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Melilla

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Coordinates:35°18′N2°57′W/ 35.300°N 2.950°W/35.300; -2.950
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Melilla
Mřič
Autonomous city
Aerial view
Old city
Modernistbuildings
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Melilla in Spain
Location of Melilla in Spain
Coordinates:35°18′N2°57′W/ 35.300°N 2.950°W/35.300; -2.950
CountrySpain
Government
•Mayor-PresidentJuan José Imbroda(PP)
Area
• Total12.3 km2(4.7 sq mi)
• Rank19th
Population
(2018)[1]
• Total86,384
• Rank18th
• Density7,000/km2(18,000/sq mi)
• Rank1st
• % of Spain
0.16%
DemonymsMelillan
GDP
[2]
• Total€1.756 billion (2022)
• Per capita€20,698 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(CEST)
ISO 3166 code
ES-ML
Official languagesSpanish
Statute of Autonomy14 March 1995
ParliamentAssembly of Melilla
Congress1 deputy (of 350)
Senate2 senators (of 264)
CurrencyEuro(€) (EUR)
Websitewww.melilla.es

Melilla(/mɛˈliːjə/mel-EE-yə,Spanish:[meˈliʝa]ⓘ;Tarifit:Mřič) is anautonomous cityofSpainon theNorth Africancoast. It lies on the eastern side of theCape Three Forks,bordering Moroccoand facing theMediterranean Sea.It has an area of 12.3 km2(4.7 sq mi). It was part of theProvince of Málagauntil 14 March 1995, when theStatute of Autonomy of Melillawas passed.

Melilla is one of thespecial territories of the member states of the European Union.Movements to and from the rest of the EU and Melilla are subject to specific rules, provided forinter aliain the Accession Agreement of Spain to theSchengen Convention.[3]

As of 2019, Melilla had a population of 86,487.[4]The population is chiefly divided between people of Iberian andRiffianextraction.[5]There is also a small number ofSephardic JewsandSindhi Hindus.Melilla features adiglossiabetween the official Spanish andTarifit.[6]

Like the autonomous city ofCeutaand Spain's other territories in Africa, Melilla is subject to anirredentist claimby Morocco.[7]

Name

[edit]
See also:Rusadir § Name

BorrowedfromSpanish,theEnglishnameMelillais pronounced/mɛˈliːjə/[8]or/məˈliːjə/[9](meh-ormə-LEE-yə) to approximate the sound of theSpanish double L,properly[meˈliʝa]in most standardSpanish dialects.The name is attested from the 9th century,[10]deriving fromArabicMalīlya(مَلِيلْيَة,[maˈliːlja]) of uncertain etymology. The name has been related tohoney(Spanish:miel;Latin:mel;Greek:μέλι,méli) since Melilla was a notable site forbeekeepingin antiquity,[10]abeeappearing prominently on the city'sbronze coinageunderMauretanianrule.[11]Alternatively, it has been taken from words meaning "discord", "fever", or a medievalArabfigure.[10][which?]The placename perhaps comes from the Amazigh root M·L (meaning 'white'), producing the Amazighmliletand which results in the localMrič([mrɪtʃ]) via /l/→ [r] and /lt/ → [č] changes.[12][13]

History

[edit]

Antiquity and Middle Ages

[edit]
Main article:Rusadir

Melilla was aPhoenicianand laterPunictrade establishment under variations of the nameRusadir(Punic:𐤓‬𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓‬,ršʾdr),[11]taken from thePhoenicianname of the nearbyCape Three Forks.[14]AfterCarthage's defeat in thePunic Wars,the city fell under the control of theRomanclient stateMauretania.After its annexation underCaligula,Claudiusorganized it as part of theprovinceofMauretania Tingitana.Plinymentions it as anative hillfortand port (Latin:oppidum et portus).[15]It was made aRoman colonyinAD 46,after which it was sometimes referenced asFlavia.Rusaddir was said to have once been the seat of a bishop, but there is no record of any bishop of the purported see[16]and it is not included in theCatholic Church's list of moderntitular sees.[17]

The political history is similar to that of towns in the region of the MoroccanRifand southern Spain. Melilla was progressively ruled by theVandals,Byzantines,and theVisigoths.In the early 6th century, it was the main port of theMauro-Roman Kingdom.After theIslamic conquest of North Africa,it fell under theUmayyads,Cordobans,Idrisids,Almoravids,Almohads,Marinids,andWattasids.

