Jump to content

Home

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the concept of residence. For the structure, seeHouse.For other uses, seeHome (disambiguation).
"Homes" redirects here. For other uses, seeHomes (disambiguation).
For the home page of Wikipedia, seeMain Page.

Plans for a detachedhouseshowing the social functions for eachroom
Part ofa serieson
Living spaces
Main
House(detached) •Apartment*Green home•Housing projects•Human outpost•Tenement•Condominium•Mixed-use development(live-work) •Hotel•Hostel(travellers' hotel) •Castles•Public housing•Squat•Flophouse•Green home•Shack•Slum•Shanty town
Issues
Affordability•Affordability in the United States•Executive housing•Environmental:•design•planning•racism•Environmental security•Eviction•Fair housing•Healthiness•Homelessness•Housing crisis•Housing discrimination•Housing gap•Housing stress•Overpopulation•Housing inequality•Home ownership•Luxury apartments•Ownership equity•Permit•Rent•Subprime lending•Subsidized housing•Sustainable:•architecture•development•living•Toxic hotspot•Vagrancy
Society and politics
Housing First•NIMBY•Housing subsidy•Real estate appraisal•Real estate bubble•Real estate economics•Real estate investing•Redlining•Right to housing•Rent control•Rent strike•Tenants union•YIMBY
Other
Alternative lifestyle•Assisted living•Boomtown•Cottage homes•Eco-cities•Foster care•Group home•Halfway house•Healthy community design•Homeless shelter•Hospital•Local community•Nursing home•Orphanage•Prison•Psychiatric hospital•Residential care•Residential treatment center•Retirement community•Retirement home•Supportive housing•Supported living

Ahome,ordomicile,is aspaceused as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or morehumanoccupants, and sometimes variouscompanion animals.It is a fully- or semi-sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it.[vague]Homes provide sheltered spaces, for instancerooms,where domestic activity can be performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and leisure such as remote working, studying and playing.

Physical forms of homes can be static such as ahouseor anapartment,mobile such as ahouseboat,traileroryurtor digital such as virtual space.[1]The aspect of 'home' can be considered across scales; from the micro scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the macro scale of the geographic area such astown,village,city,countryorplanet.

The concept of 'home' has been researched and theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from the idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space, contested space to gender and politics.[2]The home as a concept expands beyond residence as contemporary lifestyles and technological advances redefine the way the global population lives and works.[citation needed]The concept and experience encompasses the likes ofexile,yearning,belonging,homesickness and homelessness.[3]

History

Prehistoric era

Taínopetroglyphsin a cave in Puerto Rico

The earliest homes that humans inhabited were likely naturally occurring features such ascaves.The earliest humanfossilsfound in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites ofSterkfontein,Swartkrans,KromdraaiB,Drimolen,Malapa,Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, includingAustralopithecus africanus,Australopithecus sedibaandParanthropus robustus.However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them.[citation needed]

The first early hominid ever found in Africa, theTaung Childin 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being preyed upon by an eagle. However, this is now debated.[4]Caves do form in the dolomite of theGhaap Plateau,including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site ofWonderwerk Cave;however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesized for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit calledtufa.There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, includingHomo erectusin China atZhoukoudian,Homo rhodesiensisin South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (Makapansgat),Homo neanderthalensisandHomo heidelbergensisin Europe atArchaeological Site of Atapuerca,Homo floresiensisin Indonesia, and theDenisovansin southern Siberia.

