | 13.6 | 16.4 | −0.28% |
| Tulunsky | Rur | 15.8 | 15.9 | −0.01% |
| Usolsky | Rur | 14.1 | 14.0 | 0.01% |
| Ust-Ilimsky | Rur | 14.4 | 12.3 | 0.21% |
| Ust-Kutsky | Rur | 16.5 | 14.5 | 0.20% |
| Ust-Udinsky | Rur | 19.0 | 15.4 | 0.36% |
| Cheremkhovsky | Rur | 18.1 | 16.1 | 0.20% |
| Chunsky | Rur | 14.4 | 16.4 | −0.20% |
| Shelekhovsky | Rur | 13.7 | 12.3 | 0.14% |
| Alarsky | OAO | 15.5 | 11.7 | 0.38% |
| Bayandayevsky | OAO | 18.2 | 14.0 | 0.42% |
| Bokhansky | OAO | 16.1 | 12.9 | 0.32% |
| Nukutsky | OAO | 21.2 | 12.6 | 0.86% |
| Osinsky | OAO | 17.9 | 12.3 | 0.56% |
| Ekhirit-Bulagatsky | OAO | 20.8 | 11.5 | 0.93% |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
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- ^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР.(Gosstandartof the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions,as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^abCharter of Irkutsk Oblast, Article 9
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- ^Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of theConstitution of Russia.
- ^Resolution of September 26, 1937
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- ^History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003
- ^abHistory of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
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- ^Olga Solovyova (Ольга Соловьева)"Bug 'Hollanders'" (БУЖСКИЕ ГОЛЕНДРЫ)ArchivedSeptember 27, 2007, at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
- ^abc"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"ArchivedSeptember 22, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Sreda, 2012.
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- ^Federal State Statistics Service(May 21, 2004).Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS).Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002](in Russian).
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- ^"Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022".ROSSTAT.Archived fromthe originalon March 2, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 21,2023.
- ^Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости[Total fertility rate].Russian Federal State Statistics Service(in Russian). Archived fromthe original(XLSX)on August 10, 2023.RetrievedAugust 10,2023.
- ^"Демографический ежегодник России"[The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service of Russia(Rosstat).RetrievedJune 1,2022.
- ^"Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Иркутской области - Население".Archived fromthe originalon September 3, 2009.RetrievedMay 21,2009.
Sources[edit]
- Законодательное Собрание Иркутской области. Постановление №9/5-ЗС от 15 апреля 2009 г. «Устав Иркутской области», в ред. Закона №2-У от 14 декабря 2017 г. «О поправках к Уставу Иркутской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная", №45, 24 апреля 2009 г.(Legislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblast. Resolution #9/5-ZS of April 15, 2009Charter of Irkutsk Oblast,as amended by the Law #2-U of December 14, 2017On the Amendments to the Charter of Irkutsk Oblast.Effective as of the day following a ten-day period after the day of the official publication.).
- Центральный исполнительный комитет СССР. Постановление от 26 сентября 1937 г. «О разделении Восточно-Сибирской области на Иркутскую и Читинскую области».(Central Executive Committee of the USSR.Resolution of September 26, 1937On Splitting East Siberian Oblast into Irkutsk and Chita Oblasts.).
Further reading[edit]
- Brumfield, William.Irkutsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs(Moscow: Tri Kvadrata Publishing, 2006)ISBN978-5-94607-061-4
External links[edit]
- Official website of Irkutsk OblastArchivedJanuary 14, 2021, at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
- Kommersant.com.Information about Irkutsk Oblast.
- .New International Encyclopedia.1905.
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch;Bealby, John Thomas (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 795–796.
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