History of Wikipedia

TheEnglish edition of Wikipediahas grown to 6,889,905 articles.

Wikipedia's main page (20 December 2001)

Wikipedia,afree-contentonline encyclopediawritten and maintained by a community of volunteers known asWikipedians,began with itsfirst editon 15 January 2001, two days after the domain was registered.It grew out ofNupedia,a more structured free encyclopedia, as a way to allow easier and faster drafting of articles and translations.

The technological and conceptual underpinnings of Wikipedia predate this; the earliest known proposal for an online encyclopedia was made byRick Gatesin 1993,and the concept of afree-as-in-freedomonline encyclopedia (asdistinctfrom mereopen source)was proposed byRichard Stallmanin 1998.

Stallman's concept specifically included the idea that no central organization should control editing. This contrasted with contemporary digital encyclopedias such asMicrosoft EncartaandEncyclopædia Britannica.In 2001, the license for Nupedia was changed toGFDL,andJimmy WalesandLarry Sangerlaunched Wikipedia as a complementary project, using an onlinewikias a collaborative drafting tool.

While Wikipedia was initially imagined as a place to draft articles and ideas for eventual polishing in Nupedia, it quickly overtook its predecessor, becoming both draft space and home for the polished final product of a global project in hundreds of languages, inspiring a wide range ofother online reference projects.

In 2014, Wikipedia had approximately 495 million monthly readers.In 2015, according tocomScore,Wikipedia received over 115 million monthly unique visitors from the United States alone.In September 2018, the projects saw 15.5 billion monthly page views.

Historical overview

Background

The concept of compiling the world's knowledge in a single location dates back to the ancientLibrary of AlexandriaandLibrary of Pergamum,but the modern concept of a general-purpose, widely distributed, printed encyclopedia originated withDenis Diderotand the 18th-century Frenchencyclopedists.The idea of using automated machinery beyond theprinting pressto build a more useful encyclopedia can be traced toPaul Otlet's 1934 bookTraité de Documentation.Otlet also founded theMundaneum,an institution dedicated to indexing the world's knowledge, in 1910. This concept of a machine-assisted encyclopedia was further expanded inH. G. Wells' book of essaysWorld Brain(1938) andVannevar Bush's future vision of themicrofilm-basedMemexin his essay "As We May Think"(1945).Another milestone wasTed Nelson'shypertextdesignProject Xanadu,which began in 1960.

The use of volunteers was integral in making and maintaining Wikipedia. However, even without the internet, huge complex projects of similar nature had made use of volunteers. Specifically, the creation of theOxford English Dictionarywas conceived with the speech at the London Library, onGuy Fawkes Day,5 November 1857, byRichard Chenevix Trench.It took about 70 years to complete. Dr. Trench envisioned a grand new dictionary of every word in the English language, and to be used democratically and freely. According to author Simon Winchester, "The undertaking of the scheme, he said, was beyond the ability of any one man. To peruse all of English literature – and to comb the London and New York newspapers and the most literate of the magazines and journals – must be instead 'the combined action of many.' It would be necessary to recruit a team – moreover, a huge one – probably comprising hundreds and hundreds of unpaid amateurs, all of them working as volunteers."

Advances in information technology in the late 20th century led to changes in the form of encyclopedias. While previous encyclopedias, notably theEncyclopædia Britannica,were often book-based, Microsoft'sEncarta,published in 1993, was available on CD-ROM andhyperlinked.The development of theWorld Wide Webled to many attempts to developinternet encyclopedia projects.An early proposal for an online encyclopedia wasInterpediain 1993 byRick Gates;this project died before generating any encyclopedic content.Free softwareproponentRichard Stallmandescribed the usefulness of a "Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource" in 1998.His published document outlined how to "ensure that progress continues towards this best and most natural outcome."

Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales said that the concept of Wikipedia came when he was a graduate student atIndiana University,where he was impressed with the successes of theopen-source movementand found Richard Stallman'sEmacs Manifestopromotingfree softwareand a sharing economy interesting. At the time, Wales was studying finance and was intrigued by the incentives of the many people who contributed as volunteers toward creating free software, where many examples were having excellent results.According toThe Economist,Wikipedia "has its roots in thetechno-optimismthat characterised the internet at the end of the 20th century. It held that ordinary people could use their computers as tools for liberation, education, and enlightenment. "

Formulation of the concept

Wikipedia was initially conceived as a feeder project for the Wales-foundedNupedia,an earlier project to produce a free online encyclopedia, volunteered byBomis,a web-advertising firm owned by Jimmy Wales,Tim ShellandMichael E. Davis.Nupedia was founded upon the use of qualified volunteer contributors and a considered multi-steppeer reviewprocess.Despite its mailing list of over 2000 interested editors, and the presence of Sanger as full-time editor-in-chief,the production of content for Nupedia was extremely slow, with only 12 articles written during the first year.

The Nupedians discussed various ways to create content more rapidly.Wikis had been used elsewhere on the web to organize knowledge,and the idea of awiki-based complement to Nupedia was seeded by a conversation between Sanger and Ben Kovitz,and by another between Wales and Jeremy Rosenfeld.Kovitz was acomputer programmerand regular onWard Cunningham's revolutionary wiki "theWikiWikiWeb".He explained to Sanger what wikis were, over a dinner on 2 January 2001.Wales stated in October 2001 that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software" for people bored by Nupedia process,and later stated in December 2005 that Rosenfeld had introduced him to the wiki concept.Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use, and proposed on the Nupediamailing listthat a wiki based uponUseModWiki(then v. 0.90) be set up as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote:

No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not... As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general, are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source of content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.

Wales set one up and put it online on Wednesday 10 January 2001, under the nupedia.com domain.This moved to a new wiki under the wikipedia.com domain on 15 January. On 17 January, theFree Software Foundation's (FSF)GNUPediaproject went online, potentially competing withNupedia,but within a few years the FSF encouraged people "to visit and contribute to [Wikipedia]" instead.

Founding of Wikipedia

See also:First Wikipedia edit,Wikipedia:Wikipedia's oldest articles,andWikipedia:First 100 pages

There was some hesitation among editors about binding Nupedia too closely to a wiki-style workflow.After a Nupedia wiki was launched undernupedia.comon 10 January 2001,Wales proposed launching the new project under its own name, and Sanger proposedWikipedia,framing it as "a supplementary project to Nupedia which operates entirely independently."A new wiki was launched atwikipedia.comon Monday 15 January 2001. Thebandwidthandserver(located in San Diego) used for these initial projects were donated by Bomis. Many former Bomis employees later contributed content to the encyclopedia: notablyTim Shell,co-founder and later CEO of Bomis, and programmer Jason Richey.

Wales stated in December 2008 that he made Wikipedia's first edit, a test edit with the text "Hello, World!",but this may have been to an old version of Wikipedia which soon after was scrapped and replaced by a restart.The first recovered edit to Wikipedia.com was to the HomePage on 15 January 2001, reading "This is the new WikiPedia!"; it can be foundhere.The existence of the project was formally announced and an appeal for volunteers to engage in content creation was made to the Nupedia mailing list on 17 January 2001.

The project received many new participants after being mentioned on theSlashdotwebsite in July 2001,having already earned two minor mentions in March 2001.It then received a prominent pointer to a story on the community-edited technology and culture websiteKuro5hinon 25 July.Between these influxes of traffic, there had been a steady stream of traffic from other sources, especially Google, which alone sent hundreds of new visitors to the site every day. Its first majormainstream mediacoverage was inThe New York Timeson 20 September 2001.

Divisions and internationalization

Early in Wikipedia's development, it began to expand internationally, with the creation of newnamespaces,each with a distinct set ofusernames.The firstsubdomaincreated for a non-English Wikipedia wasdeutsche.wikipedia.com(created on Friday 16 March 2001, 01:38 UTC),followed after a few hours bycatalan.wikipedia.com(at 13:07 UTC).TheJapanese Wikipedia,started asnihongo.wikipedia.com,was created around that period,and initially used onlyRomanized Japanese.For about two months Catalan was the one with the most articles in a non-English language,although statistics of that early period are imprecise.

TheFrench Wikipediawas created on or around 11 May 2001,in a wave of new language versions that also includedChinese,Dutch,Esperanto,Hebrew,Italian,Portuguese,Russian,Spanish,andSwedish.These languages were soon joined byArabicandHungarian.In September 2001, an announcement pledged commitment to the multilingual provision of Wikipedia,notifying users of an upcoming roll-out of Wikipedias for all major languages, the establishment of core standards, and a push for the translation of core pages for the new wikis. At the end of that year, when international statistics first began to be logged,Afrikaans,Norwegian,andSerbianversions were announced.

In January 2002, 90% of all Wikipedia articles were in English. By January 2004, fewer than 50% were English, and this internationalization has continued to increase as the encyclopedia grows. As of 2014,about 85% of all Wikipedia articles were in non-English Wikipedia versions.As of 2023,the English and Simple English Wikipedias have 7 million articles between them, but roughly 90% of articles were in non-English Wikipedias.