Early Modern period

[edit]

During the 15th century, the city declined, like most Mediterranean cities of theKingdom of Fez,eclipsed by those on the Atlantic.[18]After theCatholic Monarchs'conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granadain 1492, their SecretaryHernando de Zafra[es]gathered intelligence about the sorry state of the North African coast with territorial expansion in mind.[19]He sent agents to investigate, and subsequently reported to the Catholic Monarchs that, as of 1494, locals had expelled the authority of the Sultan of Fez and had offered to pledge loyalty.[20]While the 1494Treaty of Tordesillasput Melilla andCazaza,until then reserved to the Portuguese, under the sphere ofCastile,the conquest of the city had to wait, delayed bythe Frenchoccupation of Naples.[21]

Map of the Melilla fortress by the late 17th-century.

TheDuke of Medina Sidonia,Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán,advocated seizing Melilla, to be headed byPedro de Estopiñán[es],and the Catholic Monarchs,Isabella I of CastileandFerdinand II of Aragon,endorsed the initiative and provided the assistance of artillery officerFrancisco Ramírez de Madrid.[22]Melilla was occupied on 17 September 1497, virtually without violence as it was on the border between theKingdom of Tlemcenand the Kingdom of Fez, and as a result had been fought over many times and left abandoned.[23][24]No large-scale expansion into the Kingdom of Fez ensued, and, barring the enterprises of theCardinal Cisnerosalong the Algerian coast inMers El KébirandOran,and therock of Badisin the territorial scope of the Kingdom of Fez, the Hispanic monarchy's imperial impetus was eventually directed elsewhere, to theItalian Warsagainst France, and, especially after 1519,[25]to the newly discovered continent across the Atlantic.

Melilla was initially jointly administered by theHouse of Medina Sidoniaand the Crown,[26]and a 1498 settlement required the former to station a 700-man garrison in Melilla and the latter to provide the city with a number ofmaravedíesand wheatfanegas.[27]The Crown's interest in Melilla decreased during the reign ofCharles V.[28]During the 16th century, soldiers stationed in Melilla were badly remunerated, leading to many desertions.[29]The Duke of Medina Sidonia relinquished responsibility over the garrison of the place on 7 June 1556.[30]

During the late 17th century, AlaouitesultanIsmail Ibn Sharifattempted to conquer thepresidio,[31]taking the outer fortifications in the 1680s and further unsuccessfully besieging Melilla in the 1690s.[32]

One Spanish officer reflected, "an hour in Melilla, from the point of view of merit, was worth more than thirty years of service to Spain."[33]

Late Modern period

[edit]

The current limits of the Spanish territory around the Melilla fortress were fixed by treaties with Morocco in 1859,1860,1861, and 1894. In the late 19th century, as Spanish influence expanded in this area, the Crown authorized Melilla as the only centre of trade on theRifcoast betweenTetuanand theAlgerianborder. The value of trade increased, with goat skins, eggs andbeeswaxthe principal exports, and cotton goods, tea, sugar and candles the chief imports.

Melilla's civil population in 1860 still amounted to only 375 estimated inhabitants.[34]In a 1866 Hispano-Moroccan arrangement signed inFes,both parties agreed to allow for the installment of a customs office near the border with Melilla, to be operated by Moroccan officials.[35]The Treaty of Peace with Morocco that followed the 1859–60 War entailed the acquisition of a new perimeter for Melilla, bringing its area to that where the 12 km2the autonomous city currently stands.[36]Following the declaration of Melilla as afree portin 1863, the population began to increase, chiefly with Sephardi Jews fleeing fromTetouanwho fostered trade in and out of the city.[37]The first Jews from Tetouan probably arrived in 1864,[38]and the first rabbi arrived in 1867 and began to operate the first synagogue, located in the Calle de San Miguel.[39]Many Jews arrived fleeing from persecution in Morocco instigated byRoghi Bu Hamara.[40]Following the 1868 lifting of the veto of emigration to Melilla from Peninsular Spain, the population further increased with Spaniards.[41]The Jewish population, who also progressively acquired Spanish citizenship, increased to 572 in 1893.[42]The economic opportunities created in Melilla henceforth favoured the installment of a Berber population.[41]

The first body of local government was thejunta de arbitrioscreated in 1879,[43]in which the military enjoy preponderance.[44]The Polígono excepcional de Tiro, the first neighborhood outside the walled core (Melilla la Vieja), began construction in 1888.[45]

