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History of hip hop dance

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Further information on derivative styles, the dance industry, entertainment, and international competitions:Hip-hop dance
A close-up black and white photo of a male hip-hop dancer surrounded by a small crowd in a nightclub while performing on a checkerboard dance floor.
A hip-hop dancer at Zona club in Moscow.

Thehistory of hip-hop dancesencompasses the people and events since the late 1960s that have contributed to the development of early hip-hop dance styles, such asuprock,breaking,locking,roboting,boogaloo,andpopping.African Americanscreated uprock and breaking in New York City.African Americansin California created locking, roboting, boogaloo, and popping—collectively referred to as thefunk styles.All of these dance styles are different stylistically. They share common ground in their street origins and in their improvisational nature of hip hop.

More than 50 years old, hip-hop dance became widely known after the first professional street-based dance crews formed in the 1970s in the United States. The most influential groups wereRock Steady Crew,The Lockers,andThe Electric Boogalooswho are responsible for the spread of breaking, locking, and popping respectively. TheBrooklyn-based dance style uprock influenced breaking early in its development. Boogaloo gained more exposure because it is the namesake of the Electric Boogaloos crew. Uprock, roboting, and boogaloo are respected dance styles but none of them are as mainstream or popular as breaking, locking, and popping.

Parallel with the evolution ofhip-hop music,hip-hop social dancing emerged from breaking and the funk styles into different forms. Dances from the 1980s such as the Running Man, the Worm, and the Cabbage Patch entered the mainstream and becamefad dances.After the millennium, newer social dances such as the Cha Cha Slide and the Dougie also caught on and became very popular.

Hip-hop dance is not astudio-derived style. Street dancers developed it in urban neighborhoods without a formal process. All of the early substyles and social dances were brought about through a combination of events including inspiration fromJames Brown,DJKool Herc's invention of thebreak beat,the formation of dance crews, andDon Cornelius' creation of the television showSoul Train.

Beginning of breaking

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Main article:B-boying

According to hip-hop activistAfrika Bambaataa[1]andb-boyRichard "Crazy Legs"Colón,[2]the purest hip-hop dance style, breaking (commonly called "breakdancing" ), began in the early 1970s as elaborations on howJames Browndanced to his song "Get on the Good Foot".[3]People mimicked these moves in their living rooms, in hallways, and at parties. It was at these parties that breaking flourished and developed with the help of a young Clive Campbell. Campbell, better known asDJ Kool Herc,was a Jamaican-born DJ who frequently spun records at neighborhood teenage parties in theBronx.[4]Jeff Chang,in his bookCan't Stop Won't Stop(2005), describes DJ Kool Herc'seurekamoment in this way:

Herc carefully studied the dancers. "I was smoking cigarettes and I was waiting for the records to finish. And I noticed people was waiting for certain parts of the record," he says. It was an insight as profound as Ruddy Redwood's dub discovery. The moment when the dancers really got wild was in a song's short instrumental break, when the band would drop out and the rhythm section would get elemental. Forget melody, chorus, songs—it was all about the groove, building it, keeping it going. Like a string theorist, Herc zeroed in on the fundamental vibrating loop at the heart of the record, the break.[5]

In response to this revelation, Herc developed the Merry-Go-Round technique to extend the breaks—the percussion interludes or instrumental solos within a longer work of music.[6]When he played a break on one turntable, he repeated the same break on the second turntable as soon as the first was finished. He then looped these records one after the other in order to extend the break as long as he wanted: "And once they heard that, that was it, wasn't no turning back," Herc told Chang. "They always wanted to hear breaks after breaks after breaks after breaks." It was during these times that the dancers, later known as break-boys or b-boys, would perform what is known as breaking.[5]

Five young men in the far background watch an African-American b-boy dance in a public plaza.
Ab-boyperforming inUnion Square, San Francisco.