Development of Wikipedia

Wikipedia's main page (28 September 2002)

In March 2002, following the withdrawal of funding by Bomis during thedot-com bust,Sanger left both Nupedia and Wikipedia.By 2002, he and Wales differed in their views on how best to manage open encyclopedias. Both still supported the open-collaboration concept, but they disagreed on how to handle disruptive editors, specific roles for experts, and the best way to guide the project to success.

Wales went on to establish self-governance andbottom-upself-direction by editors on Wikipedia. He made it clear that he would not be involved in the community's day-to-day management, but would encourage it to learn to self-manage and find its own best approaches. As of 2007,Wales mostly restricted his role to occasional input on serious matters, executive activity, advocacy of knowledge, and encouragement of similar reference projects.

Sanger said he is an "inclusionist" and is open to almost anything,and proposed that experts still have a place in theWeb 2.0world. In 2006 he foundedCitizendium,an open encyclopedia that used real names for contributors to reduce disruptive editing, and hoped to facilitate "gentle expert guidance" to increase the accuracy of its content. Decisions about article content were to be up to the community, but the site was to include a statement about "family-friendly content".

Past content of Wikipedia

Old, even obsolete, encyclopedia articles are highly valuable for historical research.For each Wikipedia article, past versions are accessible through the "View history" link at the top of the page. In addition, the ZIM File Archive,atInternet Archive,contains past full snapshots of Wikipedia as well as article selections, in multiple languages, from different years. They can be opened withKiwixsoftware. Between 2007 and 2011, threeCD/DVD versions(called Wikipedia Version0.5,0.7and0.8) containing a selection of articles fromEnglish Wikipediawere released. They became available as Kiwix ZIM files, both from the ZIM File Archiveand from the Kiwix download site.

Evolution of logo

• 
  Founding – late 2001 (tentative)
• 
  Late 2001 – 12 October 2003
• 
  13 October 2003 – 13 May 2010
• 
  13 May 2010 – present

Timeline

Articles summarizing each year are held within the Wikipedia project namespace and are linked to below. Additional resources for research are available within the Wikipedia records and archives, and are listed at the end of this article.

First decade: 2000–2009

2000

Bomis staff in mid-2000

In March 2000, theNupediaproject was started. Its intention was to publish articles written by experts which would be licensed asfree content.Nupedia was founded by Wales, with Sanger as editor-in-chief, and funded by the web-advertising companyBomis.

2001

In January 2001, Wikipedia began as a side-project of Nupedia, to allow collaboration on articles prior to entering the peer-review process.The name was suggested by Sanger on 11 January 2001 as aportmanteauof the wordswiki(Hawaiianfor "quick" ) andencyclopedia.Thewikipedia.comandwikipedia.orgdomain names were registered on 12and 13 January,respectively, withwikipedia.orgbeing brought online on the same day.The project formally opened on 15 January ( "Wikipedia Day"), with the first international Wikipedias – the French, German,Catalan,Swedish,and Italian editions – being created between March and May. The "neutral point of view" (NPOV) policy was officially formulated at this time, and Wikipedia's firstslashdotter wavearrived on 26 July.The first media report about Wikipedia appeared in August 2001 in the newspaperWales on Sunday.

TheSeptember 11 attacksspurred the appearance of breaking news stories on the homepage, as well as information boxes linking related articles.At the time, approximately 100 articles related to 9/11 had been created.After the September 11 attacks, a link to the Wikipedia article on the attacks appeared onYahoo!'s home page, resulting in a spike in traffic.

2002

2002 saw the reduction of funding for Wikipedia fromBomisand the departure of Sanger. Aforkof theSpanish Wikipediatook place, with the establishment of theEnciclopedia Libre.Jimmy Wales confirmed that Wikipedia would never run commercial advertising. The first portableMediaWikisoftware went live on 25 January.Botswere introduced. The first sister project (Wiktionary) and first formalManual of Stylewere launched. Close to 200 contributors were editing Wikipedia daily.

2003

Wikipedia's main page (August 2003)

The English Wikipedia passed 100,000 articles in 2003, while the next largest edition, the German Wikipedia, passed 10,000. TheWikimedia Foundationwas established. Wikipedia adopted its jigsaw world logo. Mathematical formulae usingTeXwere reintroduced to the website. Thefirst Wikipedian social meetingtook place inMunich,Germany, in October. The basic principles of English Wikipedia'sArbitration system and committee( "ArbCom" ) were developed.Wikisourcewas created as a separate project on 24 November 2003, to host free textual sources as its aim in multiple languages and translations.

2004

The worldwide Wikipedia article pool continued to grow rapidly in 2004, doubling in size in 12 months, from under 500,000 articles in late 2003 to over 1 million in over 100 languages by the end of 2004. The English Wikipedia accounted for just under half of these articles. The website'sserver farmswere moved from California to Florida.CategoriesandCSSstyle configuration sheets were introduced. The first attempt to block Wikipedia occurred, with the website being blocked in China for two weeks in June. Formal elections began for a board for the Foundation, and an Arbitration Committee on English Wikipedia. The first national chapter of the Foundation,Wikimedia Deutschland,was recognized. The first social meeting in the United States took place inBoston,in July.Wikimedia Commonswas created on 7 September 2004 to host media files for Wikipedia in all languages.

Bourgeois v. Peters,(11th Cir. 2004), a court case decided by theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuitwas one of the earliest court opinions to cite and quote Wikipedia.It stated: "We also reject the notion that the Department of Homeland Security's threat advisory level somehow justifies these searches. Although the threat level was 'elevated' at the time of the protest, 'to date, the threat level has stood at yellow (elevated) for the majority of its time in existence. It has been raised to orange (high) six times.'"

2005

In 2005, Wikipedia became the most popular reference website on the Internet, according toHitwise,with English Wikipedia alone exceeding 750,000 articles. Wikipedia's first multilingual and subject portals were established in 2005. A formal fundraiser held in the first quarter of the year raised almost US$100,000 for system upgrades to handle growing demand. China again blocked Wikipedia in October 2005.

The first major Wikipedia scandal, theSeigenthaler incident,occurred in 2005 when a well-known figure was found to have a vandalized biography that had gone unnoticed for months. In the wake of this and other concerns,the first policy and system changes specifically designed to counter this form of abuse were established. These included a newCheckuserprivilege policy update to assist insock puppetryinvestigations, a new feature calledsemi-protection,a more strict policy on biographies of living people and the tagging of such articles for stricter review. A restriction of new article creation to registered users only was put in place in December 2005.Wikimania 2005, the firstWikimaniaconference, was held from 4 to 8 August 2005 at theHaus der JugendinFrankfurt,attracting about 380 attendees.

Wikimania – the Wikimentary,documentary about Wikimania 2005, featuringJimmy WalesandWard Cunningham

2006

The English Wikipedia gained its one-millionth article,Jordanhill railway station,on 1 March 2006.The first approved Wikipedia article selection was made freely available to download, and "Wikipedia" became registered as a trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation. Thecongressional aides biography scandals– multiple incidents in which congressional staffers and a campaign manager were caught trying to covertly alter Wikipedia biographies – came to public attention, leading to the resignation of the campaign manager. Nonetheless, Wikipedia was rated as one of the top five global brands of 2006.

Jimmy Wales indicated atWikimania 2006that Wikipedia had achieved sufficient volume and called for an emphasis on quality, perhaps best expressed in the call for100,000 feature-quality articles.A new privilege, "oversight", was created, allowing specific versions of archived pages with unacceptable content to be marked as non-viewable. Semi-protection against anonymous vandalism, introduced in 2005, proved more popular than expected, with over 1,000 pages being semi-protected at any given time in 2006.

2007

Wikipedia continued to grow rapidly in 2007, possessing over 5 million registered editor accounts by 13 August.The 250 language editions of Wikipedia contained a combined total of 7.5 million articles, totalling 1.74 billion words, by 13 August.The English Wikipedia gained articles at a steady rate of 1,700 a day,with the wikipedia.org domain name ranked the 10th-busiest in the world. Wikipedia continued to garner visibility inthe press– theEssjay controversybroke out when a prominent member of Wikipedia was found to have lied about his credentials.Citizendium,a competing online encyclopedia, launched publicly. A new trend developed in Wikipedia, with the encyclopedia addressing people whose notability stemmed from being a participant in a news story by adding a redirect from their name to the larger story, rather than creating a distinct biographical article.

On 9 September 2007, the English Wikipedia gained its two-millionth article,El Hormiguero.There was some controversy in late 2007 when theVolapük Wikipediajumped from 797 to over 112,000 articles, briefly becoming the 15th-largest Wikipedia edition, due to automated stub generation by an enthusiast for theVolapükconstructed language.According to theMIT Technology Review,the number of regularly active editors on the English-language Wikipedia peaked in 2007 at more than 51,000, and has since been declining.In April 2007, Wikipedia Version 0.5 article selection release was published.

2008

VariousWikiProjectsin many areas continued to expand and refine article contents within their scope. In April 2008, the 10-millionth Wikipedia article was created, and by the end of the year the English Wikipedia exceeded 2.5 million articles.