In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time.[5]The oldest known site is PP13B atPinnacle Point.This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those atGiants Castle.Caves such as theyaodongin China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such asrock-cut tombs), or as religious sites (such asBuddhist caves). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas[6]and thesacred caves of Crete.As technology progressed, humans and other hominids began constructing their own dwellings. Buildings such ashutsandlonghouseshave been used for living since the lateNeolithic.[7]

Ancient era

Post-classical era

From the 14th to the 16th century, homelessness was perceived of as a "vagrancy problem" and legislative responses to the problem were predicated upon the threat it may pose to the state.[8]

Modern era

Industrialization brought mass migration to cities. This one-room worker home fromHelsinkiis typical to late 19th century and early 20th century, often housing large families.[9]

According toKirsten Gram-Hanssen,"It can be argued that historically and cross-culturally there is not always [a] strong relation between the concept of home and the physical building, and that this mode of thinking is rooted inthe Enlightenmentof the seventeenth century ".[10]Before, one's home was more public than private; traits such as privacy, intimacy and familiarity would proceed to achieve greater prominence, aligning the concept with thebourgeoisie.[11][12]The connection between home and house was reinforced by acase lawdeclaration fromEdward Coke:"The house of everyman is to him as his castle and fortress, as well as his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose". Colloquially, this was adapted into the phrase "The Englishman's home is his castle" which popularised the notion of home as house.[13]

A result of the longstanding association between home and women, 18th century English women, of upper-class status, were scorned for pursuing activities outside of the home, thus seen to be of undesirable character.[14]The concept of home took on unprecedent prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice.[15]

The concept of asmart homearose in the 19th century in turn with electricity having been introduced to homes in a limited capacity.[10]The distinction between home and work formulated in the 20th century, with home acting as sanctuary.[16]Modern definitions portray home as a site of supreme comfort and familial intimacy, operating as a buffer to the greater world.[14]

Common types

Further information:List of house types

The concept of home is one with multiple interpretations, influenced by one's history and identity.[17]People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities and classes may have resultingly different meanings of home.[18]Commonly, it is associated with various forms of abodes such as wagons, cars, boats or tents although it is equally considered to extend beyond the space, in mind and emotion.[8][19][20]The space of a home need not be significant or fixed though the boundaries of home are often tied to the space.[19][20]There have been multiple theories regarding one's choice of home with the residential conditions of their childhood often reflected in their later choice of home.[11]According toPaul Oliver,the vast majority of abodes arevernacular,constructed in accordance with the residents' needs.[21]

House

Main article:House
House at 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor, Bucharest, Romania

A house is a single-unit residentialbuilding.It may range in complexity from a rudimentaryhutto a complex structure ofwood,masonry,concreteor other material, outfitted withplumbing,electrical, andheating, ventilation, and air conditioningsystems.[22][23]

The social unit that lives in a house is known as ahousehold.Most commonly, a household is afamilyunit of some kind, although households may also be othersocial groups,such asroommatesor, in arooming house,unconnected individuals. Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses calledtownhousesorrow housesmay contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as agaragefor vehicles or ashedfor gardening equipment and tools. A house may have abackyardor afront yardor both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat.[citation needed]Houses may provide "certain activities, which gradually accumulate meaning until they become homes".[20]

Joseph Rykwertdistinguished between home and house in their physicality; a house requires a building whereas a home does not.[24]Homeandhouseare often used interchangeably, although their connotations may differ:housebeing "emotionally neutral" andhomeevoking "personal, cognitive aspects".[20][25]By the mid-18th century, the definition of home had extended beyond a house.[15]"Few English words are filled with the emotional meaning of the word home".[14]

Moveable structures

A houseboat onLake UnioninSeattle,Washington,US
A traditional Kazakh yurt on a wagon

Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been contended by anthropologists and sociologist.[26]Amobile home(also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home) is aprefabricatedstructure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.

Ahouseboatis aboatthat has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home. Some houseboats are not motorized, because they are usuallymoored,kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide utilities. However, many are capable of operation under their own power. Float house is a Canadian and American term for a house on a float (raft); a rough house may be called a shanty boat.[27]In Western countries, houseboats tend to be either owned privately or rented out to holiday-goers, and on some canals in Europe, people dwell in houseboats all year round. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, Amsterdam, London, and Paris.[28]

A traditionalyurtor ger is a portable round tent covered with skins orfeltand used as a dwelling by several distinctnomadic groupsin thesteppes of Central Asia.The structure consists of an angled assembly or latticework of wood orbamboofor walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin, plexiglass dome, wire rope, orradiant insulation.

