Chinese Martyrs
| Chinese Martyrs | |
|---|---|
 Orthodox icon of the Chinese Martyrs | |
| Died | 1648–1930,Qing DynastyandRepublic of China |
| Martyred by | Boxer Rebellion,etc. |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Anglican Church |
| Canonized | Catholic: 1 October 2000,St. Peter's Basilica,Rome,byPope John Paul II Orthodox: February 3, 2016,Moscow,Russia,by Russian Orthodox Church |
| Feast | Orthodox: 11 June Catholic (Roman Calendar), Anglican Communion: 9 July |
| Notable martyrs | Metrophanes, Chi Sung,first Orthodox Christian martyr to be killed;Francis Ferdinand de Capillas,protomartyrof China; Augustine Zhao Rong, missionary of China[1] |
Chinese Martyrs(traditional Chinese:Trung hoa tuẫn đạo thánh nhân;simplified Chinese:Trung hoa tuẫn đạo thánh nhân;pinyin:Zhōnghuá xùndào shèngrén;Wade–Giles:Chung1-hua2hsun4-tao4shêng4-jên2) is the name given to a number of members of theRoman Catholic Churchand theEastern Orthodox Churchwho were killed in China during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They are venerated asmartyrs.Most were Chineselaypersons,but others wereclergyfrom various other countries; many of them died during theBoxer Rebellion.
Eastern Orthodox
[edit]The Eastern Orthodox Church recognizes 222 Orthodox Christians who died during the Boxer Rebellion asHoly Martyrs of China.On the evening of 11 June 1900 leaflets were posted in the streets, calling for the massacre of the Christians and threatening anyone who would dare to shelter them with death.[2]
They were mostly members of theChinese Orthodox Church,which had been under the guidance of theRussian Orthodox Churchsince the 17th century and maintained close relations with them, especially in the largeRussian community in Harbin.They are callednew-martyrs,as they died under a modern regime. The first of these martyrs wasMetrophanes, Chi Sung,leader of the Peking Mission, who was killed, along with his family, during theBoxer Rebellion.All told, 222 members of the Peking mission died.[3]
In April 22, 1902 the Russian Orthodox Church allowed the local veneration of the Chinese Martyrs. In 1997,ROCORpromoted the church-wide veneration of the martyrs and several icons were made, in 2016, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church officially canonized the saints and allowed church-wide veneration.[4]
Roman Catholic
[edit]The Roman Catholic Church recognizes 120 Catholics who died between 1648 and 1930 as itsMartyr Saints of China.They were canonized byPope John Paul IIon 1 October 2000. Of the group, 87 were Chinese laypeople and 33 were clergy; 86 died during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.[5]TheChinese Martyrs Catholic ChurchinToronto,Ontariois named for them.
Protestant
[edit]ManyProtestantsalso died during theBoxer Rebellion,including theChina Martyrs of 1900,but there is no formal veneration (according to their religious beliefs) nor a universally recognized list.
At least 189 missionaries and 500 native Chinese Protestant Christians were murdered in 1900 alone.[6]Though some missionaries considered themselves non-denominationally Protestant, among those killed wereBaptists,Evangelicals,[7]Anglicans,Lutherans,Methodists,[8]Presbyterians[9]andPlymouth Brethren.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Saint Augustine Tchao at Patron Saints Index".Retrieved22 June2009.
- ^""The Chinese Martyrs", American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of the United States ".Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2018.Retrieved22 December2018.
- ^"The Holy Martyrs of China", Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
- ^"Holy New Martyrs of China".Retrieved13 July2023.
- ^"120 Martyrs of China", Catholic News Service, July 9, 2018
- ^Culbertson, Howard (2011)."Christian mission history: Important events, locations, people and movements in World Evangelism".Southern Nazarene University.Retrieved25 December2013.
Ecumenical Missionary Conference in Carnegie Hall, New York (162 mission boards represented); 189 missionaries and their children killed in Boxer Rebellion in China
- ^"The Boxer Rebellion, 1899–1901".Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2015.Retrieved22 July2015.
- ^D. L. Hartman."History of Missions in China".Retrieved25 December2013.citing Walter N. Lacy, A Hundred Years of China Methodism, Nashville, Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1964.
- ^"American Presbyterian Missionaries Killed During 1900 in the Boxer Rebellion".Presbyterian Heritage Center. 2007.Retrieved25 December2013.
Further reading
[edit]- Clark, Anthony E. (2011).China's Saints: Catholic Martyrdom During the Qing (1644–1911).Bethlehem PA; Lanham, Md.: Lehigh University Press; Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN9781611460162.
External links
[edit]- 19th-century Eastern Orthodox martyrs
- 19th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
- 19th-century Christian saints
- 20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
- 20th-century Christian saints
- Chinese saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
- Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
- Chinese Roman Catholic saints
- Roman Catholic child saints
- Groups of Eastern Orthodox saints
- Groups of Roman Catholic saints
- Groups of Christian martyrs of the Late Modern era
- People of the Boxer Rebellion
- Eastern Orthodox missionaries
- Roman Catholic missionaries in China
- Franciscan Missionaries of Mary
- China–Russian Empire relations