2009

On 25 June 2009 at 22:15 UTC, following thedeathofMichael Jackson,the website temporarily crashed. TheWikimedia Foundationreported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history. By late August 2009, the number of articles in all Wikipedia editions had exceeded 14 million.The three-millionth article on the English Wikipedia,Beate Eriksen,was created on 17 August 2009 at 04:05 UTC.On 27 December 2009, theGerman Wikipediaexceeded one million articles, becoming the second edition after the English Wikipedia to do so. ATIMEarticle listed Wikipedia among 2009's best websites.Wikipedia content became licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlikelicense in 2009.

Second decade: 2010–2019

2010

On 24 March, the European Wikipedia servers went offline due to an overheating problem.Failoverto servers in Florida turned out to be broken, causingDNSresolution for Wikipedia to fail across the world. The problem was resolved quickly, but due to DNS caching effects, some areas were slower to regain access to Wikipedia than others.

On 13 May, the site released a new interface. New features included an updated logo, new navigation tools, and a link wizard.However, the classic interface remained available for those who wished to use it. On 12 December, the English Wikipedia passed the 3.5-million-article mark, while theFrench Wikipedia's millionth article was created on 21 September. The 1-billionth Wikimedia project edit was performed on 16 April.In early 2010, Wikipedia Version 0.7 article selection release was published.

2011

One ofseveral cakesmade to celebrate Wikipedia's 10th anniversary in 2011.

Wikipedia and its users held many celebrations worldwide to commemorate the site's 10th anniversary on 15 January.The site began efforts to expand its growth in India, holding its first Indian conference inMumbaiin November 2011.TheEnglish Wikipediapassed the 3.6-million-article mark on 2 April, and reached 3.8 million articles on 18 November. On 7 November 2011, theGerman Wikipediaexceeded 100 million page edits, becoming the second language edition to do so after the English edition, which attained 500 million page edits on 24 November 2011. TheDutch Wikipediaexceeded 1 million articles on 17 December 2011, becoming the fourth Wikipedia edition to do so.

On 3 March 2011, Wikipedia Version 0.8 article selection release was published.The "Wikimania 2011 – Haifa, Israel" stamp was issued by Israel Post on 2 August 2011. This was the first-ever stamp dedicated to a Wikimedia-related project. Between 4 and 6 October 2011, theItalian Wikipediabecame intentionally inaccessible in protest against theItalian Parliament's proposedDDL intercettazionilaw, which, if approved, would allow any person to force websites to remove information that is perceived as untrue or offensive, without the need to provide evidence.Also in October 2011, Wikimedia announced the launch ofWikipedia Zero,an initiative to enable free mobile access to Wikipedia in developing countries through partnerships with mobile operators.

2012

The staff at theWikimedia Foundationthe moment the SOPA blackout happened

On 16 January, Wikipedia co-founderJimmy Walesannounced that the English Wikipedia wouldshut downfor 24 hours on 18 January as part of a protest meant to call public attention to the proposedStop Online Piracy ActandPROTECT IP Act,two anti-piracylaws under debate in theUnited States Congress.Calling the blackout a "community decision", Wales and other opponents of the laws believed that they would endanger free speech and online innovation.A similar blackout was staged on 10 July by theRussian Wikipedia,in protest against a proposed Russian internet regulation law.

In late March 2012, theWikimedia DeutschlandannouncedWikidata,a universal platform for sharing data between all Wikipedia language editions.The US$1.7-million Wikidata project was partly funded by Google, theGordon and Betty Moore Foundation,and the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.Wikimedia Deutschland assumed responsibility for the first phase of Wikidata, and initially planned to make the platform available to editors by December 2012. Wikidata's first phase became fully operational in March 2013.

Justin Knapp

In April 2012,Justin Knappbecame the first single contributor to make over one million edits to Wikipedia.Jimmy Wales congratulated Knapp for his work and presented him with the site'sSpecial Barnstarmedal and theGolden Wikiaward for his achievement.Wales also declared that 20 April would be "Justin Knapp Day".

On 13 July 2012, the English Wikipedia gained its 4-millionth article,Izbat al-Burj.In October 2012, historian and Wikipedia editorRichard J. Jensenopined that the English Wikipedia was "nearing completion", noting that the number of regularly active editors had fallen significantly since 2007, despite Wikipedia's rapid growth in article count and readership.According toAlexa Internet,Wikipedia was the world's sixth-most-popular website as of November 2012.Dow Jonesranked Wikipedia fifth worldwide as of December 2012.

2013

On 22 January 2013, theItalian Wikipediabecame the fifth language edition of Wikipedia to exceed 1 million articles, while theRussianandSpanish Wikipediasgained their millionth articles on 11 and 16 May respectively. On 15 July theSwedishand on 24 September thePolish Wikipediasgained their millionth articles, becoming the eighth and ninth Wikipedia editions to do so. On 27 January, themain belt asteroid274301was officially renamed "Wikipedia" by theCommittee for Small Body Nomenclature.

The first phase of theWikidatadatabase, automatically providing interlanguage links and other data, became available for all language editions in March 2013.In April 2013, theFrench secret servicewas accused of attempting to censor Wikipedia by threatening a Wikipedia volunteer with arrest unless "classified information" abouta military radio stationwas deleted.

Presentation about the WikipediaVisualEditor

In July, theVisualEditorediting system was launched, forming the first stage of an effort to allow articles to be edited with aword processor-like interface instead of usingwiki markup.An editor specifically designed forsmartphonesand other mobile devices was also launched.

2014

Video review of Wikipedia content in 2014, encouraging viewers to edit Wikipedia

In February 2014, a project to make a print edition of the English Wikipedia, consisting of 1,000 volumes and over 1,100,000 pages, was launched by German Wikipedia contributors.The project sought funding throughIndiegogo,and was intended to honor the contributions of Wikipedia's editors.On 22 October 2014,the first monument to Wikipediawas unveiled in the Polish town of Slubice.

On 8 June, 15 June, and 16 July 2014, theWaray Wikipedia,theVietnamese Wikipediaand theCebuano Wikipediaeach exceeded the one million article mark. They were the tenth, eleventh and twelfth Wikipedias to reach that milestone. Despite having very few active users, the Waray and Cebuano Wikipedias had a high number of automatically generated articles created by bots.

2015

Video marking English Wikipedia's milestone offive million articleson 1 November 2015

In mid-2015, Wikipedia was the world's seventh-most-popular website according toAlexa Internet,down one place from the position it held in November 2012. At the start of 2015, Wikipedia remained the largest general-knowledge encyclopedia online, with a combined total of over 36 million mainspace articles across all 291 language editions.On average, Wikipedia receives a total of 10 billion globalpageviewsfrom around 495 million unique visitors every month,including 85 million visitors from the United States alone,where it is the sixth-most-popular site.

ArtistMichael Mandibergtalks aboutPrint Wikipedia

Print Wikipediawas an art project byMichael Mandibergthat created the ability to print 7473 volumes of Wikipedia as it existed on 7 April 2015. Each volume has 700 pages and only 110 were printed by the artist.On 1 November 2015, the English Wikipedia reached 5,000,000 articles with the creation of an article onPersoonia terminalis,a type of shrub.

2016

On 19 January 2016, theJapanese Wikipediaexceeded the one million article mark, becoming the thirteenth Wikipedia to reach that milestone. The millionth article was of Wave 224, aWorld War IIsubmarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy. In mid-2016, Wikipedia was once again the world's sixth-most-popular website according toAlexa Internet,up one place from the position it held in the previous year.

2017

In mid-2017, Wikipedia was listed as the world's fifth-most-popular website according toAlexa Internet,rising one place from the position it held in the previous year. Wikipedia Zero was made available in Iraq and Afghanistan. On 29 April 2017,online access to Wikipedia was blocked across all language editions in Turkeyby the Turkish authorities. This block lasted until 15 January 2020, as thecourt of Turkeyruled that the block violated human rights. The encryptedJapanese Wikipediahas been blocked in China since 28 December 2017.

2018

On 13 April 2018, the number ofChinese Wikipediaarticles exceeded 1 million, becoming the fourteenth Wikipedia to reach that milestone. The Chinese Wikipedia has been blocked inMainland Chinasince May 2015.Later in the year, on 26 June, thePortuguese Wikipediaexceeded the one million article mark, becoming the fifteenth Wikipedia to reach that milestone. The millionth article wasPerdão de Richard Nixon(thePardon of Richard Nixon). During 2018, Wikipedia retained its listing as the world's fifth-most-popular website according toAlexa Internet.One notable development was the use ofArtificial Intelligenceto create draft articles on overlooked topics.

2019

On 23 April 2019, Chinese authorities expanded the block of Wikipedia to versions in all languages.The timing of the block coincided with the30th anniversaryof the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacreand the 100th anniversary of theMay Fourth Movement,resulting in stricterinternet censorship in China.In August 2019, according to Alexa.com, Wikipedia fell from fifth-placed to seventh-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.