Management

Housing cooperative

This section is an excerpt fromHousing cooperative.[edit]
999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned residential building inChicago,Illinois

Ahousing cooperative,or housing co-op, is a legal entity, usually acooperativeor acorporation,which ownsreal estate,consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type ofhousing tenure.Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such assingle family homeownership,condominiumsandrenting.[29]

The cooperative is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Eachshareholderin the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership.

Repair

This section is an excerpt fromHome repair.[edit]
A person making these repairs to a house after a flood

Home repairinvolves the diagnosis and resolution of problems in a home, and is related to home maintenance to avoid such problems. Many types of repairs are "do it yourself"(DIY) projects, while others may be so complicated, time-consuming or risky as to require the assistance of a qualifiedhandyperson,property manager,contractor/builder, or otherprofessionals.

Home repair is not the same asrenovation,although many improvements can result from repairs or maintenance. Often the costs of larger repairs will justify the alternative of investment in full-scale improvements. It may make just as much sense to upgrade a home system (with an improved one) as to repair it or incur ever-more-frequent and expensive maintenance for an inefficient, obsolete or dying system.

Housekeeping

This section is an excerpt fromHousekeeping.[edit]

Housekeepingis the management and routine support activities of running and maintaining an organized physical institution occupied or used by people, like ahouse,ship,hospitalorfactory,such ascleaning,tidying/organizing,cooking,shopping,and bill payment. These tasks may be performed by members of thehousehold,or bypersons hired for the purpose.This is a more broad role than acleaner,who is focused only on the cleaning aspect.[30]The term is also used to refer to the money allocated for such use.[31]By extension, it may also refer to an office or a corporation, as well as themaintenanceofcomputer storagesystems.[32]

The basic concept can be divided into domestic housekeeping, for private households, and institutional housekeeping for commercial and other institutions providing shelter or lodging, such as hotels, resorts, inns, boarding houses, dormitories, hospitals and prisons.[33][34]There are related concepts in industry known as workplace housekeeping and Industrial housekeeping, which are part of occupational health and safety processes.

Ahousekeeperis a person employed to manage a household[35]and thedomestic staff.According to the 1861 Victorian eraMrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management,the housekeeper is second in command in the house and "except in large establishments, where there is a house steward, the housekeeper must consider herself as the immediate representative of her mistress".[36]

Tenure

This section is an excerpt fromHousing tenure.[edit]

Housing tenureis a financial arrangement and ownership structure under which someone has the right to live in ahouseorapartment.The most frequent forms aretenancy,in whichrentis paid by the occupant to alandlord,andowner-occupancy,where the occupant owns their own home. Mixed forms of tenure are also possible.

The basic forms of tenure can be subdivided, for example an owner-occupier may own a house outright, or it may bemortgaged.In the case of tenancy, the landlord may be a private individual, anon-profit organizationsuch as ahousing association,or a government body, as inpublic housing.

Surveysused insocial scienceresearch frequently include questions about housing tenure, because it is a usefulproxyfor income or wealth, and people are less reluctant to give information about it.

Owner-occupancy

This section is an excerpt fromOwner-occupancy.[edit]
Owner-occupancyor home-ownership is a form ofhousing tenurein which a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which they live.[37]The home can be ahouse,such as asingle-family house,anapartment,condominium,or ahousing cooperative.In addition to providinghousing,owner-occupancy also functions as areal estate investment.

