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Lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,queer,intersex,andasexual(LGBTQIA+) people frequently experience violence directed toward theirsexuality,gender identity,orgender expression.[1][2]This violence may be enacted by the state, as in lawsprescribing punishmentfor homosexual acts, orby individuals.It may be psychological or physical and motivated bybiphobia,gayphobia,homophobia,lesbophobia,aphobia, andtransphobia.Influencing factors may becultural,religious,[3][4][5]or politicalmoresand biases.[6]

Currently, homosexual acts arelegalin almost allWestern countries,and in many of these countriesviolence against LGBT peopleis classified as ahate crime.[7]Outside the West, many countries are deemed potentially dangerous to their LGBT population due to both discriminatory legislation and threats of violence. These include countries where the dominant religion isIslam,mostAfrican countries(exceptSouth Africa), mostAsian countries(except suchLGBT-friendlycountries asIsrael,Japan,South Korea,Taiwan,Thailand,Vietnamand thePhilippines), and some former communist countries such asRussia,Poland(LGBT-free zone),Serbia,Albania,Kosovo,MontenegroandBosnia and Herzegovina.[5]Such violence is often associated with religious condemnation of homosexuality or conservative social attitudes that portray homosexuality as an illness or a character flaw.[3][4]

Historically, state-sanctioned persecution of homosexuals was mostly limited tomale homosexuality,termed "sodomy".During theMiddle Agesand theearly modern period,the penalty for sodomy was usually death.[8]During themodern period(from the 19th century to the mid-20th century) in the Western world, the penalty was usually a fine or imprisonment. There was a drop in locations wherehomosexual acts remained illegalfrom 2009 when there were 80 countries worldwide (notably throughout theMiddle East,Central Asia and in most of Africa, but also in some of theCaribbeanandOceania) with five carrying the death penalty[9]to 2016 when 72 countries criminalized consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex.[10]

Brazil,a country withLGBT rightsprotections and legalsame-sex marriage,is reported byGrupo Gay da Bahia[pt](GGB) to have the world's highest LGBT murder rate, with more than 380 murders in 2017 alone, an increase of 30% compared to 2016.[11]Gay men experience potentially fatal violence in several places in the world, for example byISISor stoning byNigeria,ISIS and others.[12][13][14]

In some countries, 85% of LGBT students experience homophobic and transphobic violence in school, and 45% of transgender students drop out of school.[15]

State-sanctioned violence

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Historic

[edit]
A swiss knightSir Richard Puller von Hohenburgand hissquireare being punished for their acts of sodomy through being burned at the stake.Zurich,Switzerland. 1482 (Zurich Central Library)

The Middle East

[edit]

An early ancient moral penal code that criminalizes all forms of unnaturally lustful carnal knowledge-based intercourse against the order of nature to all individuals involved (typically between those of the same-sex) are recorded in theBook of Leviticusas written in according to what is described by theTorahthrough theHebrew peoplewhich includes the death penalty for their transgressions within a civilized society. A violently lawful criminal penal code regarding same-sex intercourse is prescribed in theMiddle AssyrianLaw Codes(1075 BCE), stating: "If a man lays down with his own brethren, when they have prosecuted and convicted him, they shall stay with him and turn him into aeunuch".

In the account given inTacitus'Germania,the death penalty was reserved for two kinds of capital offenses: military treason or desertion was punished byhanging,and so was moral infamy (cowardice and male same-sex intercourse:ignavos et imbelles at corpore infames); Gordon translatescorporeinfamesas "unnatural prostitutes"; Tacitus refers to male same-sex intercourse, see David F. Greenberg,The construction of homosexuality,p. 242 f. Scholarship compares the later Germanic concept of Old Norseargr,Langobardicarga,which combines the meanings "effeminate, cowardly, homosexual", seeJaan Puhvel,'Who were the Hittitehurkilas pesnes?' in: A. Etter (eds.),O-o-pe-ro-si(FS Risch), Walter de Gruyter, 1986, p. 154.