Jewish woman in the Jewish quarter (1909)

In 1893, Riffian tribesmen launched theFirst Melillan campaignto try to conquer the city; the Spanish government sent 25,000 soldiers to defend it against them. The conflict was also known as theMargallo War,after Spanish GeneralJuan García y Margallo,Governor of Melilla, who was killed in the battle. The new 1894 agreement with Morocco that followed the conflict increased trade with thehinterland,bringing the economic prosperity of the city to a new level.[46]The total population of Melilla amounted to 10,004 inhabitants in 1896.[47]

Art Nouveau buildings in the Plaza de España (c. 1917)

The turn of the new century saw attempts by France (based inFrench Algeria) to profit from their newly acquiredsphere of influencein Morocco to counter Melilla's trading prowess by fostering trade links with the Algerian cities ofGhazaouetandOran.[48]Melilla began to suffer from this, to which the instability brought by revolts againstMuley Abdel Azizin the hinterland also added,[49]although after 1905 Sultan pretender El Rogui (Bou Hmara) carried out a defusing policy in the area that favoured Spain.[50]The French occupation ofOujdain 1907 compromised the Melillan trade with that city,[51]and the enduring instability in the Rif still threatened Melilla.[52]Between 1909 and 1945, themodernista(Art Nouveau) style was prevalent in local architecture, making Melilla's streets a "true museum ofmodernista-style architecture ", second only to Barcelona, mainly stemming from the work of architectEnrique Nieto.[53]

Mining companies began to enter the hinterland of Melilla by 1908.[54]A Spanish company, theCompañía Española de las Minas del Rif[es],was constituted in July 1908, shared by Clemente Fernández, Enrique Macpherson, theCount of Romanones,theDuke of TovarandJuan Antonio Güell[es],who appointedMiguel Villanuevaas chairman.[55]Thus two mining companies under the protection of Bou Hmara started mining lead and iron 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from Melilla. They started to construct a railway between the port and the mines. In October of that year, Bou Hmara's vassals revolted against him and raided the mines, which remained closed until June 1909. By July the workmen were again attacked and several were killed. Severe fighting between the Spaniards and the tribesmen followed, in theSecond Melillan campaignthat took place in the vicinity of Melilla.

In 1910, the Spaniards restarted the mines and undertook harbor works at Mar Chica, but hostilities broke out again in 1911. On 22 July 1921, the Berbers under the leadership ofAbd el Kriminflicted a grave defeat on the Spanish at theBattle of Annual.The Spanish retreated to Melilla, leaving most of the protectorate under the control of theRepublic of the Rif.

A royal decree pursuing the creation of anayuntamientoin Melilla was signed on 13 December 1918 but the regulation did not come into force, and thus the existing government body, thejunta de arbitrios,remained in force.[44]

City centre in 1926

A "junta municipal" with a rather civil composition was created in 1927; on 10 April 1930, anayuntamientofeaturing the same membership as the junta was created,[56]equalling to the same municipal regime as the rest of Spain on 14 April 1931, with the arrival of the first democratically elected municipal corporation on the wake of the proclamation of theSecond Republic.[57]

The city was used as one of the staging grounds forthe July 1936 military coup d'étatthat started theSpanish Civil War.

In the context of the passing of the Ley de Extranjería in 1986, and following social mobilization from the Berber community, conditions for citizenship acquisition were flexibilised and allowed for the naturalisation of a substantial number of inhabitants, until then born in Melilla but without Spanish citizenship.[58]

Autonomy and late 20th, 21st century

[edit]
Statue of Francisco Francoin Melilla, removed in 2021.

In 1995, Melilla —until then just another municipality of theMálaga— became anautonomous city,[59]as theirStatute of Autonomywas passed.

On 6 November 2007, KingJuan Carlosand QueenSofiavisited Melilla, with several display of affection from the population. The visit also sparked protests from the Moroccan government.[60]It was the first time a Spanish monarch had visited Melilla in 80 years.

