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The Shire
Middle-earthlocation
Part of the Shire created forPeter Jackson's films ofMiddle-earth,on a farm near Matamata, New Zealand
First appearanceThe Hobbit
Created byJ. R. R. Tolkien
GenreHigh fantasy
In-universe information
TypeRegion
RulerThain, Mayor
Ethnic group(s)Harfoots,Stoors,Fallohides
Race(s)Hobbits
LocationNorthwest ofMiddle-earth
CapitalMichel Delving on the White Downs

The Shireis a region ofJ. R. R. Tolkien's fictionalMiddle-earth,described inThe Lord of the Ringsand other works. The Shire is an inland area settled exclusively byhobbits,theShire-folk,largely sheltered from the goings-on in the rest of Middle-earth. It is in the northwest of the continent, in the region ofEriadorand the Kingdom of Arnor.

The Shire is the scene of action at the beginning and end of Tolkien'sThe HobbitandThe Lord of the Rings.Five of the protagonists in these stories have their homeland in the Shire:Bilbo Baggins(thetitle characterofThe Hobbit), and four members of theFellowship of the Ring:Frodo Baggins,Samwise Gamgee,Merry Brandybuck,andPippin Took.At the end ofThe Hobbit,Bilbo returns to the Shire, only to find out that he has been declared "missing and presumed dead" and thathis hobbit-holeand all its contents are up for auction. (He reclaims them, much to the spite of his cousins Otho andLobelia Sackville-Baggins.) The main action inThe Lord of the Ringsreturns to the Shire near the end of the book, in "The Scouring of the Shire",when the homebound hobbits find the area under the control ofSaruman's ruffians, and set things to rights.

Tolkien based the Shire's landscapes, climate, flora, fauna, and placenames onWorcestershire,a rural county inEnglandwhere he lived. InPeter Jackson's films of bothThe HobbitandThe Lord of the Rings,the Shire was represented by countryside and constructed hobbit-holes on a farm nearMatamatain New Zealand, which becamea tourist destination.

Fictional description

[edit]
Sketch map of the Shire

Tolkien took considerable trouble over the exact details of the Shire. Little of his carefully crafted[1]fictional geography, history, calendar, and constitution appeared inThe HobbitorThe Lord of the Rings,though additional details were given in the Appendices of later editions. The Tolkien scholarTom Shippeycomments that all the same, they provided the "depth",the feeling in the reader's mind that this was a real and complex place, a quality that Tolkien believed essential to a successful fantasy.[2]

Geography

[edit]
Further information:Tolkien's mapsandGeography of Middle-earth

Four farthings

[edit]

In Tolkien's fiction, the Shire is described as a small but beautiful, idyllic and fruitful land, beloved by itshobbitinhabitants. They hadagriculturebut were not industrialized. The landscape includeddownlandand woods like the Englishcountryside.The Shire was fully inland; most hobbits fearedthe Sea.[T 1]The Shire measured 40leagues(193 km, 120 miles)[T 2]east to west and 50 leagues (241 km, 150 miles) from north to south, with an area of some 18,000 square miles (47,000 km2):[T 1][T 3]roughly that of the EnglishMidlands. The main and oldest part of the Shire was bordered to the east by the Brandywine River, on the north by uplands rising to theHills of Evendim,on the west by the Far Downs, and on the south by marshland. It expanded to the east into Buckland between the Brandywine and theOld Forest,and (much later) to the west into the Westmarch between the Far Downs and the Tower Hills.[T 1][T 4][1]

TheFour Shire Stone,where four counties[a]of the West of England once met
Iceland was once divided into four Farthings—North, South, East, and West.[3]

The Shire was subdivided into four Farthings ( "fourth-ings", "quarterings" ),[T 5]as Iceland once was;[3]similarly,Yorkshirewas historically divided into three "ridings".[4]The Three-Farthing Stone marked the approximate centre of the Shire.[T 6]It was inspired by theFour Shire StonenearMoreton-in-Marsh,where once four counties met, but since 1931 only three do.[5][b]There are several Three Shire Stones in England, such asin the Lake District,[7]and formerly some Three Shires Oaks, such asat Whitwell in Derbyshire,each marking the place where three counties once met.[8]Pippin was born in Whitwell in the Tookland.[T 7] Within the Farthings there are unofficial clan homelands: the Tooks nearly all live in or near Tuckborough in Tookland's Green Hill Country.[1][c]