Rental accommodation

This section is an excerpt fromRenting.[edit]
Notice of renting availability at the Villa Freischütz inMeranin 1911
Renting,also known as hiring[38]or letting,[39]is an agreement where a payment is madefor the use of a good,service orpropertyowned by another over a fixed period of time. To maintain such an agreement, a rental agreement (orlease) is signed to establish the roles and expectations of both thetenantandlandlord.There are many different types of leases.[40]The type and terms of a lease are decided by the landlord and agreed upon by the renting tenant.

Squatting

This section is an excerpt fromSquatting.[edit]
Abahlali baseMjondoloprotest inDurban

Squattingis the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does notown, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use.TheUnited Nationsestimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide and tends to occur when people find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has a long history, broken down by country below.

Indeveloping countriesandleast developed countries,shanty townsoften begin as squatted settlements. In African cities such asLagosmuch of the population lives inslums.There arepavement dwellersin India and in Hong Kong as well asrooftop slums.Informal settlementsin Latin America are known by names such asvilla miseria(Argentina),pueblos jóvenes(Peru) andasentamientosirregulares (Guatemala, Uruguay). In Brazil, there arefavelasin the major cities and rural land-based movements.

Inindustrialized countries,there are often residential squats and also political squatting movements, which can beanarchist,autonomistorsocialistin nature, for example in theself-managed social centres of Italyorsquats in the United States.Oppositional movements from the 1960s and 1970s created freespaces in Denmark or squatting village in theNetherlands,and inEngland and Wales,there were estimated to be 50,000 squatters in the late 1970s. Each local situation determines the context: in Athens, Greece, there arerefugee squats;Germany has social centres; inSpainthere are many squats.

Homelessness

Main article:Homelessness
Homeless people inSan'yadistrict,Tokyo,Japan

The state of being without a home can occur in many ways,[41]ranging from the upheavals ofnatural disasters,[42]fraud, theft,arson,or war-related destruction, to the more common voluntary sale, loss for one or more occupants on relationship breakdown,expropriationby government or legislated cause, repossession orforeclosureto pay secured debts,evictionbylandlords,disposal by time-limited means –lease,or absolute gift. Jurisdiction-dependent means of home loss includeadverse possession,unpaidproperty taxationand corruption such as in circumstances of afailed state.

Personal insolvency,development or sustaining ofmental illnessor severe physical incapacity without affordabledomestic carecommonly lead to a change of home. The underlying character of a home may be debased bystructural defects,naturalsubsidence,neglectorsoil contamination.Refugeesare people who have fled their homes due to violence orpersecution.They may seek temporary housing in a shelter or they may claimasylumin another country in an attempt to relocate permanently.[citation needed]A dysfunctional home life commonly precipitates one's homelessness.[41]

The dichotomy between home and homelessness is to the extent that the concept of home, scholars have said, is dependent on homelessness: "in a sense, without homelessness, we would not be concerned with what home means".[41]

Anthropogenic significance

A celebratory poster for soldiers and marines returning home

The connection between humans and dwelling is profound, such that, the likes ofGaston BachelardandMartin Heideggerconsider it an "essential characteristic" of humanity.[25]A home is generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can become a prized possession. It has been argued that psychologically "The strongest sense of home commonly coincides geographically with a dwelling. Usually, the sense of home attenuates as one moves away from that point, but it does not do so in a fixed or regular way."[43]A person's conception of home can be dependent on congealing conditions, such as culture, geography or emotion; the sense of being at home may be contingent upon the presence of multiple emotions, such as joy, sorrow, nostalgia and pride.[44][45]Further psychological interperation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as a "symbol of the self", bound to the events of one's life.[18][46]Emmanuel Levinaswrote of home as where, upon seclusion from the greater world, a sense of self can be regained.[47]