Melilla, together with Ceuta, declared the Muslim holiday ofEid al-Adha—Feast of the Sacrifice— an official public holiday from 2010 onward. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since theReconquista.[61][62]

In 2018, Morocco decided to close the customs office near Melilla, the first time since mid-19th century, without any consultation wtith Spain.[63]The customs office was expected to reopen in January 2023.[64]

Melilla was the location of the last public statue in Spain to commemorate former dictatorFrancisco Francofollowing Spain'sHistorical Memory Law,passed in 2007, which included provision to the removal of any artefacts which celebrated the Franco regime from all public buildings and spaces. Nonetheless, thestatueremained on the Cuesta de la Florentina street until its final removal in 2021.[65][66]

Geography

[edit]
Detailed map of Melilla.
Further information:Conventico Caves

Location

[edit]
Detail of a satellite photograph ofCape Three Forks(centred on Melilla) taken during the 2013ISS-36 expedition.

Melilla is in northwest Africa, on the shores of theAlboran Sea,a marginal sea of theMediterranean,the latter's westernmost portion. The city is arranged in a wide semicircle around the beach and thePort of Melilla,on the eastern side of the peninsula ofCape Tres Forcas,at the foot ofMount Gurugú[es]and around the mouth of theRío de Orointermittent water stream, 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) above sea level. The urban nucleus was originally afortress,Melilla la Vieja,built on a peninsular mound about 30 meters (98 ft) in height.

The Moroccan settlement ofBeni Ansarlies immediately south of Melilla. The nearest Moroccan city isNador,and the ports of Melilla andNadorare within the same bay; nearby is the Bou Areg Lagoon.[67]

Climate

[edit]

Melilla has a warmMediterranean climateon the border with a hotSemi-arid climate,influenced by its proximity to the sea, rendering much cooler summers and more precipitation than inland areas deeper into Africa. The climate, in general, is similar to the southern coast of peninsular Spain and the northern coast of Morocco, with relatively small temperature differences between seasons. Minimum temperatures have never been below 0 °C (32 °F) during 1991-2020 period, and only 2.2 days per year have maximum temperature above 35 °C (95 °F).[68]

Climate data for Melilla, altitude: 52 m (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		41.8
(107.2) 		40.0
(104.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		41.8
(107.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		25.2
(77.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		26.3
(79.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		36.5
(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.6
(85.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.4
(72.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.6
(56.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.2
(66.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.3
(61.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.4
(32.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 55.3
(2.18) 		48.2
(1.90) 		43.6
(1.72) 		37.7
(1.48) 		15.2
(0.60) 		7.2
(0.28) 		0.5
(0.02) 		3.8
(0.15) 		18.9
(0.74) 		42.6
(1.68) 		53.3
(2.10) 		48.2
(1.90) 		374.5
(14.75)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 6.1 5.0 4.9 4.5 2.3 0.6 0.2 0.8 2.6 4.7 5.7 5.6 43
Averagerelative humidity(%) 73.1 72.9 72.8 70.8 68.5 68 67 69.8 73.6 75.7 74.5 74.4 71.8
Mean monthlysunshine hours 188.9 184.8 203.3 226.2 269.9 295.7 304.2 278.6 220.1 203.4 183 176 2,734.1
Source 1:NCEI,[68]Météo Climat[69]
Source 2: Infoclimat[70]
Climate data for Melilla 47 m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		34.2
(93.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		41.8
(107.2) 		40.0
(104.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		41.8
(107.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.3
(72.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		15.2
(59.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.6
(60.1)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.4
(32.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 58
(2.3) 		57
(2.2) 		44
(1.7) 		36
(1.4) 		20
(0.8) 		7
(0.3) 		1
(0.0) 		4
(0.2) 		16
(0.6) 		40
(1.6) 		57
(2.2) 		50
(2.0) 		391
(15.4)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 6 6 5 5 3 1 0 1 2 4 6 6 44
Averagerelative humidity(%) 72 74 73 69 67 67 66 69 72 75 74 73 71
Mean monthlysunshine hours 184 170 192 220 258 279 289 268 210 194 176 168 2,607
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[71]

Government and administration

[edit]

Self-government institutions

[edit]
See also:List of Mayor-Presidents of Melilla
Palace of the Assembly of Melilla

The government bodies stipulated in the Statute of Autonomy are theAssembly of Melilla,thePresident of Melillaand the Council of Government. The assembly is a 25-member body whose members are elected through universal suffrage every 4 years inclosed party listsfollowing the schedule of local elections at the national level. Its members are called "localdeputies"but they rather enjoy the status ofconcejales(municipal councillors).[72]Unlikeregional legislatures(and akin to municipal councils), the assembly does not enjoyright of initiativefor primary legislation.[73]