Buckland

[edit]

Buckland, also known as the "East Marches", was just to the east of the Shire across the Brandywine River. Named for the Brandybuck family, it was settled "long ago" as "a sort of colony of the Shire."[10]It included Crickhollow, which serves as one ofFrodo's five Homely Houses.[11]

The Westmarch or West Marches was given to the Shire by KingElessarafter the War of the Ring.[T 5][T 8]

Bree

[edit]
Main article:Bree, Middle-earth

To the east of the Shire was the isolated village ofBree,unique in having hobbits and men living side-by-side. It was served by aninnnamedThe Prancing Pony,[T 9]noted for its finebeerwhich was sampled by hobbits, men, and the wizardGandalf.[T 10]Many inhabitants of Bree, including the inn's landlord Barliman Butterbur, had surnames taken from plants. Tolkien described thebutterburas "a fat thick plant", evidently chosen as appropriate for a fat man.[T 11][12]Tolkien suggested two different origins for the people of Bree: either it had been founded and populated by men of theEdainwho did not reachBeleriandin the First Age, remaining east of the mountains inEriador;or they came from the same stock as theDunlendings.[T 9][T 12] The nameBreemeans "hill"; Tolkien justified the name by arranging the village and the surrounding Bree-land around a large hill, named Bree-hill. The name of the villageBrill,inBuckinghamshire,a place that Tolkien often visited,[T 13][13]and which inspired him to create Bree,[T 13]has the same meaning:Brillis a modern contraction ofBreʒ-hyll.Both syllables are words for "hill" – the first isCelticand the secondOld English.[14]

History

[edit]
Further information:The Scouring of the Shire

The Shire was first settled by hobbits in the year 1601 of theThird Age(Year 1 in Shire Reckoning); they were led by the brothers Marcho and Blanco. The hobbits from the vale ofAnduinhad migrated west over the perilousMisty Mountains,living in the wilds ofEriadorbefore moving to the Shire.[1]

After the fall of Arnor, the Shire remained a self-governing realm; the Shire-folk chose a Thain to hold the king's powers. The first Thains were the heads of the Oldbuck clan. When the Oldbucks settled Buckland, the position of Thain was peacefully transferred to the Took clan. The Shire was covertly protected byRangers of the North,who watched the borders and kept out intruders. Generally the only strangers entering the Shire wereDwarvestravelling on the Great Road from their mines in theBlue Mountains,and occasionalElveson their way to the Grey Havens. InS.R.1147 the hobbits defeated an invasion ofOrcsat the Battle of Greenfields. InS.R.1158–60, thousands of hobbits perished in the Long Winter and the famine that followed.[T 14]In the Fell Winter ofS.R.1311–12,white wolvesfrom Forodwaith invaded the Shire across the frozenBrandywineriver.

The house ofBilboand laterFrodo Bagginsat Bag End, Hobbiton as filmed in New Zealand

The protagonists ofThe HobbitandLord of the Rings,Bilboand Frodo Baggins, lived atBag End,[d]a luxurioussmialor hobbit-burrow, dug into The Hill on the north side of the town of Hobbiton in the Westfarthing. It was the most comfortable hobbit-dwelling in the town; there were smaller burrows further down The Hill.[e]InS.R.1341Bilbo Bagginsleft the Shire on the quest recounted inThe Hobbit.He returned the following year, secretly bearing a magic ring. This turned out to be theOne Ring.The Shire was invaded by fourRingwraithsin search of the Ring.[T 10]WhileFrodo,Sam,Merry,andPippinwere away on the quest to destroy the Ring, the Shire was taken over bySarumanthrough his underling Lotho Sackville-Baggins. They ran the Shire in a parody of a modern state, complete with armed ruffians, destruction of trees and handsome old buildings, and ugly industrialisation.[T 15]