Breaking started out strictly as toprock, footwork-oriented dance moves performed while standing up.[7]Toprock usually serves as the opening to a breaker's performance before transitioning into other dance moves performed on the floor. A separate dance style that influenced toprock is uprock, also called rocking or Brooklyn uprock, because it comes from Brooklyn, New York.[8]The uprock dance style has its roots ingangs.[2][9]Although it looks similar to toprock, uprock is danced with a partner[10]and is more aggressive, involving fancy footwork, shuffles, hitting motions, and movements that mimic fighting.[7]When there was an issue overturf,the two warlords of the feuding gangs would uprock, and whoever won this preliminary dance battle decided where the real fight would be.[1][2]Because uprock's purpose was to moderate gang violence, it never crossed over into mainstream breaking as seen today, except for some specific moves adopted by breakers who use it as a variation for their toprock.[11]

Aside from James Brown and uprock, hip-hop historian Jorge "Popmaster Fabel" Pabon writes that toprock was also influenced by "tap dance,Lindy hop,salsa,Afro-Cuban, and various African and Native American dances. "[12]From toprock, breaking progressed to being more floor-oriented, involvingfreezes,downrock,head spins, andwindmills.[13][note 1]These additions occurred due to influences from 1970s martial arts films,[15]influences from gymnastics, and the formation of dancecrews[16]—teams of street dancers who get together to develop new moves, create dance routines, and battle other crews. One b-boy move taken from gymnastics is called theflare,which was made famous by gymnastKurt Thomasand is called the "Thomas flair"in gymnastics.[17]

B-boys Jamie "Jimmy D" White and Santiago "Jo Jo" Torres foundedRock Steady Crew(RSC) in 1977 in the Bronx.[18]Along with Dynamic Rockers andAfrika Bambaataa's Mighty Zulu Kings, they are one of the oldest continually active breaking crews.[note 2]For others to get into the crew, they had to battle one of the Rock Steady b-boys—that was their audition, so to speak.[20]The crew flourished once it came under the leadership of b-boy Richard "Crazy Legs"Colón. Crazy Legs opened aManhattanchapter of the crew and made his friends and fellow b-boys Wayne "Frosty Freeze" Frost[note 3]and Kenneth "Ken Swift" Gabbert co-vice presidents.[20]RSC was instrumental in the spread of breaking's popularity beyond New York City. They appeared inWild StyleandBeat Street—1980s films about hip-hop culture—as well as in the movieFlashdance.[note 4]They also performed at theRitz,at theKennedy Center,and on theJerry Lewis Telethon.[20]In 1981, theLincoln Center for the Performing Artshosted a breaking battle between Dynamic Rockers and Rock Steady Crew.[23]The Daily NewsandNational Geographiccovered this event.[24]In 1982, their manager Ruza "Kool Lady" Blue organized theNew York City Rap Tour,which featured Rock Steady Crew,Afrika Bambaataa,Cold Crush Brothers, the Double Dutch Girls, andFab 5 Freddy.[25]This tour traveled to England and France, which spread hip-hop culture to those countries.[23][25]In 1983, they performed forQueen Elizabeth IIat the Royal Variety Performance.[20]The following year, they recorded a song titled "(Hey You) The Rock Steady Crew",which was commercially released.[26]RSC now has satellite crews based in Japan, the United Kingdom, and Italy.[20]

Capoeira debate

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Capoeirais an Afro-Brazilian martial art, described by Pabon as "a form of self defense disguised as a dance."[27]Its influence on breaking is disputed and debated; one side believes that breaking came from capoeira, while the other side denies this. Capoeira is hundreds of years older than breaking, and uprock is similar in purpose to capoeira in that both translate aggressive combat movements into stylized dance. Both breaking and capoeira are performed to music and, since both art forms are acrobatic, some moves look similar to each other. However, capoeira is more rule-oriented. One rule in capoeira is that a capoeirista's back can never touch the ground.[28][29]In contrast, a breaker's back is almost always on the ground, and the only rule in breaking is that you do not touch your opponent during a battle.[30]

Two Croatian practitioners of the Brazilian martial art capoeira in the middle of doing a cart wheel on a public sidewalk.
Two capoeiristas dance-fighting inRijeka,Croatia.