There exist many connotations regarding the concept of a home, including of security, identity, ritual and socialisation, varied definitions and residents may associate their home with meanings, emotions, experiences and relationships.[10][11][48]Home has been described as an "essentially contested concept".[49]Common connotations of home are espoused by both those with or without a home.[8]It is the sociality and action of homes which some scholars have said conditions a house in to a home, which is, according to Gram-Hanssen, "aphenomenonmade by its residents ".[50]Dysfunctional sociality may negate the sense of a residence being a home whereas the physical contents may endow the sense; alienated from home one may feel "metaphorically homeless".[51][52][a]Romantic or nostalgic notions are typical in the conceptions of "ideal homes", at once a cultural and individual concept.[13][53]An ideal working-class home inPostwar Britainwas one of comfort and cleanliness, plentiful with food and compassion.[54]

In modern America, an owned house has greater cachet as a home than other residences; debate exists as to if a rooming house can provide a home.[11][55]Some housing scholars have contended that a conflation of house and home is the result of popular media and capitalist interest.[13]Differing cultures may perceive the concept of a home differently, ascribing less value to the privacy of a residence or the residence itself – although housing issues have been seen as of great concern to immigrants.[11][b]The home can render to men and women in significant differences: men conditioned to experience great control and little labour and vice versa for women; homelessness too can be subject to differences per gender.[8][41]Sociologist Shelley Mallett preposed the idea of home as abstractions: space, feeling,praxisor "a way of being in the world".[11]Abstract notions of home are present in the proverb "A house is not a home".[41]

A video showing a child inPort Harcourt, Nigeriaaspiring for a future home

Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures ofhabit,the state of a person's home has been known to physiologically influence theirbehavior,emotions,and overallmental health.[56]Marianne Gullestadwrote of the home as the center of and as an attempt to amalgamate everyday life; one's conduct there, she said, can reflect greater culture or social values, such asgender rolesinsinuating the home to be the domain of women.[11][c]To behomesickis to desirebelonging,saidZygmunt Bauman.[8]Places like homes can trigger self-reflection, thoughts about who someone is or used to be or who they might become.[58]These types of reflections also occur in places where there is a collective historical identity, such asGettysburgorGround Zero.[59]The time spent with one's home is a considerable element in establishing one's attachment.[11]Those without significant time spent of their life in a residence often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences.[8]The perception of one's home can extend beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace or nation and one may feel as though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be a significant element in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more profound.[11][60][61][57]The connection between home and family is pertinent, to the extent that some scholars consider the terms to be synonymous.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Alienation based sense of homelessness can extend to nations and communities;Bell Hookswrote of an African-American sense of homeless in theAmerican South.[41]
  2. ^The word for home may not be present in all cultures and languages.[21]
  3. ^Research showcases that "women's attachment to home is more pronounced than men's and increases with the length of time spent at home".[57]