The Shire was liberated with the help of Frodo and his companions on their return at the Battle of Bywater (the final battle of theWar of the Ring).[T 15]The trees of the Shire were restored with soil fromGaladriel's garden inLothlórien(a gift to Sam). The yearS.R.1420 was considered by the inhabitants of the Shire to be the most productive and prosperous year in their history.[T 16]

Language

[edit]
According toTom Shippey,Tolkien invented parts ofMiddle-earthto resolve the linguistic puzzle he had accidentally created by using different European languages for those of peoples in his legendarium.[18]

The hobbits of the Shire spoke Middle-earth'sWestron or Common Speech.Tolkien however rendered their language asmodern EnglishinThe Hobbitand inLord of the Rings,just as he had usedOld Norsenames for the Dwarves. To resolve this linguistic puzzle, he created the fiction that the languages of parts of Middle-earth were "translated" into different European languages, inventing the language of the Riders ofRohan,Rohirric,to be "translated" again as theMerciandialect ofOld Englishwhich he knew well.[18][T 17]This set up a relationship something like ancestry between Rohan and the Shire.[18]

Government

[edit]

The Shire had little in the way of government. The Mayor of the Shire's capital, Michel Delving, was the chief official and was treated in practice as the Mayor of the Shire.[19]There was aMessage Servicefor post, and the 12 "Shirriffs"(three for each Farthing) of theWatchfor police; their chief duties were rounding up stray livestock. These were supplemented by a varying number of "Bounders",[f]an unofficial border force. At the time ofThe Lord of the Rings,there were many more Bounders than usual, one of the few signs for the hobbits of that troubled time. The heads of major families exerted authority over their own areas.[1]

The Master of Buckland, hereditary head of the Brandybuck clan, ruled Buckland and had some authority over the Marish, just across the Brandywine River.[1]

Similarly, the head of the Took clan, often called "The Took", ruled the ancestral Took dwelling of Great Smials, the village of Tuckborough, and the area ofThe Tookland.[1]He held the largely ceremonial office of Thain of the Shire.[19]

Calendar

[edit]
See also:Númenor § Calendar

Tolkien devised the "Shire calendar" or "Shire Reckoning" supposedly used by the Shire's hobbits onBede's medieval calendar. In his fiction, it was created inRhovanionhundreds of years before the Shire was founded. When hobbits migrated into Eriador, they took up the Kings' Reckoning, but maintained their old names of the months. In the "King's Reckoning", the year began on thewinter solstice.After migrating further to the Shire, the hobbits created the "Shire Reckoning", in which Year 1 corresponded to the foundation of the Shire in the year 1601 of the Third Age by Marcho and Blanco.[1][T 18]The Shire's calendar year has 12 months, each of 30 days. Five non-month days are added to create a 365-day year. The twoYuledayssignify the turn of the year, so each year begins on 2 Yule. TheLithedaysare the three non-month days at midsummer, 1 Lithe, Mid-year's Day, and 2 Lithe. Inleap years(every fourth year except centennial years) anOverlitheday is added after Mid-year's Day. There are seven days in the Shire week. The first day of the week isSterdayand the last isHighday.The Mid-year's Day and, when present,Overlithehave no weekday assignments. This causes every day to have the same weekday designation from year to year, instead of changing as in theGregorian calendar.[T 18]

For the names of the months, Tolkien reconstructedAnglo-Saxon names,his take on what the English would be if it had not adoptedLatinnames for the months such as January and March. InThe HobbitandThe Lord of the Rings,the names of months and week-days are given in modern equivalents, soAfteryuleis called "January" andSterdayis called "Saturday".[T 18]

Inspiration

[edit]

Further information:England in Middle-earth

A calque upon England

[edit]

Shippey writes that not only is the Shirereminiscent of England:Tolkien carefully constructed the Shire as an element-by-elementcalqueupon England.[23][g]