Jelon VieiraandLoremil Machadobrought capoeira to the United States in 1975.[31]Throughout this decade Vieira taught capoeira workshops in New York City and started a capoeira performance company called Dance Brazil that toured across the United States.[31]In Gerard Taylor'sCapoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace(2005), master capoeira teacherMestre Acordeonis quoted as saying: "Demonstrations by Mestre Jelon [Vieira] and Loremil Machado are considered by many to be responsible for the incorporation of capoeira movements into breakdancing."[29]FormerVillage VoicereporterSally Banesand her colleague, photographerMartha Cooper,witnessed breaking in 1980 while coveringHenry Chalfant's photography exhibit of subway graffiti. She wrote of the dance: "Its spatial level called to mind capoeira, the spectacular Brazilian dance cum martial art form that incorporates kartwheels, kicks, and feints low to the ground, but the two were dissimilar enough in shape and timing that capoeira seemed at most only a distant relative, and certainly one the breakdancers weren't acquainted with—at least on a conscious level."[32]In his bookHip Hop Had a Dream(2008), Damien Morgan states: "Breakdancing can have its origins in capoeira, because it does not focus on injuring the opponent; it rather emphasizes skill towards your opponent, to express yourself away from violence... in most cases, it is blatantly obvious to see some of Breakdancing's foundations in Capoeira."[33]

"We didn't know what the f-ck no capoeira was, man. We were in the ghetto! There were no dance schools, nothing. If there was a dance it was tap and jazz and ballet. I only saw one dance in my life in the ghetto during that time, and it was on Van Nest Avenue in the Bronx and it was a ballet school. Our immediate influence in b-boying was James Brown, point blank."

Richard "Crazy Legs" Colón;
Rock Steady Crew[2]

Several breaking practitioners and pioneers tend to side with the camp that does not believe breaking came from capoeira. B-boy Crazy Legs states: "We didn't know what the f-ck no capoeira was, man. We were in the ghetto!"[2]According to Pabon, "Unlike the popularity of the martial arts films, capoeira was not seen in the Bronx jams until the 1990s. Top rockin' seems to have developed gradually and unintentionally, leaving space for growth and new additions, until it evolved into a codified form."[27]B-boy crew Spartanic Rockers adds: "Despite of [sic] many rumours and opinions Breaking didn't originate from Capoeira but during the last few years many moves, steps and freezes of this Brazilian (fight-) dance have inspired more and more B-Girls and B-Boys who integrated them into their dance."[34]B-boy Ken Swift was breaking long before he saw capoeira: "In '78 I started [breaking] and I didn't see it [capoeira] til '92... I was around, too—I was in Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, I went around and I didn't see it. What we saw was Kung Fu—we saw Kung Fu from the 42nd Street theaters. So those were our inspirations... when we did the Kung Fu sh-t we switched it up and we put this B-boy flavor into it..."[35]

Funk styles

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While breaking was developing in New York City, New York, other styles of dance were developing in California. Unlike breaking, the funk styles—which originated in California—were not originally hip-hop dance styles: they were danced tofunk musicrather than hip-hop music, and they were not associated with the other cultural pillars of hip-hop (DJing,graffiti writing,andMCing).[36][37][38]The funk styles are actually slightly older than breaking due to fact that boogaloo and locking were developed in the late 1960s.[39][40]

Locking and roboting

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Main article:Locking
See also:Robot (dance)

