Hockey
Hockeyis a term used to denote a family of various types of both summer and winter team sports which originated on either an outdoor field, sheet of ice, or dry floor such as in a gymnasium. While these sports vary in specific rules, numbers of players, apparel, and playing surface, they share broad characteristics of two opposing teams using a stick to propel a ball or disk into a goal.
There are many types of hockey. Some games make the use of skates, either wheeled orbladed,while others do not. In order to help make the distinction between these various games, the wordhockeyis often preceded by another word i.e.field hockey,ice hockey,roller hockey,rink hockey,orfloor hockey.
In each of these sports, two teams play against each other by trying to manoeuvre the object of play, either a type of ball or adisk(such as apuck), into the opponent's goal using ahockey stick.Two notable exceptions use a straight stick and an open disk (still referred to as apuck) with a hole in the center instead. The first case is a style of floor hockey whose rules were codified in 1936 during theGreat Depressionby Canada'sSam Jacks.The second case involves a variant which was later modified in roughly the 1970s to make a related game that would be considered suitable for inclusion as a team sport in the newly emerging Special Olympics. The floor game ofgym ringette,though related to floor hockey, is not a true variant due to the fact that it was designed in the 1990s and modelled off of the Canadian ice skating team sport ofringette,which was invented in Canada in 1963. Ringette was also invented by Sam Jacks, the same Canadian who codified the rules for the open disk style of floor hockey 1936.
Certain sports which share general characteristics with the forms of hockey, but are not generally referred to as hockey includelacrosse,hurling,camogie,andshinty.
Etymology
The first recorded use of the wordhockeyis in the 1773 bookJuvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Educationby Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey".[1]The belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation byKing Edward III of England[2]is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam".[3][4]The English historian and biographerJohn Strypedid not use the word "hockey" when he translated the proclamation in 1720, instead translating "Canibucam" as "Cambuck";[5]this may have referred to either an early form of hockey or a game more similar to golf or croquet.[6]
The wordhockeyitself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative ofhoquet,aMiddle Frenchword for ashepherd's stave.[7]The curved, or "hooked" ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves, and similar folk etymologies exist for the bat-and-ball sports ofCroquetandCricket.Another supposition derives from the known use of cork bungs (stoppers), in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing "hock" ale, also called "hocky".[8]
Modern usage
In most of the world, the termhockeywhen used without clarification refers tofield hockey,while in Canada, the United States, Russia and most ofEasternandNorthern Europe,the term usually refers toice hockey.[9]
In more recent history, the word "hockey" is used in reference to either the summer Olympic sport of field hockey, which is a stick and ball game, and the winter ice team skating sports ofbandyandice hockey.This is due to the fact that field hockey and other stick and ball sports and their related variants preceded games which would eventually be played on ice with ice skates, namely bandy and ice hockey, as well as sports involving dry floors such asroller hockeyandfloor hockey.However, the "hockey" referred to in common parlance often depends on locale, geography, and the size and popularity of the sport involved. For example, in Europe, "hockey" more typically refers to field hockey, whereas in Canada, it typically refers to ice hockey. In the case ofbandy,the game was initially called "hockey on the ice" and preceded the organization and development of ice hockey, but was officially changed to "bandy" in the early 20th century in order to avoid confusion with ice hockey, a separate sport. Bandy, while related to other hockey games, derives some of its inspiration fromAssociation football.
Sledge hockey,a variant of ice hockey designed for players with physical disabilities, was created in the 1960s and has since been renamed, "Para-ice hockey".[10]
History
Games played withcurved sticksand a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. InEgypt,4000-year-old carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile,hurlingdates to before 1272 BC inIreland,and there is a depiction from approximately 600 BC inAncient Greece,where the game may have been calledkerētízein(κερητίζειν) because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick (kéras,κέρας).[11]InInner Mongolia,theDaur peoplehave been playingbeikou,a game similar to modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.[12]
Most evidence of hockey-like games during theMiddle Agesis found in legislation concerning sports and games. TheGalwayStatute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, including games using "hooked" (written "hockie", similar to "hooky" ) sticks.[13]
...at no tyme to use ne occupye the horlinge of the litill balle with hockie stickes or staves, nor use no hande ball to play withoute walles, but only greate foote balle[14]
Bandy, ». a game, like that of Golf, in which the ad- verse parties endeavour to beat a ball (generally a knob or gnarl from the trunk of a tree,) opposite ways...the stick with which the game is played is crook'd at the end.[15]
By the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, and national and international bodies sprang up to manage domestic and international competition.
Subtypes
Bandy
Bandy is played with aballon afootball pitch-sized ice arena (bandy rink), typically outdoors, and with many rules similar toassociation football.It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden. The sport is recognized by theIOC;its international governing body is theFederation of International Bandy.