Tom Shippey's analysis of Tolkien'scalqueof the Shire uponEngland[23]
Element The Shire England
Origin of people The Angle between the Rivers Hoarwell (Mitheithel) and the Loudwater (Bruinen) from the East (acrossEriador)
 The Angle betweenFlensburg Fjordand theSchlei,from the East (across theNorth Sea), hence the name "England"
Original three tribes Stoors, Harfoots, Fallohides Angles,Saxons,Jutes[h]
Legendary founders
named "horse"[i]		 Marcho and Blanco Hengest and Horsa
Length of civil peace 272 years from Battle of Greenfields to Battle of Bywater 270 years fromBattle of SedgemoortoLord of the Rings
Organisation Mayors, moots, Shirriffs Like "an old-fashioned and idealised England"
Surnames e.g. Banks, Boffin, Bolger, Bracegirdle,Brandybuck,Brockhouse, Chubb, Cotton, Fairbairns, Grubb, Hayward, Hornblower, Noakes, Proudfoot,Took,Underhill, Whitfoot All are real English surnames. Tolkien comments e.g. that 'Bracegirdle' is "used in the text, of course, with reference to the hobbit tendency to be fat and so to strain their belts".[T 19]
Placenames e.g. "Nobottle"
e.g. "Buckland"		 Nobottle, Northamptonshire
Buckland, Oxfordshire
Industrial buildings by theWorcester and Birmingham CanalnearTardebigge,Worcestershire

There are other connections; Tolkien equated the latitude of Hobbiton with that ofOxford(i.e., around 52° N).[T 20]The Shire corresponds roughly to theWest Midlands regionof England in the remote past, extending toWorcestershire(where Tolkien grew up), forming in Shippey's words a "cultural unit with deep roots in history".[26]The name of theNorthamptonshirevillage ofFarthinghoetriggered the idea of dividing the Shire into Farthings.[6]Tolkien said that pipe-weed "flourishes only in warm sheltered places like Longbottom;"[T 1]in the seventeenth century, the Evesham area of Worcestershire was well known for its tobacco.[27]

Homely names

[edit]

Tolkien made the Shire feel homely and English in a variety of ways, from names such as Bagshot Row[j]and the Mill to country pubs with familiar names such as "The Green Dragon" in Bywater,[k]"The Ivy Bush" near Hobbiton on the Bywater Road,[l]and "The Golden Perch" inStock,famous for its fine beer.[30][31][32]Michael Stanton comments in theJ.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopediathat the Shire is based partly on Tolkien's childhood atSarehole,partly on English village life in general with, in Tolkien's words, "gardens, trees, and unmechanized farmland".[1][T 21]The Shire's capital, Michel Delving, embodies a philologicalpun:the name sounds much like that of anEnglish country town,but means "Much Digging" of hobbit-holes, fromOld Englishmicel,"great" anddelfan,"to dig".[33]

Childhood experience

[edit]

The industrialization of the Shire was based on Tolkien's childhood experience of the blighting of the Worcestershire countryside by the spread ofheavy industryas the city ofBirminghamgrew.[T 22][34]"The Scouring of the Shire",involving a rebellion of the hobbits and the restoration of the pre-industrial Shire, can be read as containing an element of wish-fulfilment on his part, complete with Merry's magic horn to rouse the inhabitants to action.[35]

Adaptations

[edit]

Film

[edit]

The Shire makes an appearance in both the1977The Hobbit[36]and the1978The Lord of the Ringsanimated films.[37]

InPeter Jackson'sThe Lord of the Ringsmotion picture trilogy,the Shire appeared in bothThe Fellowship of the RingandThe Return of the King.The Shire scenes were shot at a location nearMatamata, New Zealand.Following the shooting, the area was returned to its natural state, but even without the set from the movie the area becamea prime tourist location.Because of bad weather, 18 of 37 hobbit-holes could not immediately be bulldozed; before work could restart, they were attracting over 12,000 tourists per year to Ian Alexander's farm, where Hobbiton and Bag End had been situated.[38]