Like breaking, the different moves within the funk styles occurred due to the formation of crews. Don "Campbellock" Campbell createdlocking,and in 1973 founded The Lockers (originally called The Cambellock Dancers) inLos Angeles.[41][42]Locking is characterized by consistently freezing or "locking" in place while dancing. Campbell developed locking accidentally while pausing in between dance moves when trying to remember how to do the Funky Chicken.[43]He developed routines based on his new style using these pauses or "locks."[44]Chang lists some of the other dance moves performed in locking, including "...points, skeeters, scooby doos, stop 'n go, which-away, and the fancies."[43]

The Lockers made several appearances onSoul Train[45]—the song-and-dance television program featuring funk music,soul music,disco,R&B,and social dancing. They also appeared onThe Carol Burnett Show,[46]The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson,The Dick Van Dyke Show,andSaturday Night Live.[27]Three original members of The Lockers wereToni Basil,whodoubledas the group's manager; Charles "Charles Robot" Washington, a pioneer ofroboting;and Fred "Mr. Penguin" Berry, who played the character of Rerun on the television showWhat's Happening!!.[47]Berry left the group in 1976 to be on the show and was replaced by street dancer Tony "Go-Go" Lewis.[47]After The Lockers disbanded, Tony Go-Go went on to open a locking school in Japan in 1985.[41]

Roboting comes fromRichmond, California.[27]Before joining The Lockers, Charles Robot had his own dance crew called The Robot Brothers.[48]He was inspired in 1969 by Robert Shields ofShields and Yarnell,then-a young street artist performing his robotic movements in front of theHollywood Wax Museum.[49]On October 27, 1973,The Jackson 5performed "Dancing Machine"onSoul Train,which popularized roboting,[50]but this was not the first time the dance had been performed on the show. Charles Robot had performed roboting onSoul Traintwo years earlier with his dance partner Angela Johnson.[51]

Boogaloo and popping

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Main article:Popping
See also:Electric boogaloo
A black and white photo of a Russian popper posing mid-dance in front of a graffiti painted wall on the side of an industrial building.
A popper dancing atSolntsevoindustrial building in Moscow.

Boogaloo is a freestyle, improvisational street dance movement of soulful steps and robotic movements which make up the foundations of Popping dance and Turfing; Boogaloo can incorporate illusions, restriction of muscles, stops, robot and/or wiggling.[52]Throughout the 1960s and 1970s - Boogaloo groups inOakland, CAsuch as One Plus One, the Black Resurgents and the Black Messengers would help popularize the dance.[53]Boogaloo street dance from Oakland would influence Northern California cities and movements would spread to Fresno via the West Coast Relays.[54][55]In Fresno, The Electric Boogaloos are another funk styles crew founded inFresnoin 1977[44]by Sam "Boogaloo Sam" Solomon, Nate "Slide" Johnson, and Joe "Robot Joe" Thomas.[46]Their name was originally The Electric Boogaloo Lockers, but they dropped "Lockers" the following year[44]at the urging of their manager Jeff Kutash[56]after the group moved from Fresno to Long Beach.[57]Boogaloo Sam is credited with innovating popping from earlier boogaloo movements done inOakland, CA.[37][44][58]However, there is disagreement as to whether he created the dances himself or borrowed moves from other street dancers.[59][60]What is not contested is how influential he and his crew were in exposing popping and boogaloo to mainstream audiences.[59][61]

Boogaloo is both a style of dance and a style of music.[62]It started out as a fad dance, and several songs were released in the 1960s celebrating it including "Boogaloo Down Broadway", "My Baby Likes to Boogaloo", "Hey You! Boo-Ga-Loo", "Do the Boogaloo," "Boogaloo #3," and "Sock Boogaloo."[39][40]In response to this song-and-dance craze, Puerto Rican artists in New York City created a style of music calledBugalú(or Latin boogaloo) that combinedmambo,soul, andR&B.SingerJoe Cubawas a pioneer of this style.[40][62]