Bandy has its roots in England in the 19th century, was originally called "hockey on the ice",[16]and spread from England to other European countries around 1900; a similar Russian sport can also be seen as a predecessor and in Russia, bandy is sometimes called "Russian hockey".Bandy World Championshipshave been played since 1957 andWomen's Bandy World Championshipssince 2004. There are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in theBandy World Cupevery year.
Field hockey
Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-basedartificial turf,with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm (2.9 in) in diameter. The game is popular among both men and women in many parts of the world, particularly inEurope,Asia,Australia,New Zealand,South Africa,andArgentina.In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex.
The governing body is the 126-memberInternational Hockey Federation(FIH). Men's field hockey has been played at eachSummer Olympic Gamessince 1908 except for 1912 and 1924, while women's field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic Games since 1980.
Modernfield hockey sticksare constructed of a composite of wood, glass fibre or carbon fibre (sometimes both) and are J-shaped, with a curved hook at the playing end, a flat surface on the playing side and a curved surface on the rear side. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted.
While field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th centuryEngland,primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 atBlackheathin south-eastLondon.Field hockey is thenational sportofPakistan.[17]It was the national sport ofIndiauntil theMinistry of Youth Affairs and Sportsdeclared in August 2012 that India has no national sport.[18]
Ice hockey
Ice hockeyis played between two teams of skaters on a large flat area of ice, using a three-inch-diameter (76.2 mm)vulcanized rubberdisc called apuck.This puck is often frozen before high-level games to decrease the amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. The game is played all over North America, Europe and to varying extents in many other countries around the world. It is the most popular sport inCanada,Finland,Latvia,theCzech Republic,andSlovakia.Ice hockey is the national sport of Latvia[19]and the national winter sport of Canada.[20]Ice hockey is played at a number of levels, by all ages.
The governing body of international play is the 77-memberInternational Ice Hockey Federation(IIHF). Men's ice hockey has been played at theWinter Olympicssince 1924, and was in the1920 Summer Olympics.Women's ice hockey was added to theWinter Olympics in 1998.North America'sNational Hockey League(NHL) is the strongest professional ice hockey league, drawing top ice hockey players from around the globe. The NHL rules are slightly different from those used in Olympic ice hockey over many categories. International ice hockey rules were adopted from Canadian rules in the early 1900s.[21]
The contemporary sport developed in Canada from European and native influences. These included various stick and ball games similar to field hockey, bandy and other games where two teams push a ball or object back and forth with sticks. These were played outdoors on ice under the name "hockey" in England throughout the 19th century, and even earlier under various other names.[22]In Canada, there are 24 reports[23]of hockey-like games in the 19th century before 1875 (five of them using the name "hockey" ). Thefirst organized and recorded gameof ice hockey was played indoors inMontreal, Quebec,Canada, on March 3, 1875, and featured severalMcGill Universitystudents.
Ice hockey sticksare long L-shaped sticks made of wood,graphite,orcompositeswith a blade at the bottom that can lie flat on the playing surface when the stick is held upright and can legally curve either way, forleft- orright-handedplayers.[24]
Para ice hockey
Ice sledge hockey, or "para ice hockey", is a form of ice hockey designed for players with physicaldisabilitiesaffecting their lower bodies. Players sit on double-bladedsledgesand use two sticks; each stick has a blade at one end and small picks at the other. Players use the sticks to pass, stickhandle and shoot the puck, and to propel their sledges. The rules are very similar toIIHFice hockey rules.[25]
Canada is a recognized international leader in the development of sledge hockey, and much of the equipment for the sport was first developed there, such as sledgehockey stickslaminated withfiberglass,as well as aluminum shafts with hand-carved insert blades and special aluminum sledges with regulation skate blades.
Inline sledge hockey
Based on ice sledge hockey,inline sledge hockeyis played to the same rules as inline puck hockey (essentially ice hockey played off-ice using inline skates). There is no classification point system dictating who can play inline sledge hockey, unlike the situation with other team sports such as wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby. Inline sledge hockey is being developed to allow everyone, regardless of whether they have a disability or not, to complete up to world championship level based solely on talent and ability.[citation needed]
The first game of organized inline sledge hockey was played atBisley, Surrey,England, on December 19, 2009, between the Hull Stingrays and the Grimsby Redwings.Matt Lloydis credited with inventing inline sledge hockey, and Great Britain is seen as the international leader in the game's development.
Roller hockey (inline)
Thoughinline hockeyis considered a variant ofroller hockeya.k.a."rink hockey", it was derived fromice hockeyinstead and uses a type ofhockey puckor a ball. Both roller games use a type of wheeled skate but inline hockey usesinline skatesrather thanroller skatesor "quads".
The puck-based inline variant is more commonly played in North America than Europe while the ball-based variant is more popular in Europe.