The president of Melilla (who, often addressed as Mayor-President, also exerts the roles of Mayor, president of the Assembly, president of the Council of Government and representative of the city)[74]is invested by the Assembly. After local elections, the president is invested through aqualified majorityfrom among the leaders of the election lists, or, failing to achieve the former, the leader of the most voted list at the election is invested to the office.[75]In case of amotion of no confidencethe president can only be ousted with a qualified majority voting for an alternative assembly member.[75]

The Council of Government is the traditional collegiate executive body forparliamentary systems.Unlike the municipal government boards in the standardayuntamientos,the members of the Council of Government (including the vice-presidents) do not need to be members of the assembly.[76]

Melilla is the city in Spain with the highest proportion ofpostal voting;[77]vote buying(via mail-in ballots) is widely reported to be a common practice in the poor neighborhoods of Melilla.[77]Court cases in this matter had involved the PP, the CPM and the PSOE.[77]

On 15 June 2019, following theMay 2019 Melilla Assembly election,the regionalist and left-leaning party of Muslim and Amazigh persuasionCoalition for Melilla(CPM, 8 seats), theSpanish Socialist Workers' Party(PSOE, 4 seats) andCitizens–Party of the Citizenry(Cs, 1 seat) voted in favour of the Cs' candidate (Eduardo de Castro) as the Presidency of the Autonomous City,[78][79]oustingJuan José Imbroda,from thePeople's Party(PP, 10 seats), who had been in office since 2000.

Melilla also maintains a local police force known as Policia Local de Melilla (Ciudad Autonoma de Melilla - Policia Local).

Administrative subdivisions

[edit]

Melilla is subdivided into eight districts (distritos), which are further subdivided into neighbourhoods (barrios):

  • 1st
    • Barrio de Medina Sidonia.
    • Barrio del General Larrea.
    • Barrio de Ataque Seco.
  • 2nd
    • Barrio Héroes de España.
    • Barrio del General Gómez Jordana.
    • Barrio Príncipe de Asturias.
  • 3rd
    • Barrio del Carmen.
  • 4th
    • Barrio Polígono Residencial La Paz.
    • Barrio Hebreo-Tiro Nacional.
  • 5th
    • Barrio de Cristóbal Colón.
    • Barrio de Cabrerizas.
    • Barrio de Batería Jota.
    • Barrio de Hernán Cortes y Las Palmeras.
    • Barrio de Reina Regente.
  • 6th
    • Barrio de Concepción Arenal.
    • Barrio Isaac Peral (Tesorillo).
  • 7th
    • Barrio del General Real.
    • Polígono Industrial SEPES.
    • Polígono Industrial Las Margaritas.
    • Parque Empresarial La Frontera.
  • 8th
    • Barrio de la Libertad.
    • Barrio del Hipódromo.
    • Barrio de Alfonso XIII.
    • Barrio Industrial.
    • Barrio Virgen de la Victoria.
    • Barrio de la Constitución.
    • Barrio de los Pinares.
    • Barrio de la Cañada de Hidum

Economy

[edit]

Thegross domestic product(GDP) of the autonomous community was 1.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 0.1% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 19,900 euros or 66% of the EU27 average in the same year. Melilla was theNUTS2region with the lowest GDP per capita in Spain.[80]

Melilla does not participate in theEuropean Union Customs Union(EUCU).[81]There is noVAT(IVA) tax, but a local reduced-rate tax called IPSI.[82]Preserving the status offree port,imports are free of tariffs and the only tax concerning them is the IPSI.[83]Exports to the Customs Union (including Peninsular Spain) are however subject to the correspondent customs tariff and are taxed with the correspondent VAT.[83]There are some special manufacturing taxes regarding electricity and transport, as well as complementary charges on tobacco and oil and fuel products.[84]

Night view of Melilla (centre) andBeni EnsarinMorocco(right)

The principal industry is fishing. Cross-border commerce (legal or smuggled) and Spanish and European grants and wages are the other income sources.

Melilla is regularly connected to the Iberian peninsula by air and sea traffic and is also economically connected to Morocco: most of its fruit and vegetables are imported across the border. Moroccans in the city's hinterland are attracted to it: 36,000 Moroccans cross the border daily to work, shop or trade goods.[85]The port of Melilla offers several daily connections toAlmeríaandMálaga.Melilla Airportoffers daily flights to Almería, Málaga andMadrid.Spanish operatorsAir EuropaandIberiaoperate in Melilla's airport.