Jackson's Bree is constantly unpleasant and threatening, complete with special effects and the Eye ofSauronwhen Frodo puts on the Ring.[39]InRalph Bakshi's animated 1978 adaptation ofThe Lord of the Rings,Alan Tilvern voiced Bakshi's Butterbur (as "Innkeeper" );[40]David Weatherleyplayed Butterbur in Jackson's epic,[41]whileJames Groutplayed him inBBC Radio's 1981 serialization ofThe Lord of the Rings.[42]In the 1991 low-budget Russian adaptation ofThe Fellowship of the Ring,Khraniteli,Butterbur appears as "Lavr Narkiss", played by Nikolay Burov.[43][44]In Yle's 1993 television miniseriesHobitit,Butterbur ( "Viljami Voivalvatti" in Finnish, meaning "William Butter" ) was played by Mikko Kivinen.[45]Bree and Bree-land can be explored in the PC gameThe Lord of the Rings Online.[46]

Jackson revisited the Shire for his filmsThe Hobbit: An Unexpected JourneyandThe Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.The Shire scenes were shot at the same location.[47]

Games

[edit]

In the 2006real-time strategy gameThe Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle Earth II,the Shire appears as both a level in the evil campaign where the player invades in control of a goblin army, and as a map in the game's multiplayer skirmish mode.[48]

In the 2007MMORPGThe Lord of the Rings Online,the Shire appears almost in its entirety as one of the major regions of the game. The Shire is inhabited by hundreds ofnon-player characters,and the player can get involved in hundreds of quests. The only portions of the original map by Christopher Tolkien that are missing from the game are some parts of the West Farthing and the majority of the South Farthing. A portion of the North Farthing also falls within the in-game region of Evendim for game play purposes.[49]

In the 2009action gameThe Lord of the Rings: Conquest,the Shire appears as one of the game's battlegrounds during the evil campaign, where it is razed by the forces ofMordor.[50]

Games Workshop produced a supplement in 2004 forThe Lord of the RingsStrategy Battle Game entitledThe Scouring of the Shire.This supplement contained rules for a large number of miniatures that depicted the Shire after the War of the Ring had concluded.[51]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Warwickshire,Oxfordshire,Gloucestershire,andWorcestershire
  2. ^Tom Shippey states that the placenameFarthinghoe(inNorthamptonshire) triggered Tolkien's thoughts on the matter.[6]
  3. ^The Green Hill Country around the Tuckborough road may have been named for Green Hill Road near Mosely where Tolkien's grandparents lived.[9]
  4. ^"Bag End" was the real name of theWorcestershirehome of Tolkien's aunt Jane Neave inDormston.[16][17]
  5. ^Tolkien's visualization of Bag End can be found inhis illustrations forThe Hobbit.HiswatercolourThe Hill: Hobbiton-across-the Watershows the exterior and the surrounding countryside, whilstThe Hall at Bag-End[sic] depicts the interior.
  6. ^"Bounder" here means a person who guards a boundary. The term is a pun; in Tolkien's time it also meant a dishonourable fellow.[20]
  7. ^For another of Tolkien's calques analysed by Shippey,[24]seeThe Silmarillion§ Themes.
  8. ^Shippey comments that both nations have forgotten their origins.[25]
  9. ^Old English:hengest,stallion;hors,horse; *marh,horse, cf "mare";blanca,white horse inBeowulf[23]
  10. ^Bagshotis a village inSurrey,and sounds as if it is connected to Baggins and Bag End.
  11. ^There was aGreen Dragonpub inSt Aldate'sin Oxford in Tolkien's time.[28]
  12. ^There is an Ivy Bush pub on theHagley Roadnear where Tolkien lived in Birmingham.[29]

References

[edit]