Inline hockey puck variant is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into two halves by a center line, with one net at each end of the rink. The game is played in three 15-minute periods with a variation of the ice hockey off-side rule. Icings are also called, but are usually referred to as illegal clearing.[26]The governing body is theInternational Ice Hockey Federation(IIHF), just as it is for ice hockey, but some leagues and competitions do not follow the IIHF regulations, in particularUSA InlineandCanada Inline.
Roller hockey (quad)
Roller hockey,also known as "quad hockey", "international-style ball hockey", "rink hockey" and "Hoquei em Patins", is an overarching name for a roller sport that usesquad skates.It has existed long before the invention ofinline skates.The sport is played in over sixty countries and has a worldwide following. Roller hockey was a demonstration sport at the1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics.
Street hockey
Also known as road hockey, this is a dry-land variant of ice and roller hockey played year-round on a hard surface (usually asphalt). A ball is usually used instead of a puck, and protective equipment is not usually worn.
Other forms of hockey
Other games derived from hockey or its predecessors include the following:
- Air hockeyis played indoors with a puck on an air-cushion table.
- Beach hockey, a variation of street hockey, is a common sight onSouthern Californiabeaches.
- Ball hockeyis played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often atennis ballwith the felt removed.
- Box hockeyis a schoolyard game played by two people. The object of the game is to move a hockey puck from the center of the box out through a hole placed at the end of the box (known as the goal). The players kneel facing one another on either side of the box, and each attempts to move the puck to the hole on their left.
- Broomballis played on an ice hockey rink, but with a ball instead of a puck and a "broom" (actually a stick with a small plastic implement on the end) in place of the ice hockey stick. Instead of skates, special shoes are used that have very soft rubbery soles to maximize grip while running around.
- Deck hockeyis traditionally played by theRoyal Navyon ships' decks, using short wooden L-shaped sticks.
- Floor hockey:a variety of games with different codes usually played on foot on a flat, smooth floor surface, usually indoors in gymnasiums or similar spaces.
- Floorballis a form of hockey played in a gymnasium or in a sports hall. Awhiffle ballis used instead of a plastic ball, and the sticks are only one meter long and made from composite materials.
- Foot hockeyor sock hockey is played using a bald tennis ball or rolled-up pair of socks and using only the feet. It is popular in elementary schools in the winter.
- Gena[27]is a field hockey sport played in Ethiopia, with which the Ethiopian Christmas festival shares its name. The equipment consists of a strong stick curved at one end, and a ball of two kinds: either called srur (made out of a rounded piece of hard-wood) ortsng(made by weaving a long strip of leather into a rounded shape).
- Gym ringetteis the off-ice floor variant of the ice skating team sport ofringetterather than ice hockey. It is not a direct variant of the style of floor hockey which helped inspire ringette.
- Gym hockeya.k.a.floor hockeyis a form of ice hockey played in a gymnasium. It uses sticks with foam ends and a foam ball or a plasticpuck.
- HurlingandCamogieareIrishgames bearing some resemblance to – and notable differences from – hockey.
- Indoor hockeyis an indoor variant of field hockey.
- Mini hockey(or knee-hockey), also known as "mini-sticks" is a form of hockey played in the United States and Canada in the basements of houses. Players kneel, or crouch, and use a miniature plastic stick, usually about 15 inches (38 cm) long, to manoeuvre a small ball or a soft, fabric-covered mini puck into miniature goals. In England 'mini hockey' refers to a seven-a-side version of field hockey for younger players, played on an area equivalent to half a normal pitch.
- Nok Hockeyis a table-top version of hockey played with no defence and a small block in front of the goal.
- Pond hockeyis a simplified form of ice hockey played on naturally frozen ice.
- Power hockeyis a form of hockey for persons requiring the use of an electric (power) wheelchair in daily life.
- Ringetteis primarily a variant of an early 20th century style offloor hockey,but played on ice hockey skates and designed for female players; it uses a straight stick and an air-filled rubber ring in place of a floor hockey puck(open disk).Though played on ice hockey rinks, the rules and strategy differ considerably from those of ice hockey and bear a closer resemblance to basketball. It should not be confused withgym ringettewhich is the floor variant of the ice sport.
- Rink bandyandrinkballare team sports of Scandinavian origin. Both were influenced by bandy, but are played on ice hockey rinks and involve fewer players on each team.
- Rossall hockeyis a variation played atRossall Schoolon the sea shore in the winter months. Its rules are a mix of field hockey,rugbyand theEton wall game.
- Shinnyis an informal version of ice hockey.
- Shintyis a Scottish game now played primarily in theHighlands
- Skater hockeyis a variant of inline hockey, played with a ball.