Third decade: 2020–present

2020

See also:Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic

On 23 January 2020, the six millionth article, the biography ofMaria Elise Turner Lauder,was added to the English Wikipedia. Despite this growth in articles, Wikipedia's global internet engagement, as measured by Alexa, continued to decline. By February 2020, Wikipedia fell to the eleventh-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.Both Wikipedia's coverage of theCOVID-19 pandemiccrisis and the supporting edits, discussions, and even deletions were thought to be a useful resource for future historians seeking to understand the period in detail.TheWorld Health Organizationcollaborated with Wikipedia as a key resource for the dissemination of COVID-19-related information as to help combat the spread of misinformation.

2021

In January 2021,Wikipedia's 20th anniversarywas noted in the media.On 13 January 2021, the English Wikipedia reached one billion edits, where the billionth edit was made bySteven Pruitt.MIT Presspublished anopen accessbook of essaysWikipedia @ 20:Stories of an Unfinished Revolution,edited byJoseph Reagleand Jackie Koerner with contributions from prominent Wikipedians, Wikimedians, researchers, journalists, librarians and other experts reflecting on particular histories and themes.By November 2021, Wikipedia had fallen to the thirteenth-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.

2022

On 6 December 2022, Wikipedian Richard Knipel created the articleArtwork title,whose first revision was a draft generated byChatGPTthat Knipel had made minor edits to more closely conform with Wikipedia standards. Knipel stated on atalk pagethat he believed this was the first time anyone had used ChatGPT to compose a Wikipedia article. The posting of this article was criticized by other editors and sparked controversy within the Wikipedia community, leading to an extensive debate about whether ChatGPT and similar models should be used in writing content for Wikipedia and, if so, to what extent.

2023

In January 2023, the default Wikipedia desktop interface was changed for the first time since 2010, toVector 2022.After consultation and a contest, the firstsound logoof Wikimedia (including Wikipedia) was adopted.

Sound logoof Wikimedia (including Wikipedia)

History by subject area

Hardware and software

Main article:MediaWiki

The software that runs Wikipedia, and the computer hardware,server farmsand other systems upon which Wikipedia relies.

• In January 2001, Wikipedia ran onUseModWiki,written inPerlbyClifford Adams.The server still runs onLinux,although the original text was stored in files rather than in a database. Articles were named with theCamelCaseconvention.
• In January 2002, "Phase II" of the wiki software powering Wikipedia was introduced, replacing the olderUseModWiki.Written specifically for the project byMagnus Manske,it included aPHPwiki engine.
• In July 2002, amajor rewriteof the software powering Wikipedia went live; dubbed "Phase III", it replaced the older "Phase II" version, and becameMediaWiki.It was written byLee Daniel Crockerin response to the increasing demands of the growing project.
• In October 2002, Derek Ramsey created abot– an automated program calledRambot– to add a large number of articles about United States towns; these articles were automatically generated fromU.S. censusdata. He thus increased the number of Wikipedia articles by 33,832.This has been called "the most controversial move in Wikipedia history".
• In January 2003, support for mathematical formulas inTeXwas added. The code was contributed by Tomasz Wegrzanowski.
• On 9 June 2003, Wikipedia'sISBNinterface was amended to make ISBNs in articles link to Special:Booksources, which fetches its contents from the user-editable pageWikipedia:Book sources.Before this, ISBN link targets were coded into the software and new ones were suggested on theWikipedia:ISBNpage. See the edit that changed this.
• After 6 December 2003, various system messages shown to Wikipedia users were no longerhard coded,allowing Wikipediaadministratorsto modify certain parts of MediaWiki's interface, such as the message shown to blocked users.
• On 12 February 2004, server operations were moved from San Diego, California toTampa, Florida.
• On 29 May 2004, all the various websites were updated to a new version of theMediaWikisoftware.
• On 30 May 2004, the first instances of "categorization" entries appeared. Category schemes, like Recent Changes and Edit This Page, had existed since the founding of Wikipedia. However, Sanger had viewed the schemes as lists, and even hand-entered articles, whereas thecategorizationeffort centered on individual categorization entries in each article of the encyclopedia, as part of a larger automatic categorization of the articles of the encyclopedia.
• After 3 June 2004, administrators could edit the style of the interface by changing theCSSin the monobook stylesheet atMediaWiki:Monobook.css.
• Also on 30 May 2004, with MediaWiki 1.3, the Template namespace was created, allowingtransclusionof standard texts.
• On 7 June 2005 at 3:00 a.m.Eastern Standard Time,the bulk of the Wikimedia servers were moved to a new facility across the street. All Wikimedia projects were down during this time.
• In March 2013, the first phase of theWikidatainterwiki database became available across Wikipedia's language editions.
• In July 2013, the VisualEditor editing interface was inaugurated, allowing users to edit Wikipedia using aWYSIWYGtext editor (similar to aword processor) instead ofwiki markup.An editing interface optimised for mobile devices was also released.

Look and feel

The external face of Wikipedia, itslook and feel,and the Wikipedia branding, as presented to users.

• On 4 April 2002, BrilliantProse, since renamed Featured Articles,was moved to the Wikipedia namespace from the article namespace.
• Around 15 October 2003, a new Wikipedia logo was installed. The logo concept was selected by a voting process,which was followed by a revision process to select the best variant. The final selection was created by David Friedland (who edits Wikipedia under the username"nohat") based on a logo design and concept created by Paul Stansifer.
• On 22 February 2004, Did You Know (DYK) made its first Main Page appearance.
• On 23 February 2004, a coordinated new look for the Main Page appeared at 19:46 UTC. Hand-chosen entries for the Daily Featured Article, Anniversaries, In the News, and Did You Know rounded out the new look.
• On 10 January 2005, the multilingual portal at www.wikipedia.org was set up, replacing a redirect to the English-language Wikipedia.
• On 5 February 2005,Portal:Biologywas created, becoming the first thematic "portal" on the English Wikipedia.However, the concept was pioneered on the German Wikipedia, wherePortal:Recht(law studies) was set up in October 2003.
• On 16 July 2005, the English Wikipedia began the practice of including the day's "featured pictures" on the Main Page.
• On 19 March 2006, following a vote, the Main Page of the English-language Wikipedia featured its first redesign in nearly two years.
• On 13 May 2010, the site released a new interface. New features included an updated logo, new navigation tools, and a link wizard.

Layout changes in 2023

"Vector 2022" redirects here. For information about using Vector 2022 on Wikipedia, seeWikipedia:Vector 2022.

ThePlutoarticle on theEnglish Wikipedia,displayed with the Vector 2022 and Vector 2010 skins enabled

Vector 2022, an update to Wikipedia's previousskinVector 2010, was announced in September 2020, and initially slated for debut in 2021, before being ultimately deployed in January 2023.By January 2023, Wikimedia had made the update available to 300 ofits language editions;it was the default for the Arabic and Greek versions.

Vector 2022 features a reviseduser interfacewhich makes numerous changes to the arrangement of the interface elements. Among them, the language selection menu, previously located to the left of the screen, now is found in the top right corner of the display of the article that is currently read.Additionally, the sidebar is collapsible behind ahamburger button.Vector 2022 additionally increases themarginsof the article display, which has the effect of limiting the width of the article;a toggle exists which can decrease the margins and expand the line width of the article to fill the screen.The default size of the text has not been increased, although theWikimedia FoundationtoldEngadgetthat they hope to make this an option in future.The search function was also updated in Vector 2022, as the suggested results in response to user queries now include images and short descriptions from the pages in question.

TheWikimedia Foundationsaid that the change was motivated by a desire to modernize the site and improve the navigation and editing experience for readers inexperienced with the internet, as the previous skin was deemed "clunky and overwhelming."Tests conducted by the foundation yielded results of a 30 percent increase in user searches, and a 15 percent decrease in scrolling.Early versions of Vector 2022 first went live in 2020 on the French-, Hebrew-, and Portuguese-language Wikipedia sites,as the skin's new features were rolled out to users for testing gradually before its full release.The skin went live as the default skin for readers of Wikimedia sites in 300 (out of 318) languages on 18 January 2023.

Following the mass rollout of Vector 2022, it is still possible to read Wikipedia using the previous skin. However, to do so requires readers to register for a Wikipedia account, and then set their preferences to display Vector 2010 instead.No changes were made to existing Wikipedia skins such as Monobook and Timeless, which also remain available to use.

Wikipedia userswere divided on the changes. A request for comment on theEnglish Wikipediaasking the community whether or not Vector 2022 should be deployed as the default skin accumulated over 90,000 words in responses.Critics of the redesign objected most prominently to thewhite spaceleft empty in the new skin, while other users criticized said critics as having a kneejerk resistance to change.165 editors participating in the discussion disapproved of the new skin, while 153 were in favor, and nine remained neutral.Despite the larger number of editors who expressed that they did not want Vector 2022 to be deployed in its then-current form, as consensus on Wikipedia is not decided by vote, the discussion was closed in favor of the redesign, considering the positive comments left by other users.The Vector 2022 developers made some changes to the skin in response to the criticisms, such as adding a toggle to enable article content to fill the entire width of the screen.Users on theSwahili Wikipediaunanimously disagreed with the enactment of the new skin.