Europe

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A 16th century illustration of the execution of five Franciscan friars through fire and torture for sodomy inBruges,Belgium. July 26, 1578

Many harshly enacted laws and penal codes that strictly prohibited the practice ofsodomyare enforced and reinforced throughout the entire European continent to prosecute and punish those who were found guilty for their criminal offense from the 4th to 12th centuries.[16]

Roman Empire
[edit]

During theRepublican Era of Ancient Rome,the poorly attestedLex Scantiniapenalized any adult male for committing asex crime(stuprum)against anunderage male citizen(ingenuus).It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. The law may also have been used to prosecuteadult male citizenswho willingly took areceiving passive role in same-sex penetrative intercourse,but prosecutions are rarely recorded and the provisions of the law are vague; asJohn Boswellhas noted. "if there was a law against carnally lustful relations between individuals of the same-sex, no one in aroundCicero's time knew anything about it ".[17]When the entireRoman Empirecame underChristian rulebeginning withthe reignofConstantine the Great.All forms of sodomite activities between individuals (especially those of the same-sex) were increasingly repressed, often with the pain of death.[16]In 342 CE, the Christian roman emperorsConstantiusandConstansdeclared sodomite marriage to be illegal.[18]Shortly after around the year 390 CE. The roman emperorsValentinian II,Theodosius IandArcadiusdeclared all acts of sodomy to be an illegal criminal offense against the order of human nature in a civilized society and those who were found guilty of it are severely reprimanded and condemned to be publiclyburned to death.[16]Roman emperorJustinian I(527–565 CE) made sodomites ascapegoatfor problems such as "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences."[19]

Switzerland
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The earliest known execution for sodomy was recorded in the annals of the city ofBaselin 1277. The mention is only one sentence: "KingRudolphburned Lord Haspisperch for the vice of sodomy."The executed was an obscure member of the German-Swiss aristocracy; it is unknown if there was a political motivation behind the execution.[20]

France and Florence
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During theMiddle Ages,theKingdom of Franceand theCity of Florencealso instated the death penalty. In Florence, a young boy namedGiovanni di Giovanni(1350–1365?) was castrated and burned between the thighs with a red-hot iron by court order under this law.[21][22]These punishments continued into theRenaissance,and spread to the Swisscanton of Zürich.KnightRichard von Hohenberg(died 1482) was burned at the stake together with his lover, his young squire, during this time. In France, French writerJacques Chausson(1618–1661) was also burned alive for attempting to seduce the son of a nobleman.

England
[edit]

InEngland,theBuggery Act 1533made sodomy andbestialitypunishable by death.[23]This act was superseded in 1828, but sodomy remained punishable by death under the new act until 1861, although thelast executionswere in 1835.[24]

Malta
[edit]

In seventeenth centuryMalta,Scottish voyager and authorWilliam Lithgow,writing in his diary in March 1616, claims a Spanish soldier and aMalteseteenage boy were publicly burnt toashesfor confessing to have practiced sodomy together.[25][26]To escape this fate, Lithgow further claimed that a hundredbardassoes(boy prostitutes) sailed forSicilythe following day.[25]

The Holocaust
[edit]

InNazi GermanyandOccupied Europe,homosexuals andgender-nonconformingpeople[27]were among the groups targeted bythe Holocaust(SeePersecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany). In 1936, the poetFederico García Lorcawas executed by right-wing rebels who establishedFranco'sdictatorship in Spain.

Contemporary

[edit]
Main article:LGBT rights by country or territory
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
Same-sex intercourse illegal.Penalties:
Death
Prison; death not enforced
Death under militias
Prison, with arrests or detention
Prison, not enforced1
Same-sex intercourse legal.Recognition of unions:
Marriage
Extraterritorial marriage2
Civil unions
Limited domestic
Limited foreign
Optional certification
None
Restrictions of expression, not enforced
Restrictions of association with arrests or detention

1No imprisonment in the past three years ormoratoriumon law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.

As of August 2024,64 countries criminalize consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex.[citation needed]

53 countries where homosexual acts are criminalized but not punished by death, by region, include:[citation needed]

Africa

Algeria,Burundi,Cameroon,Chad,Comoros,Egypt,Eritrea,Eswatini,Ethiopia,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,Kenya,Liberia,Libya,Malawi,Morocco,Namibia,Nigeria(death penalty in some states),Senegal,Sierra Leone,South Sudan,Sudan,[30]Tanzania,Togo,Tunisia,Uganda,Zambia,Zimbabwe

Asia

Bangladesh,Myanmar,Kuwait,Malaysia,Aceh(Indonesia),Maldives,Oman,Pakistan,Marawi City(Philippines),Sri Lanka,Syria,Turkmenistan,United Arab Emirates,Uzbekistan,Gaza StripunderPalestinian Authority

America

Antigua and Barbuda,Barbados,Grenada,Guyana,Jamaica,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Pacific Islands

Kiribati,Papua New Guinea,Samoa,Solomon Islands,Tonga,Tuvalu,Cook Islands[31]

Afghanistan, where such acts remain punishable with fines and a prison sentence, dropped the death penalty after the fall of theTalibanin 2001, who had mandated it from 1996.Indiacriminalized homosexuality until September 6, 2018, when theSupreme Court of Indiadeclared section 377 of theIndian Penal Codeinvalid and arbitrary when it concerns consensual relations of consenting adults in private.