Although boogaloo was already a fad dance and a music genre in the 1960s, it did not become a dance style until Boogaloo Sam learned it, expanded it, and started performing it in public venues.[63]He was influenced to expand boogaloo by cartoons; the 1960s social dances theTwist,the Popcorn, and theJerk;and the movements of everyday people.[27][46]As a dance style, it is characterized by rolling hip, knee, and head movements as if the body has no bones.[63]Electricboogaloois the signature dance style of The Electric Boogaloos.[64]It is a combination of boogaloo and popping.[63]

Poppingis based on the technique of quickly contracting and relaxing muscles to cause a jerk in the dancer's body, referred to as apopor ahit.Popping is also an inadvertent umbrella term that includes several other illusory dance styles such as ticking, liquid, tutting, waving, gliding, twisto-flex, and sliding.[38][44][58]Most of these cannot be traced to a specific person or group and may have influences earlier than hip-hop.Earl "Snake Hips" Tuckerwas a professional dancer in the 1920s who appeared in the filmSymphony in Blackand performed at theCotton Clubin Harlem.[65][66]Since hip-hop did not exist in the 1920s his style was considered jazz, but his "slithering, writhing" movement foreshadowed waving and sliding.[67]

External videos
video iconEarl "Snake Hips" Tucker

The most recognizable popping move is themoonwalk.In 1983, Michael Jackson performed the moonwalk—called thebackslidein popping context[50]— onABC'sMotown 25television special.[68]This performance popularized the moonwalk all over the world.[69]However, it was not the first time the backslide had been performed on television or on film.Cab Callowayperformed the backslide in 1932,[70][71]andBill Baileyperformed it in the moviesCabin in the Sky(1943) andRhythm and Blues Revue(1955).[72]Furthermore, in 1982 during a performance in London onTop of the Pops,street dancerJeffrey Danielperformed the backslide during the song "A Night to Remember".[73][74]

In the 1970s, while Los Angeles was known for locking and Fresno was known for popping, several other cities inNorthern Californiahad their own local funk styles.Sacramentowas known for a style called sac-ing,San Josefor dime stopping, andOaklandfor snake hitting.[27]The San Francisco crew Granny and Robotroid incorporated stepping moves andJROTCrifle drill movements in their dancing to make a unique funk style called Fillmore strutting. This dance was named after theFillmore districtin San Francisco where Granny and Robotroid were from.[75]Granny and Robotroid performed on theGong Showin 1976.[76]Although strutting had exposure on national television, it (and the rest of the localized funk styles) faded and never became mainstream.

Terminology

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See also:B-boying § Terminology

When the moviesBreakin'andBreakin' 2: Electric Boogaloowere released, all the styles of dance performed in those films were put under the "breakdance" label. In addition,Breakinwas released outside the United States asBreakdance: The Movie.[77]The media followed suit by calling all represented styles "breakdancing", which caused a naming confusion among the general public.[27][63][78]This was problematic for two reasons.

The first reason is that "breakdancing" became an inadvertent umbrella term among the general public for both breakingandthe funk styles. The funk styles were created in California independent from breaking, which was created in New York.[36][38]They are called funk styles because they were originally danced tofunk music.This name gives them a separate identity from breaking, which is traditionally danced to break beats.[63]

The second reason this was problematic is that "breakdancing" was originally calledb-boyingor breaking by the street dancers who created it.[78][79]Abreakis a musical interlude during a song—the section on a musical recording where the singing stops and the percussive rhythms are the most aggressive. When 1970s hip-hop DJs playedbreak beats,dancers reacted to those breaks with their most impressive dance moves.[79][80]DJ Kool Herc coined the terms "b-boys" and "b-girls", which stands for "break-boys" and "break-girls."[79]To describe the movement, the suffix "ing" was added after the word identifying the dancer (b-boying) or the music beat (breaking). According to Timothy "Popin Pete"Solomon, one of the original members of the Electric Boogaloos, and Raquel Rivera, author of the bookNew York Ricans from the Hip Hop Zone(2003), "breakdancing" is a media-coined term and incorrect.[81][82]