Many people travelling between Europe and Morocco use the ferry links to Melilla, both for passengers and for freight. Because of this, the port and related companies form an important economic driver for the city.[85]

Tourism

[edit]

In order to boost growth and as a measure to promote tourism in the Autonomous City of Melilla, the Tourist Board has developed a Regulatory Decree for bonuses for Tourist Packages to Melilla.

The Tourist package consists of the application of discounts on return tickets by plane or boat provided that they include accommodation during the stay in Melilla in one of the types of tourist accommodation or at the home of a resident of the city and do not exceed, between the round trip dates, ten days.[86]

Water supply

[edit]
View of the Melilla's desalination plant

Melilla's water supply primarily came from a network of dug wells (which by the turn of the 21st century suffered from overexploitation and had also experienced a degradation of the water quality and the intrusion ofseawater),[87]as well as the capture of the Río de Oro's underflow.[88]Seeking to address the water supply problem, works for the construction of adesalination plantin the Aguadú cliffs, projected to produce 22,000 m3(29,000 cu yd) a day, started in November 2003.[89]The plant entered operation in March 2007.[90]Its daily operation is partially funded by the central government.[91]Relative to the Spanish average (and similarly to the Canary and Balearic Islands), the city's population spends a comparatively larger amount of money onbottled water.[92]

Funded by theEuropean Regional Development Fundand theConfederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir[es],works for the expansion of the plant's production capabilities up to 30,000 m3(39,000 cu yd) a day started by September 2020.[93]

Architecture

[edit]

The dome of the Chapel of Santiago, built in the mid-16th century by Miguel de Perea with help from Sancho de Escalante, is a rare instance ofGothic architecturein the African continent.[94]

Parallel to the urban development of Melilla in the early 20th century, the new architectural style ofmodernismo(irradiated fromBarcelonaand associated to the bourgeois class) was imported to the city, granting it amodernistaarchitectural character, primarily through the works of the prolific Catalan architectEnrique Nieto.[95]

Accordingly, Melilla has the second most important concentration ofModernistaworks in Spain after Barcelona, Mainly concentrated in the city'sensanche.[95]Nieto was in charge of designing the main Synagogue, the Central Mosque and various Catholic Churches.[96]

  • Dome of the Chapel of Santiago [es]
    Dome of theChapel of Santiago[es]
  • Modernista building, former headquarters of El Telegrama del Rif newspaper.
    Modernistabuilding, former headquarters ofEl Telegrama del Rifnewspaper.
  • Local synagogue
    Local synagogue
  • Melilla's central mosque
    Melilla's central mosque

Demographics

[edit]
Melilla population pyramid in 2022

Religion

[edit]
Holy Weekprocession in Melilla

Melilla has been praised as an example ofmulticulturalism,being a small city in which one can find Christians, Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and Buddhists represented.[97]

Judaism

[edit]

Percentagewise, Melilla may be the mostJewishcity in Spain with around 1,000 Jews still living in the city, down from 7,000 around the year 1930 which is mainly due to economic reasons resulting in moving to the Spanish mainland,Israelor elsewhere. Melilla plays an important part in theHistory of Jews in Spain,having been exempt from theexpulsion of Jews from Spain.The expelled Spanish Jews wereSephardic Jewsand subsequently found new home in neighboring Morocco, including Melilla. Especially during the second half of the 19th century, many of the expelled Sephardic Jews moved from northern Morocco to Melilla. The first ones were traders from the Moroccan cities who came for economic and safety reasons. Later, impoverished Jews from the ruralRiffian areasjoined, also because of safety reasons. Thus, Melilla's special geographical and political situation has made the city the oldest and one of the most important centers of Sephardic Judaism in today's Spain, traditional home of the Sephards.[98]

Christianity

[edit]

According to the Spanish Center for Sociological Research,Roman Catholicismis the largest religion in Melilla.[99]In 2019, the proportion of Melillans that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 65.0% (31.7% define themselves as not practising, while 33.3% as practising). 30% identify as followers of other faiths, 2.7% identify as non-believers, and 2.3% identify as atheists.[99]

The Roman Catholic churches in Melilla belong to theDiocese of Málaga.[100]

Islam

[edit]

Muslimsaccount for roughly half the population in Melilla.[101]

Hinduism

[edit]

There is a small, autonomous, and commercially important Hindu community present in Melilla, which has fallen over the past decades as its members move to the Spanish mainland and numbers about 100 members today.[97]