References

  1. ^"Definition: Home".Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2020.Retrieved29 October2020.
  2. ^Briganti and Mezei, Chiara and Kathy (2012).The Domestic Space Reader.Canada: University of Toronto Press.ISBN978-0802099686.
  3. ^Briganti, Chiara; Mezei, Kathy, eds. (2012).The Domestic Space Reader.University of Toronto Press. p. 6.ISBN978-0-8020-9664-7.JSTOR10.3138/j.ctt2ttqbw.
  4. ^Hopley, P.J.; Herries, A.I.; Baker, S.E.; Kuhn, B.F.; Menter, C.G. (2013)."Brief communication: Beyond the South African cave paradigm –Australopithecus africanusfrom Plio-Pleistocene paleosol deposits at Taung "(PDF).American Journal of Physical Anthropology.151(2): 316–324.doi:10.1002/ajpa.22272.PMID23633001.S2CID29825617.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 September 2018.Retrieved22 September2018.
  5. ^Marean, C.W.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Bernatchez, J.; Fisher, E.; Goldberg, P.; Herries, A.I.; Jacobs, Z.; Jerardino, A.; Karkanas, P.; Minichillo, T.; Nilssen, P.J.; Thompson, E.; Watts, I.; Williams, H.M. (2007)."Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene".Nature.449(7164): 905–908.Bibcode:2007Natur.449..905M.doi:10.1038/nature06204.PMID17943129.S2CID4387442.Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2018.Retrieved22 September2018.
  6. ^Olsen, Brad (2004).Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations.CCC Publishing. p. 16.ISBN978-1-888729-16-0.Archivedfrom the original on 21 May 2021.Retrieved2 December2020.
  7. ^"Skara Brae".Orkneyjar.Archivedfrom the original on 9 December 2012.Retrieved8 December2012.
  8. ^abcdefMay, Jon (2000)."Of Nomads and Vagrants: Single Homelessness and Narratives of Home as Place".Environment and Planning D: Society and Space.18(6): 737–759.Bibcode:2000EnPlD..18..737M.doi:10.1068/d203t.ISSN0263-7758.S2CID143737438.
  9. ^City of Helsinki (2022): Display captions in the Worker Housing Museum.
  10. ^abcGram-Hanssen, Kirsten; Darby, Sarah J. (2018).""Home is where the smart is"? Evaluating smart home research and approaches against the concept of home ".Energy Research & Social Science.37:94–101.Bibcode:2018ERSS...37...94G.doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.037.ISSN2214-6296.S2CID115664299.
  11. ^abcdefghiGram-Hanssen, Kirsten; Bech-Danielsen, Claus (2011)."Creating a new home. Somali, Iraqi and Turkish immigrants and their homes in Danish social housing".Journal of Housing and the Built Environment.27(1): 89–103.doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9244-7.ISSN1566-4910.S2CID153491629.
  12. ^Kreiczer-Levy, Shelly (2014)."Intergenerational Relations and the Family Home".The Law & Ethics of Human Rights.8(1): 131–160.doi:10.1515/lehr-2014-0004.ISSN2194-6531.S2CID146596570.
  13. ^abcdMallett, Shelley (2004)."Understanding Home: A Critical Review of the Literature".The Sociological Review.52(1): 62–89.doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2004.00442.x.ISSN0038-0261.S2CID141848481.
  14. ^abcLewis, Judith S. (2009)."When a House Is Not a Home: Elite English Women and the Eighteenth-Century Country House".Journal of British Studies.48(2): 336–363.doi:10.1086/596124.ISSN0021-9371.JSTOR25483038.
  15. ^abHarvey, Karen (2009)."Men Making Home: Masculinity and Domesticity in Eighteenth-Century Britain".Gender & History.21(3): 520–540.doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01569.x.ISSN0953-5233.S2CID145277189.
  16. ^Imrie, Rob (2004)."Disability, embodiment and the meaning of the home".Housing Studies.19(5): 745–763.doi:10.1080/0267303042000249189.ISSN0267-3037.S2CID143978616.
  17. ^Boccagni, Paolo (2017).Migration and the Search for Home.Palgrave Macmillan. pp. xxiii.doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58802-9.ISBN978-1-137-58801-2.