Journalists responding to Vector 2022's rollout considered the update and the new features introduced as useful additions, but generally characterized the skin as a minor update that did not fundamentally change their reading experience on Wikipedia.Annie Rauwerda,creator of theDepths of Wikipediasocial media accounts, wrote inSlatethat Vector 2022 was not "dramatically different" from the previous skin. Rauwerda additionally noted the similarity between the Wikipedia community backlash against the design and previous resistances to similar visual changes on popular sites such asReddit.Rauwerda, and Mike Pearl ofMashable,commented that users displeased with the change could weigh in on a discussion about the skin, or use the site's built-in customization features to alter their reading experience.

Internal structures

Landmarks in the Wikipedia community, and the development of its organization,internal structures,andpolicies.

• In April 2001, Wales formally defines the "neutral point of view",Wikipedia's core non-negotiable editorial policy,a reformulation of the "Lack of Bias" policy outlined by Sanger for Nupedia in spring or summer 2000, which covered many of the same core principles.
• In September 2001, collaboration by subject matter inWikiProjectsis introduced.
• In February 2002, concerns over the risk of future censorship and commercialization by Bomis Inc (Wikipedia's original host) combined with a lack of guarantee this would not happen, led most participants of theSpanish Wikipediato break away and establish it independently as theEnciclopedia Libre.Following clarification of Wikipedia's status and non-commercial nature later that year, re-merger talks between Enciclopedia Libre and the re-founded Spanish Wikipedia occasionally took place in 2002 and 2003, but no conclusion was reached. As of October 2009, the two continue to coexist as substantial Spanish language reference sources, with around 43,000 articles (EL) and 520,000 articles (Sp.W) respectively.
• Also in 2002, policy and style issues were clarified with the creation of theManual of Style,along with a number of other policies and guidelines.
• In November 2002, new mailing lists for WikiEN and Announce were set up, as well as other language mailing lists, to reduce the volume of traffic on mailing lists.
• In July 2003, the rule against editing one'sautobiographyis introduced.
• On 28 October 2003, the first "real" meeting of Wikipedians happened inMunich.Many cities followed suit, and soon a number of regular Wikipedian get-togethers were established around the world. Several Internet communities, including one on the popular blog websiteLiveJournal,have also sprung up since.
• From 10 July to 30 August 2004 theWikipedia:BrowseandWikipedia:Browse by overviewformerly on the Main Page were replaced by links to overviews. On 27 August 2004 theCommunity Portalwas started,to serve as a focus for community efforts. These were previously accomplished on an informal basis, by individual queries of the Recent Changes, in wiki style, as ad hoc collaborations between like-minded editors.
• During September to December 2005 following theSeigenthaler controversyand other similar concerns,several anti-abuse features and policies were added to Wikipedia. These were:

• Thepolicy for "Checkuser"(aMediaWikiextensionto assist detection of abuse viainternet sock-puppetry) was established in November 2005.Checkuser function had previously existed but was viewed more as a system tool at the time, so there had been no need for a policy covering use on a more routine basis.
• Creation of new pages on the English Wikipedia was restricted to editors who had created a user account.
• The introduction and rapid adoption of the policyWikipedia:Biographies of living people,giving a far tighter quality control and fact-check system to biographical articles related to living people.
• The "semi-protection" function and policy,allowing pages to be protected so that only those with an account could edit.

• In May 2006, a new "oversight" feature was introduced on the English Wikipedia, allowing a handful of highly trusted users to permanently erase page revisions containing copyright infringements or libelous or personal information from a page's history. Previous to this, page version deletion was laborious, and also deleted versions remained visible to other administrators and could be un-deleted by them.
• On 1 January 2007, the subcommunity namedEsperanzawas disbanded by communal consent. Esperanza had begun as an effort to promote "wikilove"and a social support network, but had developed its own subculture and private structures.Its disbanding was described as the painful but necessary remedy for a project that had allowed editors to "see themselves as Esperanzans first and foremost".A number of Esperanza's subprojects were integrated back into Wikipedia as free-standing projects, but most of them are now inactive. When the group was founded in September 2005, there had been concerns expressed that it would eventually be condemned as such.
• In April 2007, the results of a 4-month policy review by a working group of several hundred editors seeking to merge the core Wikipedia policies into one core policy (Wikipedia:Attribution) were polled for community support. The proposal did not gain consensus; a significant view became evident that the existing structure of three strong focused policies covering the respective areas of policy, was frequently seen as more helpful to quality control than one more general merged proposal.
• A one-day blackout of Wikipedia was called byJimmy Waleson 18 January 2012, in conjunction with Google and over 7,000 other websites, to protest theStop Online Piracy Actthen under consideration by theUnited States Congress.

The Wikimedia Foundation and legal structures

Legal and organizational structure of theWikimedia Foundation,its executive, and its activities as afoundation.

• In August 2002, shortly after Jimmy Wales announced that he would never run commercial advertisements on Wikipedia, theURLof Wikipedia was changed fromwikipedia.comtowikipedia.org(.comand.org).
• On 20 June 2003, theWikimedia Foundationwas founded.
• Communications committee was formed in January 2006 to handle media inquiries and emails received for the foundation and Wikipedia via the newly implementedOTRS(a ticket handling system).
• Angela Beesley andFlorence Nibart-Devouardwere elected to the Board ofTrusteesof theWikimedia Foundation.During this time, Angela was active in editing content and setting policies, such as privacy policy, within the Foundation.
• On 10 January 2006,Wikipediabecame a registered trademark of Wikimedia Foundation.
• In July 2006, Angela Beesley resigned from the board of theWikimedia Foundation.
• In October 2006,Florence Nibart-Devouardbecame chair of the board of the Wikimedia Foundation.

Edit milestones and projects

Main pages:Wikipedia:Statistics,List of Wikipedias,andWikipedia:Milestones

Sister projects and milestones related to articles, user base, and other statistics.