Dance crews

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A dance crew is a team of street dancers who come together to develop new moves and battle other crews. As hip-hop culture spread throughout New York City, the more often breaking crews got together to battle against each other. It was during this time that the different dance moves within breaking developed organically.[16][note 5]All styles of hip-hop are rooted in battling,[83]and being a part of a crew was the only way to learn when these styles began because they were not taught in studios: they all started out as social dances.[84]: 74 Forming and participating in a crew is how street dancers practiced, improved, made friends, and built relationships.[85]In breaking in particular, battling is how b-boys/b-girls improved their skill.[86]

Aside from Rock Steady Crew, several breaking crews were active in the 1970s such as Mighty Zulu Kings, Dynamic Rockers,New York City Breakers,SalSoul, Air Force Crew, Crazy Commanders Crew, Starchild La Rock, and Rockwell Association. In the same way b-boy crews were active on the east coast of the United States spreading breaking throughout New York, funk crews were also active on the west coast spreading the funk styles throughout California. Aside from The Lockers and The Electric Boogaloos, other funk styles crews such as Medea Sirkas/Demons of the Mind, Black Messengers, The Robot Brothers, The Go-Go Brothers, Granny and Robotroid, and Chain Reaction were active during the 1970s performing on stage.[87]

A close-up shot of a dance performance by five male hip-hop dancers in gray sweatsuits.
Boy Blue hip-hop dance company performing atBreakin' Convention2006 in London.

Chain Reaction was a four-man dance crew fromReseda, California,whose members included Thomas "T-Bopper" Guzman-Sanchez, Paul "Cool Pockets" Guzman-Sanchez, Robert "Bosco" Winters, and Mike "Deuce" Donley.[88]Just like The Electric Boogaloos had their own signature dance style called electric boogaloo, Chain Reaction also had their own signature dance style calledcrossoverlocking.[89]They performed on the talk showThicke of the Nightand in the movieXanadu.[90]Xanadupremiered in 1980, four years earlier than the hip-hop dance classicsBeat StreetandBreakin'.Xanaduwas the first time boogaloo, popping, and crossover locking were performed on film.[91]In 1984, T-Bopper created a new dance crew called United Street Force. By invitation, this crew performed at theWhite Housefor PresidentRonald Reagan.[92]

Crews still form based on friendships and neighborhoods. For example, dance crewDiversity—formed in 2007[93]—consists of brothers and friends fromEssexand London. Crews also form for other reasons such as theme (Jabbawockeez), gender (ReQuest Dance Crew), ethnicity (Kaba Modern), dance style (Massive Monkeys), and age (Hip Op-eration). In 2013, Hip Op-eration performed an exhibition routine at the World Hip Hop Dance Championships in Las Vegas. At the time, their youngest member was 66.[94]

In the 1970s, b-boy crews were neighborhood-based and would engage in battles held at local block parties called "jams".[95]Today crews can battle in organized competitions with other crews from around the world. New Zealand crew ReQuest won the Australian-based competition World Supremacy Battlegrounds in 2009 and the American-based competitionHip Hop Internationalin 2009 and 2010.[96]On October 12, 2010, the Vietnamese Ministry of Culture, Sport, and Tourism presented the Certificate of Merit to dance crew Big Toe for winning a variety of international dance competitions.[97]Dance crews are more prevalent in hip-hop, but hip-hop dance companies do exist. Examples include Zoo Nation (UK), Culture Shock (USA), Lux Aeterna (USA), Boy Blue Entertainment (UK), Unity UK (UK), Bounce Streetdance Company (Sweden), and Funkbrella Dance Company (USA).