Primary

[edit]
  1. ^abcdTolkien 1954a,Prologue
  2. ^Tolkien takes a league to be 3 miles, seeUnfinished Tales,The Disaster of the Gladden Fields, Appendix on Númenórean Measure.
  3. ^Tolkien 1975,"Farthing", "Shire"
  4. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix B and Appendix C.
  5. ^abTolkien 1954a,"Prologue": "Of the Ordering of the Shire"
  6. ^Tolkien 1954a,Map of a part of the Shire.
  7. ^Tolkien 1955,book 5, ch. 1 "Minas Tirith"
  8. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix B
  9. ^abTolkien 1954a,book 1, ch. 9 "At the Sign of the Prancing Pony"
  10. ^abTolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond"
  11. ^Tolkien 1975,"Butterbur"
  12. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix F
  13. ^abTolkien 1988,ch. 7, p. 131, note 6. "Bree... [was] based on Brill... a place which he knew well".
  14. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix B, "Third Age"
  15. ^abTolkien 1955,book 6, ch. 8 "The Scouring of the Shire"
  16. ^Tolkien 1955,book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"
  17. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix F, On Translation
  18. ^abcTolkien 1955,"Appendix D: Calendars"
  19. ^Tolkien, J. R. R.(1967)Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings.Available inA Tolkien Compass(1975) and inThe Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion(2005), and online atGuide to the Names in The Lord of the Ringson Academia.edu.
  20. ^Carpenter 2023,Letters#294 to C. & D. Plimmer, 8 February 1967
  21. ^Carpenter 2023,Letters#213 to Deborah Webster, 25 October 1958
  22. ^Tolkien 1954a,"Foreword to the Second Edition"