• On 15 January 2001, the first recorded edit of Wikipedia was performed.
• In December 2002, the first sister project,Wiktionary,was created; aiming to produce adictionaryandthesaurusof the words in all languages. It uses the same software as Wikipedia.
• On 22 January 2003, theEnglish Wikipediawas againslashdottedafter having reached the100,000article milestone with theHastings,article. Two days later, the German-language Wikipedia, the largest non-English language version, passed the10,000article mark.
• On 20 June 2003, the same day that theWikimedia Foundationwas founded, "Wikiquote"was created. A month later,"Wikibooks"was launched."Wikisource"was set up towards the end of the year.
• In January 2004, Wikipedia reached the200,000-article milestone in English with the article onNeil Warnock,and reached450,000articles for both English and non-English Wikipedias. The next month, the combined article count of the English and non-English reached500,000.
• On 20 April 2004, the article count of the English Wikipedia reached250,000.
• On 7 July 2004, the article count of the English Wikipedia reached300,000.
• On 20 September 2004, Wikipedia's total article count exceeded1,000,000articles in over 105 languages; the project received a flurry of related attention in the press.The one millionth article was published in theHebrew Wikipediaand discusses theflag of Kazakhstan.
• On 20 November 2004, the article count of the English Wikipedia reached400,000.
• On 18 March 2005, Wikipedia passed the500,000-article milestone in English, withInvoluntary settlements in the Soviet Unionbeing announced in apress releaseas the landmark article.
• In May 2005, Wikipedia became the most popular reference website on the Internet according to traffic monitoring companyHitwise,relegatingDictionary.comto second place.
• On 29 September 2005, theEnglish Wikipediapassed the750,000-article mark.
• On 1 March 2006, theEnglish Wikipediapassed the1,000,000-article mark, withJordanhill railway stationbeing announced on the Main Page as the milestone article.
• On 8 June 2006, theEnglish Wikipediapassed the1,000-featured-article mark, withIranian peoples.
• On 15 August 2006, the Wikimedia Foundation launchedWikiversity.
• On 1 September 2006, Wikipedia exceeded5,000,000articles across all 229 language editions.
• On 24 November 2006, the English Wikipedia passed the1,500,000-article mark, withKanab ambersnailbeing announced on the Main Page as the milestone article.
• On 4 April 2007, the first Wikipedia CD selection in English was published as a free download.
• On 22 April 2007, the English Wikipedia passed the1,750,000-article mark.RAF raid on La Caine HQwas the 1,750,000th article.
• On 9 September 2007, the English Wikipedia passed the2,000,000-article mark.El Hormiguerowas accepted by consensus as the 2,000,000th article.
• On 28 March 2008, Wikipedia exceeded10 millionarticles across all 251 language editions.
• On 11 October 2008, the English Wikipedia passed the2,500,000-article mark. While no attempt was made to officially identify the 2,500,000th article,Joe Connor (baseball)has been suggested as the possible article.
• On 17 August 2009, the English Wikipedia passed the3,000,000-article mark, withBeate Eriksenbeing announced on the Main Page as the milestone article.
• On 27 December 2009, theGerman Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 21 September 2010, theFrench Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the third Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 12 December 2010, the English Wikipedia passed the3,500,000-article mark.
• On 22 November 2011, Wikipedia exceeded20 millionarticles across all 282 language editions.
• On 7 November 2011, theGerman Wikipediaexceeded100 millionpage edits.
• On 24 November 2011, theEnglish Wikipediaexceeded500 millionpage edits.
• On 17 December 2011, theDutch Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the fourth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 13 July 2012, theEnglish Wikipediaexceeded4,000,000articles, withIzbat al-Burj.
• On 22 January 2013, theItalian Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the fifth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 11 May 2013, theRussian Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the sixth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 16 May 2013, theSpanish Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the seventh Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 15 June 2013, theSwedish Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the eighth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 25 September 2013, thePolish Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the ninth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 21 October 2013, Wikipedia exceeded30 millionarticles across all 287 language editions.
• On 17 December 2013, theFrench Wikipediaexceeded100,000,000page edits.
• On 25 April 2014, the English Wikipedia passed the4,500,000article mark.
• On 8 June 2014, theWaray Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the tenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 15 June 2014, theVietnamese Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the eleventh Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 17 July 2014, theCebuano Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the twelfth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 6 September 2015, theSwedish Wikipediaexceeded2,000,000articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 1 November 2015, the English Wikipedia exceeded5,000,000articles, withPersoonia terminalis,and it has over 125,000 editors who have made 1 or more edits in the past 30 days.
• On 1 February 2016, theJapanese Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the thirteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 14 February 2016, theCebuano Wikipediaexceeded2,000,000articles, becoming the third Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 29 April 2016, theSwedish Wikipediaexceeded3,000,000articles, becoming the third Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 26 May 2016, Wikipedia exceeded40 millionarticles across all 293 language editions.
• On 26 September 2016, theCebuano Wikipediaexceeded3,000,000articles, becoming the fourth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 19 November 2016, theGerman Wikipediaexceeded2,000,000articles, becoming the fifth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 3 March 2017, theCebuano Wikipediaexceeded4,000,000articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 6 July 2017, theSpanish Wikipediaexceeded100,000,000page edits.
• On 15 September 2017, theRussian Wikipediaexceeded100,000,000page edits.
• On 27 October 2017, theEnglish Wikipediapassed the5,500,000-article mark.
• On 13 April 2018, theChinese Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the fourteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 27 June 2018, thePortuguese Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the fifteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 8 July 2018, theFrench Wikipediaexceeded2,000,000articles, becoming the fifth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 14 October 2018, theArabic Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the sixteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 20 January 2019, theSpanish Wikipediaexceeded1,500,000articles, becoming the seventh Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 1 February 2019, the Wikipedia News recalculated that theItalian Wikipediaexceeded1,500,000articles, becoming the eighth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 9 March 2019, Wikipedia exceeded50 millionarticles across all 309 language editions.
• On 2 August 2019, theSouth Azerbaijani Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000page edits.
• On 17 November 2019, theArabic Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the eighteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 23 January 2020, the English Wikipedia exceeded6,000,000articles, withMaria Elise Turner Lauderas the milestone article.
• On 9 March 2020, theDutch Wikipediaexceeded2,000,000articles, becoming the sixth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 23 March 2020, theUkrainian Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the seventeenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 1 July 2020, theEgyptian Arabic Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000articles, becoming the eighteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 25 December 2020, theBengali Wikipediaexceeded100,000articles.
• On 3 February 2021, theMalagasy Wikipediaexceeded1,000,000page edits.
• On 4 February 2021, theEnglish Wikipediaexceeded1 billionpage edits.
• On 14 October 2021, theCebuano Wikipediaexceeded6,000,000articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 14 December 2021, thePolish Wikipediaexceeded1,500,000articles, becoming the twelfth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
• On 26 December 2021, theEgyptian Arabic Wikipediaexceeded1,500,000articles.
• On 19 January 2022, theIndonesian Wikipediaexceeded20 millionpage edits.
• On 17 October 2022, TheNorwegian Wikipediaexceeded600,000articles.
• On 27 November 2022, Wikipedia exceeded60 millionarticles across all 329 language editions.

Fundraising

Financial development of the Wikimedia Foundation (in US$), 2003–2023
Black: Net assets (excluding the Wikimedia Endowment, which currently stands at $100m+)
Green: Revenue (excluding third-party donations to Wikimedia Endowment)
Red: Expenses (including WMF payments to Wikimedia Endowment)

Every year, the Wikimedia Foundation runs fundraising campaigns on Wikipedia to support its operations. These generally last about a month and happen at different times of the year in different countries. In addition to the fundraising banners on Wikipedia itself, there are also email campaigns; some emails invite people to leave the Wikimedia Foundation money in their wills.Revenue has risen every year of the Wikimedia Foundation's existence, reachingUS$180.17 millionas of 30 June 2023, versus expenses ofUS$169.1 million.In addition, the Wikimedia Endowment, an organizationally separate fundraising effort begun in 2016, reached $100 million in 2021, five years sooner than planned.

Year	Source	Revenue	Expenses	Asset rise	Total assets
2022/2023	PDF	$180,174,103	$169,095,381	$15,619,804	$254,971,336
2021/2022	PDF	$154,686,521	$145,970,915	$8,173,996	$239,351,532
2020/2021	PDF	$162,886,686	$111,839,819	$50,861,811	$231,177,536
2019/2020	PDF	$129,234,327	$112,489,397	$14,674,300	$180,315,725
2018/2019	PDF	$120,067,266	$91,414,010	$30,691,855	$165,641,425
2017/2018	PDF	$104,505,783	$81,442,265	$21,619,373	$134,949,570
2016/2017	PDF	$91,242,418	$69,136,758	$21,547,402	$113,330,197
2015/2016	PDF	$81,862,724	$65,947,465	$13,962,497	$91,782,795
2014/2015	PDF	$75,797,223	$52,596,782	$24,345,277	$77,820,298
2013/2014	PDF	$52,465,287	$45,900,745	$8,285,897	$53,475,021
2012/2013	PDF	$48,635,408	$35,704,796	$10,260,066	$45,189,124
2011/2012	PDF	$38,479,665	$29,260,652	$10,736,914	$34,929,058
2010/2011	PDF	$24,785,092	$17,889,794	$9,649,413	$24,192,144
2009/2010	PDF	$17,979,312	$10,266,793	$6,310,964	$14,542,731
2008/2009	PDF	$8,658,006	$5,617,236	$3,053,599	$8,231,767
2007/2008	PDF	$5,032,981	$3,540,724	$3,519,886	$5,178,168
2006/2007	PDF	$2,734,909	$2,077,843	$654,066	$1,658,282
2005/2006	PDF	$1,508,039	$791,907	$736,132	$1,004,216
2004/2005	PDF	$379,088	$177,670	$211,418	$268,084
2003/2004	PDF	$ 80,129	$23,463	$56,666	$56,666

External impact

• In 2007, Wikipedia was deemed fit to be used as a major source by theUK Intellectual Property Officein aFormula Onetrademark case ruling.
• Over time, Wikipedia gained recognition amongst more traditional media as a "key source" for major new events, such as the2004 Indian Ocean earthquakeand relatedtsunami,the2008 American Presidential election,and 2007Virginia Tech shooting.The latter article was accessed 750,000 times in two days, with newspapers published locally to the shootings adding that "Wikipedia has emerged as the clearinghouse for detailed information on the event."
• On 21 February 2007, Noam Cohen of theNew York Timesreported that some academics were banning the use of Wikipedia as a research tool.
• On 27 February 2007, an article inThe Harvard Crimsonnewspaper reported that some professors atHarvard Universityincluded Wikipedia in theirsyllabi,but that there was a split in their perception of using Wikipedia.
• In July 2013, a large-scale study by four major universities identified the mostdisputed articles on Wikipedia,finding that Israel,Adolf Hitler,and God were more fiercely debated than any other subjects.

Effect of biographical articles

Because Wikipedia biographies are often updated with new information comes, they are often used as a reference source on the lives ofnotable people.This has led to attempts to manipulate and falsify Wikipedia articles for promotional or defamatory purposes (Controversies) and has also led to novel uses of the biographical material provided.