  18. ^abSoaita, Adriana Mihaela (2015)."The meaning of home in Romania: views from urban owner–occupiers".Journal of Housing and the Built Environment.30(1): 69–85.doi:10.1007/s10901-014-9396-3.hdl:10023/7644.ISSN1566-4910.JSTOR43907312.S2CID52216934.
  19. ^abDouglas, Mary (1991)."The Idea of a Home: A Kind of Space".Social Research.58(1): 287–307.ISSN0037-783X.JSTOR40970644.
  20. ^abcdEwart, Ian; Luck, Rachael (2013)."LivingFromHome: Older People Looking beyond the House ".Home Cultures.10(1): 25–42.doi:10.2752/175174213x13500467495726.ISSN1740-6315.S2CID142644798.
  21. ^abCoolen, Henny; Meesters, Janine (2012)."Editorial special issue: house, home and dwelling".Journal of Housing and the Built Environment.27(1): 1–10.doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9247-4.ISSN1573-7772.S2CID52996532.
  22. ^Schoenauer, Norbert (2000).6,000 Years of Housing(rev. ed.) (New York: W.W. Norton & Company).
  23. ^"housing papers"(PDF).clerk.house.gov. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 17 January 2013.Retrieved18 December2012.
  24. ^Rykwert, Joseph (1991)."House and Home".Social Research.58(1): 51–62.ISSN0037-783X.JSTOR40970630.
  25. ^abDekkers, Wim (2011)."Dwelling, house and home: towards a home-led perspective on dementia care".Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy.14(3): 291–300.doi:10.1007/s11019-011-9307-2.ISSN1386-7423.PMC3127020.PMID21221813.
  26. ^Giorgi, Sabina; Fasulo, Alessandra (2013)."Transformative Homes".Home Cultures.10(2): 111–133.doi:10.2752/175174213x13589680718418.hdl:11573/661762.ISSN1740-6315.S2CID143558011.
  27. ^Parry, M. H. (2000).Aak to Zumbra: a dictionary of the world's watercraft.Newport News, VA: Mariners' Museum. pp. 215–216.ISBN0917376463.
  28. ^Gabor, M. (1979).Houseboats from Floating Places to Humble Dwellings – a glowing tribute to a growing lifetsyle.Toronto: Ballantine Books.
  29. ^"What is a housing cooperative".Robinhood Learn.Retrieved4 July2023.
  30. ^"What's the Difference Between Housekeeping and Cleaning".ThinkACW.21 December 2017.
  31. ^"housekeeping"Oxford Dictionaries Online.Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  32. ^"housekeeping"The Collins English Dictionary.Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  33. ^"Housekeeping".www.collinsdictionary.com.Retrieved12 October2022.
  34. ^"National Guidelines for Clean Hospitals"(PDF).Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2015.Retrieved12 October2022.
  35. ^"housekeeper"Oxford Dictionaries Online.Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  36. ^Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household ManagementWeb version of the book at theUniversity of AdelaideLibrary. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  37. ^Koren, Liran (13 April 2022)."Owner-Occupied vs. Non-Owner-Occupied Real Estate: What's the Difference?".Luxury Property Care.Retrieved28 July2023.
  38. ^"Definition of HIRE".www.merriam-webster.com.Retrieved3 May2023.
  39. ^"Definition of LET".www.merriam-webster.com.Retrieved3 May2023.
  40. ^Vimpari, Jussi; Junnila, Seppo (2017)."Valuing retail lease options through time".Journal of Property Investment & Finance.35(4): 369–381.doi:10.1108/jpif-05-2016-0036.Retrieved3 May2023.
  41. ^abcdefWardhaugh, Julia (1999)."The Unaccommodated Woman: Home, Homelessness and Identity".The Sociological Review.47(1): 91–109.doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00164.ISSN0038-0261.S2CID143034264.
  42. ^Teves, Hranjski, Oliver, Hrvoje (7 December 2012)."Death toll from Philippine typhoon climbs past 500".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on 8 December 2012.Retrieved8 December2012.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ^Terkenli, T.S. (1995). "Home as a Region".Geographical Review.85(3): 324–334.Bibcode:1995GeoRv..85..324T.doi:10.2307/215276.JSTOR215276.
  44. ^Tucker, Aviezer (1994)."In Search of Home".Journal of Applied Philosophy.11(2): 181–187.doi:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1994.tb00107.x.ISSN0264-3758.