Secondary

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghiStanton 2013,pp. 607–608.
  2. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 117–118.
  3. ^ab"Insvlae Islandiae delineatio".Islandskort.Retrieved24 February2020.
  4. ^Mills, A. D. (1993). "Riding, East, North, & West".A Dictionary of English Place-Names.Oxford University Press.p. 272.ISBN0192831313.
  5. ^"Moreton-in-Marsh Tourist Information and Travel Guide".cotswolds.info.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2024.Retrieved20 May2024.
  6. ^abShippey 2005,p. 114.
  7. ^"Iconic Lake District Three Shires Stone is toppled".The Westmorland Gazette. 12 August 2017.
  8. ^"Whitwell Wood".Cheshire Now.Retrieved4 August2020.
  9. ^Blackham, Robert S. (2012).J.R.R. Tolkien: Inspiring Lives.History Press. p. 88.ISBN978-0-7524-9097-7.
  10. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 1, ch. 5 "A Conspiracy Unmasked"
  11. ^Shippey, Tom(2001).J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century.HarperCollins.p. 65.ISBN978-0261-10401-3.
  12. ^Judd, Walter S.;Judd, Graham A. (2017).Flora of Middle-Earth: Plants of J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium.Oxford University Press.pp. 342–344.ISBN978-0-19-027631-7.
  13. ^Tom Shippey,Tolkien and Iceland: The Philology of EnvyArchived2007-10-14 at theWayback Machine
  14. ^abMills, A. D. (1993). "Brill".A Dictionary of English Place-Names.Oxford University Press.p. 52.ISBN0192831313.
  15. ^""The Prancing Pony by Barliman Butterbur""(PDF).ADCBooks. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 April 2013.Retrieved26 September2014.
  16. ^"Lord of the Rings inspiration in the archives".Explore the Past (Worcestershire Historic Environment Record).29 May 2013.
  17. ^Morton, Andrew(2009).Tolkien's Bag End.Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin Books.ISBN978-1-85858-455-3.OCLC551485018.Morton wrotean account of his findingsfor the Tolkien Library.
  18. ^abcShippey 2005,pp. 131–133.
  19. ^abThe Fellowship of the Ring,"Prologue", "Of the Ordering of the Shire"
  20. ^"bounder".Cambridge Dictionary.Retrieved13 September2021.
  21. ^Frank Merry Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England,Oxford University Press, 1971,97f.; M. P. Nilsson,Primitive Time-Reckoning. A Study in the Origins and Development of the Art of Counting Time among the Primitive and Early Culture Peoples,Lund, 1920; c.f. Stephanie Hollis, Michael Wright,Old English Prose of Secular Learning,Annotated Bibliographies of Old and Middle English literature vol. 4, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1992,p. 194.
  22. ^Bede, [the venerable](1999). "Chapter 15 – The English months". In Willis, Faith (ed.).Bede: The Reckoning of Time.Liverpool University Press. pp. 53–54.translated with introduction, notes, and commentary by Faith Willis
  23. ^abcShippey 2005,pp. 115–118.
  24. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 267–268.
  25. ^Shippey 2005,p. 116.
  26. ^Shippey, Tom.Tolkien and the West Midlands: The Roots of Romance,Lembas Extra (1995), reprinted inRoots and Branches,Walking Tree (2007);map
  27. ^Hooker, Mark T. (2009).The Hobbitonian Anthology.Llyfrawr. p. 92.ISBN978-1448617012.
  28. ^Garth, John(2020).Tolkien's Worlds: The Places That Inspired the Writer's Imagination.Quarto Publishing. p. 20.ISBN978-0-7112-4127-5.
  29. ^"Tolkien-Themed Walk – 1st March 2015".Birmingham Conservation Trust. 13 February 2015.Retrieved23 March2020.We pass the Ivy Bush where old Ham Gamgee held court
  30. ^Duriez, Colin(1992).The J.R.R. Tolkien Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to His Life, Writings, and World of Middle-earth.Baker Book House. pp. 121ff.ISBN978-0-8010-3014-7.
  31. ^Tyler, J. E. A.(1976).The Tolkien Companion.Macmillan. p. 201.ISBN9780333196335.
  32. ^Rateliff, John D.(2009)."A Kind of Elvish Craft': Tolkien as Literary Craftsman".Tolkien Studies.6.West Virginia University Press: 11ff.doi:10.1353/tks.0.0048.S2CID170947885.
  33. ^Hammond, Wayne G.;Scull, Christina(2005).The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion.HarperCollins. p. 26.ISBN978-0-00-720907-1.
  34. ^"Find the inspiration for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit in the British countryside".www.countryfile.com.Retrieved22 October2023.
  35. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 198–199.
  36. ^Gilkeson, Austin (17 September 2018)."1977's The Hobbit Showed Us the Future of Pop Culture".TOR.Retrieved12 April2020.
  37. ^Langford, Barry (2013) [2007]. "Bakshi, Ralph (1938-)". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment.Routledge.pp. 47–49.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  38. ^Huffstutter, P. J. (24 October 2003)."Not Just a Tolkien Amount".Los Angeles Times.
  39. ^Croft, Janet Brennan(2005). "Mithril Coats and Tin Ears: 'Anticipation' and 'Flattening' in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings Films". InCroft, Janet Brennan(ed.).Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings.Mythopoeic Press.p. 68.ISBN1-887726-09-8.
  40. ^"Innkeeper".Behind the Voice Actors.Retrieved25 September2020.
  41. ^"David Weatherley".RBA Management. Archived fromthe originalon 30 March 2022.Retrieved25 September2020.
  42. ^"Inspector Morse actor James Grout dies at 84".BBC News.5 July 2012.Retrieved25 September2020.
  43. ^"[Khraniteli] The Fellowship of the Ring (1991-): Full Cast & Crew".IMDb.Retrieved7 April2021.
  44. ^Vasilieva, Anna (31 March 2021).""Хранители" и "Властелин Колец": кто исполнил роли в культовых экранизациях РФ и США "[ "Keepers" and "The Lord of the Rings": who played the roles in the cult film adaptations of the Russian Federation and the USA] (in Russian). 5 TV.Archivedfrom the original on 13 June 2021.Retrieved6 April2021.
  45. ^"Barliman Butterbur".WhatCharacter.Retrieved25 September2020.
  46. ^Porter, Jason (22 May 2007)."Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar".GameChronicles.Retrieved25 September2020.
  47. ^Bray, Adam (21 May 2012)."Hanging out in Hobbiton".CNN.Retrieved20 November2013.
  48. ^Ocampo, Jason (2 March 2006)."Review The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Review".Retrieved12 April2020.
  49. ^"The Lord of the Rings Online Vault: The Shire".IGN.Retrieved12 April2020.
  50. ^Wolfe, Adam (6 February 2009)."Trophy Guide – The Lord of the Rings: Conquest".Playstation Lifestyle.Retrieved12 April2020.
  51. ^"The Scouring of the Shire".Games Workshop.Retrieved12 April2020.

Sources

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