• In November 2005, theSeigenthaler controversyoccurred when a hoaxer asserted on Wikipedia that journalist John Seigenthaler had been involved in theKennedy assassinationof 1963.
• In December 2006, German comedianAtze Schrödersued Arne Klempert, secretary ofWikimedia Deutschlandbecause he did not want his real name published in Wikipedia. Schröder later withdrew his complaint but wanted his attorney's costs to be paid by Klempert. A court decided that the artist had to cover those costs himself.
• On 16 February 2007, Turkish historianTaner Akçamwas briefly detained upon arrival atMontréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airportbecause of false information on his Wikipedia biography claiming he was a terrorist.
• In November 2008, the GermanLeft PartypoliticianLutz Heilmannclaimed that some remarks in his Wikipedia article caused damage to his reputation. He succeeded in getting a court order to make Wikimedia Deutschland remove a key search portal. The result was a national outpouring of support for Wikipedia, more donations to Wikimedia Deutschland, and a rise in daily pageviews of the Lutz Heilmann article from a few dozen to half a million. Shortly after, Heilmann asked the court to withdraw the court order.
• In December 2008, Wikimedia Nederland, the Dutch chapter, won a preliminary injunction after an entrepreneur was linked in "his" article with the criminalWillem Holleederand wanted the article deleted. The judge inUtrechtbelieved Wikimedia's assertion that it has no influence on the content of Dutch Wikipedia.
• In February 2009, whenKarl Theodor Maria Nikolaus Johann Jacob Philipp Franz Joseph Sylvester Buhl-Freiherr von und zu Guttenbergbecame federal minister on 10 February 2009, an unregistered user added an eleventh given name in the article on German Wikipedia:Wilhelm.Numerous newspapers took it over. When wary Wikipedians wanted to eraseWilhelm,the revert was reverted with regard to those newspapers. This case about Wikipedia reliability and journalists copying from Wikipedia became known asFalscher Wilhelm( "wrong Wilhelm" ).

Early roles of Wales and Sanger

Wales, along with others, came up with and funded the idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia that would accept contributions from ordinary people.Sanger played an important role in this as Nupedia's Editor in Chief and main employee.In Sanger's introductory message to the Nupedia mailing list, he said that Jimmy Wales "contacted me and asked me to apply as editor-in-chief of Nupedia. [...] He had had the idea for Nupedia since at least last fall. He tells me that, when thinking about people (particularly philosophers) he knew who could manage this sort of long-term project, he thought I would be perfect for the job. This is indeed my dream job".

Sanger suggested using a wiki to provide a complementary project for people "intimidated and bored" by Nupedia's elaborate processes,and coined the portmanteau "Wikipedia" as the project name.This was broadly seen as a way to unblock the growing community of Nupedians who found it hard to contribute.Sanger continued to work on Nupedia while contributing to Wikipedia (including drafting policies such as "Ignore all rules"and "Neutral point of view") and worked with an outreach lead to build up the community of both Nupedia and Wikipedia editors.Upon departure in March 2002, Sanger emphasized the main issue was purely the cessation of funding for his role, which was not viable part-time,and encouraged others to continue contributing to Wikipedia while noting that Nupedia could not survive without a full-time editor in chief.Later that year he stopped contributing to either project, and by 2004 had become publicly critical of Wikipedia. In December 2004 he wrote an essay arguing that Wikipedia was suffering from anti-elitism.In April 2005 he published a two-part memoir of his work on Nupedia and Wikipedia, highlighting his role in their creation and continuing belief that Nupedia deserved to be saved.Later that year Wales began to push back on Sanger's characterization of his role in the project.By 2006, after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger was harshly critical of Wikipedia, describing it as "broken beyond repair."

In 2005, Wales described himself simply as the founder of Wikipedia;however, according toBrian Bergsteinof theAssociated Press,"Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder."Sanger and Wales were referred to as co-founders in various press releases, interviews, and news reports from 2001and 2002.Before January 2004, Wales did not dispute Sanger's status as co-founder.In 2006, Wales said, "He used to work for me [...] I don't agree with calling him a co-founder, but he likes the title".Starting in 2006, when Sanger wrote and was interviewed extensively about the launch of Citizendium, he emphasized his status as co-founder, and these earlier sources that described him as such.

Controversies

Main articles:Criticism of Wikipedia,Litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation,andReliability of Wikipedia

• In November 2005, theSeigenthaler controversycaused Brian Chase to resign from his employment, after his identity was ascertained by Daniel Brandt ofWikipedia Watch.Following this, the scientific journalNatureundertook apeer reviewedstudy to test articles in Wikipedia against their equivalents inEncyclopædia Britannica,and concluded they are comparable in terms of accuracy.Britannicarejected their methodology and their conclusion.Naturerefused to release any form of apology, and instead asserted the reliability of its study and a rejection of the criticisms.
• During early-to-mid-2006, thecongressional aides biography scandalswere publicized, whereby several political aides were caught trying to influence the Wikipedia biographies of several politicians. The aides removed undesirable information (including pejorative quotes, or broken campaign promises), added favorable information or "glowing" tributes, or replaced the article in part or whole by staff-authored biographies. The staff of at least five politicians were implicated:Marty Meehan,Norm Coleman,Conrad Burns,Joe BidenandGil Gutknecht.The activities documented were:

Politician	Editing undertaken	Sources
Marty Meehan	Replacement with a staff-written biography	Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia
Norm Coleman	Rewrite to make more favorable, claimed to be "correcting errors"	"Web site's entry on Coleman revised Aide confirms his staff edited biography, questions Wikipedia's accuracy".St. Paul Pioneer Press(Associated Press).Archived fromthe originalon 29 September 2007.
Conrad Burns Montana	Removal of pejorative statements made by the Senator, replaced with "glowing tributes" as "the voice of the farmer"	Williams, Walt (1 January 2007)."Burns' office may have tampered with Wikipedia entry".Bozeman Daily Chronicle.Retrieved13 February2007.
Joe Biden	Removal of unfavorable information	Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia
Gil Gutknecht	Staff rewrite and removal of information evidencing broken campaign promise.	Multiple attempts, first using a named account, then an anonymous IP account.

In a separate but similar incident, the campaign manager forCathy Cox,Morton Brilliant, resigned after being found to have added negative information to the Wikipedia entries of political opponents.Following media publicity, the incidents tapered off around August 2006.

• In July 2006, Joshua Gardner was exposed as a fake Duke of Cleveland with a Wikipedia page.
• In January 2007, English-language Wikipedians inQatarwere briefly blocked from editing, following a spate of vandalism, by an administrator who did not realize that the country's internet traffic is routed through a singleIP address.Multiple media sources promptly declared that Wikipedia was banning Qatar from the site.
• On 23 January 2007, aMicrosoftemployee offered to payRick Jelliffeto review and change certain Wikipedia articles regarding an open-source document standard which was rival to a Microsoft format.
• In February 2007,The New Yorkermagazine issued a rare editorial correction that a prominentEnglish Wikipediaeditor and administrator known as "Essjay", had invented a persona using fictitious credentials.The editor,Ryan Jordan,became aWikiaemployee in January 2007 and divulged his real name; this was noticed by Daniel Brandt of Wikipedia Watch, and communicated to the original article author (Essjay controversy).
• Also in February 2007, Barbara Bauer, a literary agent, sued Wikimedia for defamation and causing harm to her business, the Barbara Bauer Literary Agency.InBauer v. Glatzer,Bauer claimed that information on Wikipedia critical of her abilities as a literary agent caused this harm. TheElectronic Frontier Foundationdefended Wikipediaand moved to dismiss the case on 1 May 2008.The case against the Wikimedia Foundation was dismissed on 1 July 2008.
• In June 2007, an anonymous userposted hoax informationthat, by coincidence, foreshadowed theChris Benoit murder-suicide,hours before the bodies were found by investigators. The discovery of the edit attracted widespread media attention and was first covered in the sister siteWikinews.
• In October 2007, in their obituaries of recently deceased TV theme composerRonnie Hazlehurst,many British media organisations reported that he had co-written theS Club 7song "Reach".In fact, he had not, and it was discovered that this information had been sourced from a hoax edit to Hazlehurst's Wikipedia article.
• On 14 July 2009, the National Portrait Gallery issued a cease-and-desist letter for alleged breach of copyright, against a Wikipedia editor who downloaded more than 3,000 high-resolution images from the NPG website, and placed them onWikimedia Commons(National Portrait Gallery and Wikimedia Foundation copyright dispute).
• In April and May 2010, there was controversy over the hosting and display of sexual drawing and pornographic images including images of children on Wikipedia.It led to the mass removal of pornographic content from Wikimedia Foundation sites.
• In November 2012,Lord Justice Levesonwrote in his report on British press standards, "The Independentwas founded in 1986 by the journalists Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Brett Straub... "He had used the Wikipedia article forThe Independentnewspaper as his source, but an act of vandalism had replaced Matthew Symonds (a genuine co-founder) with Brett Straub (an unknown character).The Economistsaid of theLeveson report,"Parts of it are a scissors-and-paste job culled from Wikipedia."
• In late 2013, commentators publicly shared observations of the reappearance of many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010.

Notable forks and derivatives

There are a large number ofWikipedia mirror and forks.Other sites also use the MediaWiki software and concept, popularized by Wikipedia. No list of them is maintained. Specialized foreign language forks using the Wikipedia concept includeEnciclopedia Libre(Spanish),Wikiweise(German),WikiZnanie(Russian),Susning.nu(Swedish), andBaidu Baike(Chinese). Some of these (such asEnciclopedia Libre) useGFDLor compatible licenses as used by Wikipedia, leading to the exchange of material with their respective language Wikipedias. In 2006, Sanger foundedCitizendium,based upon a modified version ofMediaWiki.The site said it aimed 'to improve on the Wikipedia model with "gentle expert oversight", among other things'.In 2006, conservative activist and lawyerAndrew SchlaflyfoundedConservapedia,based on MediaWiki.