  45. ^Heller, Anges (1995)."Where Are we at Home?".Thesis Eleven.41(1): 1–18.doi:10.1177/072551369504100102.ISSN0725-5136.S2CID143640713.
  46. ^Després, Carole (1991)."The Meaning of Home: Literature Review and Directions for Future Research and Theoretical Development".Journal of Architectural and Planning Research.8(2): 96–115.ISSN0738-0895.JSTOR43029026.
  47. ^Burcher, Paul; Gabriel, Jazmine (2016)."There Is No Place Like Home: Why Women are Choosing Home Birth in the Era of 'Homelike' Hospitals".International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics.9(1): 149–165.doi:10.3138/ijfab.9.1.149.ISSN1937-4585.JSTOR90011862.S2CID74202738.
  48. ^Blunt, Alison; Varley, Ann (2004)."Geographies of home".Cultural Geographies.11(1): 3–6.Bibcode:2004CuGeo..11....3B.doi:10.1191/1474474004eu289xx.ISSN1474-4740.S2CID145718750.
  49. ^Meers, Jed (2021)."'Home' as an essentially contested concept and why this matters ".Housing Studies.38(4): 597–614.doi:10.1080/02673037.2021.1893281.ISSN0267-3037.S2CID233665944.
  50. ^Gram-Hanssen, Kirsten; Bech-Danielsen, Claus (2004)."House, home and identity from a consumption perspective".Housing, Theory and Society.21(1): 17–26.doi:10.1080/14036090410025816.ISSN1403-6096.S2CID154629854.
  51. ^Sixsmith, Judith (1986)."The Meaning of Home: An Exploratory Study of Environmental Experience".Journal of Environmental Psychology.6(4): 281–298.doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(86)80002-0.
  52. ^Öhlén, Joakim; Ekman, Inger; Zingmark, Karin; Bolmsjö, Ingrid; Benzein, Eva (2014)."Conceptual development of" at-homeness "despite illness and disease: A review".International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being.9(1): 23677.doi:10.3402/qhw.v9.23677.PMC4036382.PMID28556696.
  53. ^Wright, Gwendolyn (1991)."Prescribing the Model Home".Social Research.58(1): 213–225.ISSN0037-783X.JSTOR40970641.
  54. ^Langhamer, Claire (2005)."The Meanings of Home in Postwar Britain".Journal of Contemporary History.40(2): 341–362.doi:10.1177/0022009405051556.ISSN0022-0094.JSTOR30036327.S2CID145429727.
  55. ^Mifflin, Erin; Wilton, Robert (2005)."No Place like Home: Rooming Houses in Contemporary Urban Context".Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space.37(3): 403–421.Bibcode:2005EnPlA..37..403M.doi:10.1068/a36119.ISSN0308-518X.S2CID143568957.
  56. ^Boutruche, Samuel; Bourgeois, Stéphanie; Lyamouri-Bajja, Nadine (2008).Raising Young Refugees' Voices in Europe and Beyond.Council of Europe.p. 35.ISBN978-92-871-6308-0.Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2016.Retrieved19 November2015.
  57. ^abBarry, Arro; Heale, Roberta; Pilon, Roger; Lavoie, Anne Marise (2017)."The meaning of home for ageing women: An evolutionary concept analysis".Health & Social Care in the Community.26(3): 337–344.doi:10.1111/hsc.12470.ISSN0966-0410.PMID28675920.S2CID4730207.
  58. ^Haywood, Trudy (27 July 2017)."Homesickness – Settling in to University".Warwick.Archivedfrom the original on 4 January 2018.
  59. ^Burton-Christie, Douglas (2009)."Place-Making as Contemplative Practice".Anglican Theological Review.91(3): 347–371.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2014.Retrieved30 April2014.
  60. ^Lewin, Fereshteh Ahmadi (2001)."The Meaning of Home among Elderly Immigrants: Directions for Future Research and Theoretical Development".Housing Studies.16(3): 353–370.doi:10.1080/02673030120049715.ISSN0267-3037.S2CID143282245.
  61. ^Ahmed, Sara (1999)."Home and away: Narratives of migration and estrangement".International Journal of Cultural Studies.2(3): 329–347.doi:10.1177/136787799900200303.ISSN1367-8779.S2CID146220746.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide forReturning home.
  • The dictionary definition ofhomeat Wiktionary
  • Quotations related toHomeat Wikiquote
  • Media related toHomeat Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home&oldid=1219713155"