Jamaicahas some of the toughest sodomy laws in the world, with homosexual activity carrying a ten-year jail sentence.[32][33][34]

International human rights organizations such asHuman Rights WatchandAmnesty Internationalcondemn laws that criminalize homosexual relations between consenting adults.[35][36]Since 1994, the United NationsHuman Rights Committeehas also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsand theInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[37][38][39]

See also:Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni

Criminal assault

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Further information:Violence against transgender people,List of people killed for being transgender,andSocial cleansing
A group of Argentinetravestiscarrying the coffin of their murdered friend, August 1987.

Even in countries where homosexuality is legal (most countries outside of Africa and the Middle East), there are reports of homosexual people being targeted with bullying or physical assault or even homicide.

Further information:Homophobic violence in Brazil

According to theGrupo Gay da Bahia[pt](GGB), Brazil's oldest gay rights NGO, the rate of murders of homosexuals inBrazilis particularly high, with a reported 3,196 cases over the 30-year period of 1980 to 2009 (or about 0.7 cases per 100,000 population per annum).[40]At least 387 LGBT Brazilians were murdered in 2017.[41]

GGB reported 190 documented alleged homophobic murders in Brazil in 2008, accounting for about 0.5% of intentional homicides in Brazil (homicide rate22 per 100,000 population as of 2008). 64% of the victims were gay men, 32% weretrans womenor transvestites, and 4% were lesbians.[42] By comparison, the FBI reported five homophobic murders in theUnited Statesduring 2008, corresponding to 0.03% of intentional homicides (homicide rate 5.4 per 100,000 population as of 2008).

The numbers produced by the Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) have occasionally been contested on the grounds that they include all murders of LGBT people reported in the media – that is, not only those motivated by bias against homosexuals. Reinaldo de Azevedo, in 2009, columnist of the right-wingVejamagazine, Brazil's most read weekly publication, called the GGB's methodology "unscientific" based on the above objection: that they make no distinction between murders motivated by bias and those that were not.[43]On the high level of murders of transsexuals, he suggested transsexuals' allegedly high involvement with the drug trade may expose them to higher levels of violence as compared to non-transgender homosexuals and heterosexuals.

Vigil held in Minneapolis for victims of theOrlando nightclub shooting

In many parts of the world, including much of the European Union andUnited States,acts of violence are legally classified as hate crimes, which entail harsher sentences if convicted. In some countries, this form of legislation extends toverbal abuseas well as physical violence.

Violent hate crimes against LGBT people tend to be especially brutal, even compared to other hate crimes: "an intense rage is present in nearly all homicide cases involving gay male victims". It is rare for a victim to just be shot; he is more likely to be stabbed multiple times, mutilated, and strangled. "They frequently involvedtorture,cutting, mutilation... showing the absolute intent to rub out the human being because of his (sexual) preference ".[44] In a particularly brutal case in the United States, on March 14, 2007, inWahneta, Florida,25-year-oldRyan Keith Skipperwas found dead from 20 stab wounds and a slit throat. His body had been dumped on a dark, rural road less than 2 miles from his home. His two alleged attackers, William David Brown Jr., 20, and Joseph Eli Bearden, 21, were indicted for robbery and first-degree murder. Highlighting theirmaliceand contempt for the victim, the accused killers allegedly drove around in Skipper's blood-soaked car and bragged of killing him. According to a sheriff's department affidavit, one of the men stated that Skipper was targeted because "he was a faggot."[45]

InCanadain 2008, police-reported data found that approximately 10% of all hate crimes in the country were motivated by sexual orientation. Of these, 56% were of a violent nature. In comparison, 38% of all racially motivated offenses were of a violent nature.[45]

In the same year in the United States, according toFederal Bureau of Investigationdata, though 4,704 crimes were committed due to racial bias and 1,617 were committed due to sexual orientation, only one murder and oneforcible rapewere committed due to racial bias, whereas five murders and six rapes were committed based on sexual orientation.[46] InNorthern Irelandin 2008, 160homophobicincidents and 7transphobicincidents were reported. Of those incidents, 68.4% were violent crimes; significantly higher than for any other bias category. By contrast, 37.4% of racially motivated crimes were of a violent nature.[45]

People's ignorance of and prejudice against LGBT people can contribute to the spreading of misinformation about them and subsequently to violence. In 2018, a transgender woman was killed by a mob in Hyderabad, India, following false rumors that transgender women were sex trafficking children. Three other transgender women were injured in the attack.[47]