- Spongeeis a cross between ice hockey and broomball and is most popular inManitoba,Canada. A stick and puck are used as in hockey (the puck is a softer version called a "sponge puck" ), and the same soft-soled shoes are worn as in broomball. The rules are basically the same as for ice hockey, but one variation has an extra player on the ice called a "rover".
- Table hockeyis played indoors on a table.
- Underwater hockeyis played with a weighted puck on the bottom of a swimming pool.
- Underwater ice hockeyis similar to underwater hockey but played with floating puck on the underside of a frozen swimming pool.
- Unicycle hockeyis played on a hard surface using unicycles as the method of player movement. There is generally no dedicated goalkeeper.
Equipment
Protection
- Shoulder pads
- Genital protection, ajockstrapwith cup pocket andprotective cupor a "jill" for female players.
- Hockey stick
Footwear
Roller hockey
See also
References
- ^Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014,p. 50.
- ^Guinness World Records 2015.Guinness World Records. 2014. p.218.ISBN9781908843821.
- ^Rymer, Thomas (1740).Foedera, conventiones, literae, et cujuscumque generis acta publica, inter reges Angliae, et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices ab anno 1101.Book 3, part 2, p. 79.
- ^Scott, Sir James Sibbald David (1868).The British Army: Its Origin, Progress, and Equipment.Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Company. p. 86.
- ^Strype, John (1720).Survey of London.Book 1, pp. 250-251.
- ^Birley, Derek (1993).Sport and the Making of Britain.Manchester University Press. p. 36.ISBN9780719037597.
- ^"Hockey".Online Etymology Dictionary.RetrievedJune 18,2011.
- ^Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014,p. 235.
- ^Liebeck, Elaine; Pollard, Helen, eds. (1994b).The Oxford Paperback Dictionary(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-280012-4.
- ^"Ice Sledge Hockey".National Paralympic Heritage Trust.September 24, 2017.RetrievedFebruary 13,2024.
- ^Oikonomos, G. (1920).Κερητίζοντες.Vol. 6. Archaiologikon Deltion. pp. 56–59.RetrievedJune 18,2011.
- ^McGrath, Charles (August 22, 2008)."A Chinese Hinterland, Fertile with Field Hockey".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 23,2008.
- ^Birley, Derek (1993).Sport and the Making of Britain.Manchester University Press. p. 309.ISBN9780719037597.RetrievedJune 22,2014.
- ^"History of Field hockey".Archived fromthe originalon April 18, 2013.RetrievedJune 18,2011.
- ^https://archive.org/details/dialogueindevons00palmrich/page/28/mode/1up?view=theatermid C18th Devon.
- ^"Svenska Bandyförbundet, bandyhistoria 1875–1919".Iof1.idrottonline.se. February 1, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon October 19, 2013.RetrievedApril 9,2014.
- ^"Hockey in Pakistan".RetrievedJune 18,2011.
- ^"Hockey is not our national game: Ministry".The Times of India.Archived fromthe originalon April 15, 2013.RetrievedMay 3,2013.
- ^"Nacionālie sporta veidi..."(in Latvian).RetrievedNovember 15,2009.
- ^Branch, Legislative Services (December 31, 2002)."Consolidated federal laws of canada, National Sports of Canada Act".laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.
- ^Podnieks & Szemberg 2007,p. 198.
- ^Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014.
- ^Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014,pp. 24, 25, 248.
- ^Laliberte, David J."Biomechanics of Ice Hockey Slap Shots: Which Stick Is Best?".The Sport Journal.ISSN1543-9518.Archived fromthe originalon August 6, 2009.
- ^International Paralympic Committee."Ice Sledge Hockey — Rulebook"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 3, 2004.RetrievedOctober 11,2006.
- ^For rink dimensions and an overview of the rules of the game, seeIIHF Inline Rules.
- ^"THE GAME OF GANNA".Hockey Gods.March 10, 2019.RetrievedMarch 10,2019.
Further reading
- Bowlsby, Craig.1913: The Year They Invented The Future of Hockey(2013)
- Ellison, Jenny. and Jennifer Anderson, eds.Hockey: Challenging Canada’s Game(2018)
- Gidén, Carl; Houda, Patrick; Martel, Jean-Patrice (2014).On the Origin of Hockey.Createspace.ISBN9780993799808.
- Gruneau, Richard. and David Whitson.Hockey Night in Canada: Sport, Identities, and Cultural Politics(1993),
- Hardy, Stephen and Andrew C. Holman.Hockey: A Global History(U of Illinois Press, 2018).online review600 pp
- Holzman, Morey, and Joseph Nieforth.Deceptions and Doublecross: How The NHL Conquered Hockey(2002),
- McKinley, Michael.Putting A Roof on Winter: Hockey’s Rise from Sport Spectacle(2000), on Canada and U.S.
- Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2007).World of hockey: celebrating a century of the IIHF.Fenn Publishing.ISBN9781551683072.
External links
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