Publication on other media

TheGerman Wikipediawas the first to be partly published also using other media (rather than online on the internet), including releases on CD in November 2004and more extended versions on CDs or DVD in April 2005 and December 2006. In December 2005, the publisher Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, a sister company of Directmedia, published a 139-page book explaining Wikipedia, its history and policies, which was accompanied by a 7.5 GB DVD containing 300,000 articles and 100,000 images from the German Wikipedia.Originally, Directmedia also announced plans to print the German Wikipedia in its entirety, in 100 volumes of 800 pages each. The publication was due to begin in October 2006, and finish in 2010. In March 2006, however, this project was called off.

In September 2008,Bertelsmannpublished a 1000 pages volume with a selection of popular German Wikipedia articles. Bertelsmann paid voluntarily 1 Euro per sold copy toWikimedia Deutschland.A free software project has also been launched to make a static version ofEnglish Wikipediaavailable for use oniPods.The "Encyclopodia" project was started around March 2006 and can currently be used on 1st to 4th-generation iPods.

English Wikipedia CD/DVD/Kiwix ZIM file releases

Release	Year	Description	Link toZIMfile download
2006 Wikipedia CD Selection	2006	First CD version, containing a selection of articles from theEnglish Wikipedia.It was published in April 2006 bySOS Children.
Wikipedia Version 0.5	2007	A CD containing around 2000 articles selected from the online encyclopedia was published by theWikimedia Foundationand Linterweb. The selection of articles included was based on both the quality of the online version and the importance of the topic to be included. It was created as a test case in preparation for a DVD version including far more articles.Articles are categorized according to subject. The CD version could be purchased online, downloaded as aDVD image fileorTorrent file,or accessed online at the project's website.
Wikipedia Version 0.7	2009–2010	First DVD version. General release of around 31,000 articles taken from all subject areas. A manual effort was performed to remove vandalism, which delayed the release date.Includes topical and geographical indexes of articles, in addition to the alphabetical index.
Wikipedia Version 0.8	2011	General release of around 47,300 articles taken from all subject areas. Article selection and vandalism removal using systems developed by a group of volunteers from the Wikipedia community, greatly improved release time. It includes only an alphabetical index and no article categorization.

As of June 2022, there have been no more article selection releases since Wikipedia Version 0.8.

Lawsuits

In limited ways, the Wikimedia Foundation is protected bySection 230 of the Communications Decency Act.In the defamation actionBauer et al. v. Glatzer et al.,it was held that Wikimedia had no case to answer because of this section.A similar law in France caused a lawsuit to be dismissed in October 2007.In 2013, aGerman appeals court or Oberlandesgericht(the Higher Regional Court of Stuttgart) ruled that Wikipedia is a "service provider" not a "content provider", and as such is immune from liability as long as it takes down content that is accused of being illegal.

See also

• History of wikis
• Predictions of the end of Wikipedia
• The Wikipedia Revolution– 2009 book byAndrew Lih

Further reading

Scholarly studies

• Adams, Julia,Hannah Brückner,and Cambria Naslund. "Who counts as a notable sociologist on Wikipedia?: Gender, race, and the 'professor test'."Socius5 (2019): 2378023118823946.online
• Bayliss, Gemma. "Exploring the cautionary attitude toward Wikipedia in higher education: Implications for higher education institutions."New Review of Academic Librarianship19.1 (2013): 36–57.
• Bridges, Laurie M., and Meghan L. Dowell. "A perspective on Wikipedia: Approaches to educational use."Journal of Academic Librarianship46.1 (2020).online
• Davis, LiAnna L., et al. "The Wikipedia education program as open educational practice: Global stories." inOpen Educational Resources in Higher Education: A Global Perspective(Springer Nature Singapore, 2023) pp. 251–278.
• Gildersleve, Patrick, Renaud Lambiotte, and Taha Yasseri. "Between news and history: Identifying networked topics of collective attention on Wikipedia."Journal of Computational Social Science(2023): 1–31.
• Graells-Garrido, Eduardo, Mounia Lalmas, and Filippo Menczer. "First women, second sex: Gender bias in Wikipedia."Proceedings of the 26th ACM conference on hypertext & social media(2015)online
• Konieczny, Piotr. "Teaching with Wikipedia in a 21st‐century classroom: Perceptions of Wikipedia and its educational benefits."Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology67.7 (2016): 1523–1534.
• London, Daniel A., et al. "Is Wikipedia a complete and accurate source for musculoskeletal anatomy?"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy41 (2019): 1187–1192.
• Reagle Jr., Joseph Michael.Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia(MIT Press, 2015)
• Salutari, Flavia, et al. "Analyzing Wikipedia users' perceived quality of experience: A large-scale study."IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management17.2 (2020): 1082–1095. DOI: 10.1109/TNSM.2020.2978685 States 85% of users are satisfied.
• Sunvy, Ahmed Shafkat, and Raiyan Bin Reza. "Students' Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source."Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review6.1 (2023).online
• Timperley, Claire. "The subversive potential of Wikipedia: A resource for diversifying political science content online."PS: Political Science & Politics53.3 (2020): 556–560.online
• Torres-Salinas, Daniel, Esteban Romero-Frías, and Wenceslao Arroyo-Machado. "Mapping the backbone of the Humanities through the eyes of Wikipedia."Journal of Informetrics13.3 (2019): 793–803.online
• Van Dijck, José. "Neutrality and the Wikipedia Principle," inThe culture of connectivity: A critical history of social mediaby Van Dijck, (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 132–153.
• Wagner, Claudia, et al. "Women through the glass ceiling: Gender asymmetries in Wikipedia."EPJ Data Science5 (2016): 1–24.online
• Wang, Ping, and Xiaodan Li. "Assessing the quality of information on wikipedia: A deep‐learning approach."Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology71.1 (2020): 16–28.online
• Zheng, Lei, et al. "The roles bots play in Wikipedia."Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3.CSCW(2019): 1–20.online

Contemporary reports

• Baker, Nicholson. "The Charms of Wikipedia,"New York Review of Books(March 20, 2008)online
• Poe, Marshall. "The Hive"The Atlantic(Sept 2006),online
• Schiff, Stacy. "Know It All: Can Wikipedia Conquer Expertise?"New Yorker(July 31, 2006)online

Primary sources

• Messer-Kruse, Timothy. "The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia,"Chronicle Review of Higher Education(February 12, 2012)online
• Sanger, Larry. "The early history of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A memoir."Open sources2 (2005): 307–38.online

External links

External videos
Jimmy Wales: The birth of Wikipedia,2005 TED (conference), 20 mins.

Wikipedia records and archives

Wikipedia's project files contain a large quantity of reference and archive material. Useful internal resources on Wikipedia history include:

Historical summaries

• Category:Wikipedia years– historical events by year
• History of Wikipedia– from theWikipedia:Meta
• meta:Wikimedia News– news and milestones index from all Wikipedias
• Wikipedia:BrilliantProse– predecessor ofWikipedia:Featured articlesandWikipedia:Good articles
• Wikipedia:Historic debates
• Wikipedia:History of Wikipedia bots
• Wikipedia:Wikipedia records
• Wikipedia:Wikipedia's oldest articles

Milestones, size and statistics

• Stats.wikimedia.org– the Wikimedia Foundation's main interface for all project statistics, including the various and combined Wikipedia's.
• Wikipedia milestones
• Wikipedia:Milestones(inactive)
• Wikipedia:Size of Wikipedia
• Wikipedia:Statistics

Discussion and debate archives

• Wikipedia:Announcement archive
• Wikipedia:Mailing lists

Other

• MediaWiki history
• Nostalgia Wikipedia– a snapshot of Wikipedia from 20 December 2001, running a later version of MediaWiki for security reasons but using a skin that looks like the software of the time
• Wikipedia:CamelCase and Wikipedia
• Wikipedia:Magnus Manske Day– MediaWiki software goes live into production
• Wikipedia:Volunteer Fire Department– handling of major editorial influx. Disbanded when no longer needed (2004)
• ZIM File Archive,atInternet Archive,contains full Wikipedia snapshots (as well as articles selections) in multiple languages, from different years. Files can be open withKiwixsoftware.

Third party

• "Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journalNature".Encyclopædia Britannica.March 2006.
• Early Wikipedia snapshotvia Internet Archive. 28 February 2001.
• Giles, Jim,"Internet encyclopaedias go head to head".Naturecomparison between Wikipedia andBritannica.14 December 2005(subscription required)
• Larry Sanger."The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir"and"Part II".Slashdot.18 April 2005 to 19 April 2005.
• Nature'sresponses toEncyclopædia Britannica.Nature.23 March 2006.(subscription required)
• New York Timeson Wikipedia.September 2001.
• The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource– Free Software Foundation endorsement of Nupedia (later updated to include Wikipedia). 1999.