Recent research on university-level students indicated the importance of queer visibility and its impact in creating a positive experience for LGBTIQ+ members of a campus community, this can reduce the impact and effect of incidents on youth attending university. When there is a poor climate – students are much less likely to report incidents or seek help.[48]

Violence at universities

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In the United States since the early 2010s, colleges and universities have taken major steps to prevent sexual harassment from taking place on campus, but students have still reported violence due to their sexual orientation.[49]Sexual harassment can include "non-contact forms" such as making jokes or comments and "contact forms" like forcing students to commit sexual acts.[49]Even though little information exists with LGBT violence taking place at higher learning institutions, different communities are taking a stand against the violence. Many LGBT rape survivors said they experienced their first assault before the age of 25, and that many arrive on campus with this experience. Almost half of bisexual women experience their first assault between the ages of 18 and 24, and most of these take place unreported on college campuses.[49]In 2012, though the Federal Bureau of Investigation changed what the "federal" definition of what rape means (for reporting purposes), local state governments still determine how campus violence cases are treated. Catherine Hill and Elana Silva said inDrawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus,"Students who admit to harassing other students generally don't see themselves as rejected suitors, rather misunderstood comedians."[50]Most students who commit sexual violence towards other students do it to boost their own ego, believing that their actions are humorous. More than 46% of sexual harassment towards LGBT people still goes unreported.[50]National resources have been created to deal with the issue of sexual violence and various organizations such as The American Association of University Women and the National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence are established to provide information and resources for those who have been sexually harassed.[50]

Legislation against homophobic hate crimes

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Members of theOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europebegan describing hate crimes based on sexual orientation (as opposed to genericanti-discriminationlegislation) to be counted as aggravating circumstance in the commission of a crime in 2003.[51]

Australia

[edit]

Following aspate of murdersof gay men in the 1980s and 1990s,[52][53][54][55]significant advances have been made.Hate speech laws in Australiaprovide protection in all states against racial vilification, with some additional protections on the grounds of sexual orientation in New South Wales, Queensland, the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. InNew South Wales,'homosexual vilification' is prohibited under the umbrella of theAnti-Discrimination Act 1977.[56]In 2011, theAustralian Human Rights Commissionhad reported that there was no federal law protecting LGBT+ Australians from discrimination or vilification.[57]However, with the legalisation ofsame-sex marriage in Australiain 2017, and sexual orientation anti-discrimination protections in all states,LGBT rights in Australiaare now among the most progressive in the world.

Scotland

[edit]

In 2009, Scotland passed theOffences (Aggravation by Prejudice (Scotland) Act,which made acts of prejudice against Disability, Sexual Orientation and Transgender Status specific offences. This Act requires only a single source of evidence, and those convicted under it must be told upon sentencing both what their sentence will be and what it would have been had prejudice not been a factor.

In July 2017, James Chalmers and Fiona Leverick of theUniversity of Glasgow,submitted their reportA Comparative Analysis of Hate Crime Legislationto the Hate Crime Legislation Review[58]which contributed to the Scottish government's publication of its final reportIndependent review of hate crime legislation in Scotlandin May 2018.[59]

While homophobia is still an issue in modern Scotland, particularly in schools,[60]social attitudes towards LGBT+ persons have changed significantly, helped by every Scottish political party leader being vocally in support ofequal marriagethroughout that campaign. Former leaders of both Scottish Labour and the Scottish Conservatives have been "out" lesbians and current co-leader of the Scottish Greens,Patrick Harvieis openly gay.[61]In the UK Parliament, Westminster MP forLivingstone, West Lothian,Hannah Bardellis one of 62 "out"LGBT politicians in the United Kingdom.[62]

USA

[edit]

TheUnited Statesdoes not have federal legislation marking sexual orientation as criterion for hate crimes, but several states, including the District of Columbia, enforce harsher penalties for crimes where real or perceived sexual orientation may have been a motivator. Among these 12 countries as well, only the United States has criminal law that specifically mentions gender identity, and even then only in 11 states and the District of Columbia.[45]In November 2010, theUnited Nations General Assemblyvoted 79–70 to remove "sexual orientation" from the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, a list of unjustified reasons for executions, replacing it with "discriminatory reasons on any basis".[63]The resolution specifically mentions a large number of groups, including race, religion, linguistic differences, refugees,street childrenandindigenous peoples.[64]

Legal and police response to these types of hate crimes is hard to gauge, however. Lack of reporting by authorities on the statistics of these crimes and under-reporting by the victims themselves are factors for this difficulty.[45]Often a victim will not report a crime as it will shed unwelcome light on their orientation and invite more victimization.[65]

A speaker leads a sizable crowd in a spoken word, call and response, memorial dedicated to trans women who have been murdered. This memorial happened at the SF Dyke March, June 2019.