Language

[edit]

Melilla features adiglossia,withSpanishfirst and official language andTarifitas the second language, with limited written codification, and usage restricted to family and domestic relations and oral speech.[6]

The population can be thus divided into monolingual Spanish speakers of European ethnic origin (without competence in any other language than those formally taught at school); those descended from Tamazight-speaking parents, usually bilingual in Spanish and Tamazight; and Moroccan immigrants and cross-border workers, with a generally dominant Tamazight language (with some also competent in Arabic) and a L2 competence in Spanish.[102]The Spanish spoken in Melilla is similar to theAndalusian varietyfromCádiz,[103]whereas the Berber variant spoken in Melilla is the Tarifit common with the neighbouringNadorarea.[104]Rather than Berber (Spanish:bereber), Berber speakers in Melilla use either the glotonymTmaziɣt,or, in Spanish,cherjafor their language.[103]

The first attempt to legislate a degree of recognition for Berber in Melilla was in 1994, in the context of the elaboration of the Statute of Autonomy, by mentioning the promotion of the linguistic and cultural pluralism (without explicitly mentioning the Berber language). The initiative went nowhere, voted down by PP and PSOE.[105]Reasons cited for not recognizing Tamazight are related to the argument that the variety is not standardized.[106]

Border security

[edit]

Defence and Civil Guard

[edit]

The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of theSpanish Armed Forces' General Command of Melilla.[107]TheSpanish Army's combat components of the command include:

The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.[107]

In addition to the defence of Melilla, the garrison is also responsible forthe defence of islands and rock formations claimed by Spainoff the coast of Morocco. Units of the garrison are deployed to these rock formations to secure them against Moroccan incursions and did so notably during thePerejil Island crisisin 2002.[107]To enhance coastal security, theSpanish Navybased a dedicated patrol boat (Isla Pinto) in Melilla from mid-2023.[114][115][116]Melilla itself is about 350 kilometres (220 mi) distant from the main Spanish naval base atRotaon the Spanish mainland while theSpanish Air Force'sMorón Air Baseis within 300 kilometres (190 mi) proximity.[citation needed]

TheCivil Guardis responsible for border security and protects both the territory'sfortified land borderagainst frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.[117][118]

Trans-border relations

[edit]

Melilla forms a sort of trans-border urban conurbation with limited integration together with the neighbouring Moroccan settlements, located at one of the ends of a linear succession ofurban sprawlspanning southward in Morocco along theR19road fromBeni Ensardown toNadorandSelouane.[119]The urban system features a high degree of hierarchization, specialization anddivision of labour,with Melilla as chief provider of services, finance and trade; Nador as an eminently industrial city whereas the rest of Moroccan settlements found themselves in a subordinate role, presentingagro-townfeatures and operating as providers of workforce.[119]

The asymmetry, as reflected for example in the provision of healthcare, has fostered situations such as the large-scale use of the Melillan health services by Moroccan citizens, with Melilla attending a number of urgencies more than four times the standard for its population in 2018.[120]In order to satisfy the workforce needs of Melilla (mainly in areas such asdomestic service,construction and cross-border bale workers, often under informal contracts), Moroccan inhabitants of theprovince of Nadorwere granted exemptions from visa requirements to enter the autonomous city.[121]This development in turn induced a strong flux ofinternal migrationfrom other Moroccan provinces to Nador, in order to acquire the aforementioned exemption.[121]

The 'fluid' trans-border relations between Melilla and its surroundings are however not free from conflict, as they are contingent upon the'tense' trans-national relations between Morocco and Spain.[122]

Securing the border

[edit]
TheMelilla border fenceaims to curb illegal immigration into the city.

Following the increasing influx of Algerian and sub-Saharan irregular migrants into Ceuta and Melilla in the early 1990s,[123]a process of borderfortificationin both cities ensued after 1995 to reduce the border's permeability,[124][125]a target attained to some degree by 1999,[123]although peak level of fortification was reached in 2005.[124]

Melilla's border with Morocco is secured by theMelilla border fence,a 6 metres (20 ft) tall double fence with watch towers; yet migrants (in groups of tens or sometimes hundreds) storm the fence and manage to cross it from time to time.[126]Since 2005, at least 14 migrants have died trying to cross the fence.[127]The Melilla migrant reception centre was built with a capacity of 480.[128]In 2020 works to remove the barbed wire from the top of the fence (meanwhile raising its height up to more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the stretches most susceptible to breaches) were commissioned toTragsa[es].[129]