Social dancing

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Hip-hop social dancing (party dancing) began when hip-hop musical artists started to release songs with an accompanying dance. In 1990, rapperMC Hammercreated the Hammer dance[98]and popularized it in his music video "U Can't Touch This".The Hammer dance was a social dance that became wildly popular and then faded as the album it was associated with,Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em,lost popularity. Most social dances are short-lived fad dances, some are line dances, and others spawn new dance styles that stay relevant even after the life of the songs they came from come to an end. The development of hip-hop social dancing extends further back than the 1990s with the Charleston, a jazz dance; Chubby Checker's Twist, which was consideredrock & roll;several 1970s fad dances made popular by James Brown; and the influence of the television showSoul Train.

TheCharlestonwas created in the 1920s by African-Americans inCharleston, South Carolinaas a rebellion against prohibition.[99]It gained popularity once it was embraced by Caucasians, but it was still considered an immoral dance due to its association with alcohol.[100]This dance relied on partnering and eventually led to the creation ofLindy Hop.[101]Lindy Hop and the Charleston fall under theswing dancegenre; however, there is a dance move used in breaking that is taken from the Charleston called theCharlierock.[11]Singer-songwriterChubby Checkerreleased the song "The Twist" with an accompanying dance of the same name in 1960. He performed the dance on the television showAmerican Bandstand,and the song reached number one in 1960 and 1962.[102]TheTwistwas the most popular dance craze of the 1960s because it broke away from the trend of partner dancing enabling people to perform on their own.[103][104][105]

Hip-Hop Social Dances
Influences
The Charleston, the Twist, the Boogaloo, the Good Foot, the Funky Chicken
1980s-1990s social dances
Two-step, the Wop, the Cabbage Patch, the Roger Rabbit, the Running Man, the Rooftop, the Hammer dance, the Humpty, the Worm, Kriss-Cross, the Bartman, the Butterfly*, the Kid 'n Play kick-step
2000s-2010s social dances
Toe Wop, Harlem shake, the Chicken Noodle Soup, the Reject**, the Dougie, the Cat Daddy, Getting Lite, Shoulder Lean, Swag Surfin', Bernie Lean, Whip/Nae Nae, Twerking, the Dab
Line dances
Cha Cha slide, Cupid shuffle, the Soulja Boy
*The Butterfly came from Jamaica.[106]
**The Reject is one of many dance moves used inJerkin'.

James Brown was a major contributor to social dance. He popularized several fad dances in the 1970s such as theMashed Potato,[107]the Boogaloo, and the Good Foot. His accompanying songs to these dances include "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes","Do the Boogaloo ", and"Get on the Good Foot".The song" Do the Boogaloo "influenced Boogaloo Sam when he created the boogaloo dance style,[63]and the Good Foot triggered the creation of breaking.[1]In addition, James Brown also popularized the Funky Chicken, which was a major influence to Don Campbell when he created locking.[43]In an interview withNPR,Lockers' member Adolpho "Shabba Doo" Quiñones stated "We're all children of James Brown... And you know, if James Brown was our father then you'd have to sayDon Corneliuswas our great uncle. "[108]

In 1970, Don Cornelius createdSoul Train.[109]Before officially becoming a crew, members of The Lockers made several appearances on this show.[45]They introduced different dance moves such as the Robot, Which-Aways, and the Stop-and-Go during the "Dance of the Week" segment of the broadcast.[108]Discowas very popular during the 1970s, so some dance styles at that time such aswaackingandhustlestemmed from disco music rather than funk.[110][111]Hip-hop became more mainstream in the 1980s, and this surge in interest combined with the popularity ofSoul Trainkick-started the rise of hip-hop social dancing.

One of the more popular social dances created during the 1980s was the Cabbage Patch. The rap groupGucci Crew IIcreated the dance and introduced it in their 1987 song of the same name, "The Cabbage Patch".[112]Another popular social dance was the Roger Rabbit. This dance imitates the floppy movements of the lead cartoon character as seen in the 1988 filmWho Framed Roger Rabbit.[113]The rap duoKid 'n Playcreated the Kid 'n Play kick-step and performed it in their 1990 movieHouse Party.It is a variation on the Charleston with elements of the Roger Rabbit and the Running Man.[114]TheRunning Manis one of the most recognizable hip-hop social dances. According toEssencemagazine,Paula Abdulcreated the Running Man and taught the dance to Janet Jackson when she was working as her choreographer during Jackson'sControlera.[115][note 6]Jackson further popularized the dance when she performed it in her 1989 music video "Rhythm Nation",and rapper MC Hammer kept the fervor going when he started to do the Running Man in his performances.[115]The pop duoLMFAObrought the Running Man back into the mainstream with their song "Party Rock Anthem",which was named the 2011 song of the summer byBillboard.com.[117]The accompanying dance in the song called The Shuffle combines three social dances: the Running Man, the (half) Charleston, and the T-step.[102]

DJ Troy "Webstar" Ryan and Bianca "Young B" Dupree released the song "Chicken Noodle Soup"in 2006. The dance was so popular, at one point YouTube had over 2,000 video clips of kids performing it.[118]The song sold 335,000 ringtones, but it was not strong enough to sustain momentum for the full length album "Webstar Presents: Caught in the Web",which was not successful.[118]For this reason, the Chicken Noodle Soup song and dance faded. TheDougiecomes from Dallas, Texas.[119]The dance was named after the 1980s rapperDoug E. Freshand popularized in the 2010 song "Teach Me How to Dougie"by the rap groupCali Swag District.[119]According to theWall Street Journal,the Dougie has been particularly popular as a celebratory dance among professional athletes.[119]In 2010,CNNnews anchorWolf Blitzerperformed the Dougie at theSoul Train Music Awards.[120]

Line dances

[edit]

The Cha Cha Slide, the Cupid Shuffle, and the Soulja Boy are examples of urban line dances that were created from hip-hop songs of the same name. These line dances have the same premise as the more widely know Electric Slide. There are variations to the Electric Slide, but the dance is always performed to the song "Electric Boogie" byMarcia Griffiths.[121]In keeping with this tradition, the Cha Cha Slide, the Cupid Shuffle, and the Soulja Boy are always performed to their respective songs.

DJ Willie "Casper" Perry created the song "Cha Cha Slide"in 1996 for a personal trainer in his hometown Chicago.[122]It did not get commercial airplay until 2000 when Chicago radio stationWGCI-FMstarted playing the song as part of its rotation. Soon after, other radio stations across the United States also started playing the song, and this increase in popularity led to a record deal with Universal Music Group.[123]After securing a deal, the label began producing and distributing instructional videos of the dance to nightclubs, which helped spread its popularity.[123]On February 20, 2011, dancers inAnaheim, Californiaset aGuinness world recordwhen 2,387 people performed the dance at the Anaheim Convention Center.[124]

The song "Cupid Shuffle"was released in February 2007 by singer Bryson" Cupid "Bernard fromLafayette, Louisiana.In August 2007, 17,000 people set a world record when they performed the Cupid Shuffle (dance) to his song in Atlanta.[118]The Soulja Boy dance became popular throughMySpacewhen rapper DeAndre "Soulja Boy"Way posted his song"Crank That"to his MySpace page and uploaded an accompanying instructional video showing viewers how to perform the dance. After amassing more than 16 million page views, he was signed to Interscope Records.[118]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^Crazy Legs invented the continuous back spin, commonly called thewindmill.[14]
  2. ^The Mighty Zulu Kings were founded byAfrika Bambaataain 1973.[19]
  3. ^Wayne "Frosty Freeze" Frost died on April 3, 2008. He invented thesuicide,a move in which a b-boy does a front flip and lands on their back.[21]
  4. ^Richard "Crazy Legs" Colón was one ofJennifer Beals' body doubles inFlashdance.[22]
  5. ^B-boy Crazy Legs invented the windmill (continuous back spin) and 1990 (continuous hand spin) b-boy moves by accident.[14]
  6. ^Paula Abdul also choreographed the 1987 filmThe Running Man.[116]

References

[edit]

Citations

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