In June 2022, at least 23 sub-Saharan migrants and two Moroccan security personnel were killed when around 2,000 migrants stormed the border. The death toll has been estimated to be as high as 37 by certain NGOs.[130]Around 200 Spanish and Moroccan law enforcement officers and at least 76 migrants were injured. Hundreds of migrants succeeded in breaching the fence, and 133 made it across the border.[131]Widely circulated footage showed dozens of motionless migrants piled together.[132]It was the worst such incident in Melilla's history.[133]The United Nations, the African Union and a number of human rights groups condemned what they deemed excessive force used by Moroccan and Spanish border guards, although no lethal weapons were employed, and the deaths were later attributed to "mechanical asphyxiation".[134]

Morocco has been paid tens of million euros by both Spain and the European Union to outsource the EU migration control.[135]Besides the double fence in the Spanish side of the border, there is an additional 3 metres (9.8 ft) high fence entirely made ofrazor wirelying on the Moroccan side as well as a moat in between.[135]

See also:Fortress Europe § Postwar usage,and2022 Melilla incident

Transportation

[edit]
Annual passenger traffic at MLN airport. SeeWikidata query.
See also:Transport in Melilla,Port of Melilla,andMelilla Airport

Melilla Airportis serviced byAir Nostrum,flying to the Spanish cities ofMálaga,Madrid,Barcelona,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Palma de Mallorca,Granada,Badajoz,SevillaandAlmería.In April 2013, a local enterprise set upMelilla Airlines,flying from the city to Málaga.[136]The city is linked to Málaga, Almería andMotrilby ferry.

Three roads connect Melilla andMoroccobut require clearance through border checkpoints.

Sport

[edit]

Melilla is asurfingdestination.[137]The city's football club,UD Melilla,plays in the third tier of Spanish football, theSegunda División B.The club was founded in 1943 and since 1945 have played at the 12,000-seaterEstadio Municipal Álvarez Claro.Until the other club was dissolved in 2012, UD Melilla played the Ceuta-Melilla derby againstAD Ceuta.The clubs travelled to each other via the Spanish mainland to avoid entering Morocco.[138]The second-highest ranked club in the city areCasino del Real CFof the fourth-tierTercera División.The football's governing institution is theMelilla Football Federation.

Dispute with Morocco

[edit]
See also:Greater Morocco

TheMoroccan governmenthas repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Melilla,Ceutaand theplazas de soberaníato Morocco, with Spain's refusal to do so serving as a major source of tension inMorocco–Spain relations.In Morocco, Ceuta is frequently referred to as the "occupiedSebtah ", and the Moroccan government has argued that the city, along with other Spanish territories in the region, arecolonies.[139][140]One of the major arguments used by Morocco in their attempts to acquire sovereignty over Melilla refers to the geographical position of the city, as Melilla is anexclavesurrounded by Moroccan territory and theMediterranean Seaand has no territorial continuity with the rest of Spain.[141]This argument was originally developed by one of the founders of the MoroccanIstiqlal Party,Alal-El Faasi, who openly advocated for Morocco to invade and occupy Melilla and other North African territories under Spanish rule.[142]Spain, in line with the majority of nations in the rest of the world, has never recognized Morocco's claim over Melilla. The official position of theSpanish governmentis that Melilla is an integral part of Spain, and has been since the 16th century, centuries prior to Morocco's independence from Spain and France in 1956.[143]The majority of Melilla's population support continued Spanish sovereignty and are opposed to Moroccan control over the territory.[144]

In 1986, Spain joinedNATO.However, Melilla is not under NATO protection since Article 6 of theNorth Atlantic Treatylimits such coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of theTropic of Cancer.However,French Algeriawas explicitly included in the treaty upon France's entry. Legal experts have claimed that other articles of the treaty could cover Spanish territories in North Africa but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.[145]During the2022 Madrid summit,the issue of the protection of Melilla was raised by Spain, with NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenbergstating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".[146]On 21 December 2020, following statements made by Moroccan Prime MinisterSaadeddine Othmanithat Melilla is "Moroccan as theSahara",the Spanish government summoned the Moroccan ambassador, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for an explanation for Othmani's words.[147]

Notable people

[edit]
Main page:Category:People from Melilla

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Melilla istwinnedwith:


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
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Bibliography

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