Alleged judicative bias

[edit]
Further information:Gay panic defenseandProvocation (legal)

"It's pretty disturbing that somebody that [kills] a personin cold bloodgets out very quickly…. "

CanadianMLASpencer Herbert[65]

TheGay Panic Defensehas at times been adduced to plea for more lenient punishments for people accused of assaulting or killing homosexuals because of their actual or perceived orientation. This defense posits that the attacker was so enraged by their victim's alleged advances as to causetemporary insanity,rendering them unable to stop themselves. If the loss of faculties is proven, or sympathized to the jury, a sentence may be mitigated. In severalcommon law countries,the mitigatory defense ofprovocationhas been used in violent attacks against LGBT persons, which has led Australian states progressively to abolish the Gay Panic Defense, now effective nationwide.[66]

People convicted of violence against LGBT people have in several cases received shorter sentences under the Gay Panic Defense plea:

  • On September 30, 1997, Kenneth Brewer met Stephen Bright at a local gay bar, where he bought the younger man drinks and they later went back to Brewer's apartment. While there, Brewer made a sexual advance toward Bright, who then beat him to death. Bright was initially charged withsecond-degree murder,but he was eventually convicted of third-degree assault and was sentenced to one year in prison.[67][68]
  • In 2001,Aaron Websterwas beaten to death by a group of youths armed with baseball bats and a pool cue while in an area ofStanley Parkfrequented by gay men. Ryan Cran was convicted ofmanslaughterin the case in 2004 and released on parole in 2009 after serving 4 years of his six-year sentence.[65]Two youths were tried under Canada'sYouth Criminal Justice Actand sentenced to three years after pleading guilty. A fourth assailant was acquitted.[65]

There have also been criticisms concerning the impartiality of judges. In 1988 inTexas,in handing down a 30-year sentence to a man for killing two gay men, instead of the life sentence requested by the prosecutor, Judge Jack Hampton said: "I don't much care for queers cruising the streets picking up teenage boys...[I] put prostitutes and gays at about the same level... and I'd be hard put to give somebody life for killing a prostitute."[67]

In 1987, aFloridajudge trying a case concerning the beating to death of a gay man asked the prosecutor, "That's a crime now, to beat up a homosexual?" The prosecutor responded, "Yes, sir. And it's also a crime to kill them." "Times have really changed," the judge replied. The judge, Daniel Futch, maintained that he was joking, but was removed from the case.[44][67]

Attacks on gay pride parades

[edit]
Counter-protesters against the 2019equality marchin Rzeszów: "fag's place is under the boot!"
Radical right demonstrators attack participant in Rzeszów equality march 2018
Far-rightists attack anAthenianpride parade byeggingand throwing yoghurt.

LGBT Pride Paradesin East European, Asian and South American countries often attract violence because of their public nature. Though many countries where such events take place attempt to provide police protection to participants, some would prefer that the parades not happen, and police either ignore or encourage violent protesters. The country ofMoldovahas shown particular contempt to marchers, shutting down official requests to hold parades and allowing protesters to intimidate and harm any who try to march anyway. In 2007, after being denied a request to hold a parade, a small group of LGBT people tried to hold a small gathering. They were surrounded by a group twice their size who shouted derogatory things at them and pelted them with eggs. The gathering proceeded even so, and they tried to lay flowers at the Monument to the Victims of Repression. They were denied the opportunity, however, by a large group of police claiming they needed permission fromcity hall.[45]

The following year, a parade was again attempted. A bus carried approximately 60 participants to the capital, but before they could disembark, an angry crowd surrounded the bus. They shouted things like "let's get them out and beat them up", and "beat them to death, don't let them escape" at the frightened passengers. The mob told the activists that if they wanted to leave the bus unharmed, they would have to destroy all of their pride materials. The passengers complied and the march was called off. All the while, police stood passively about 100 meters away, taking no action even though passengers claimed at least nine emergency calls were made to police while on the bus.[45][69][70]

Russia's officials are similarly averse toPride Parades.Mayor of MoscowYury Luzhkovhas repeatedly banned marches, calling them "satanic".[71]Pride participants instead tried to peacefully assemble and deliver a petition to city hall regarding theright of assemblyandfreedom of expression.They were met byskinheadsand other protesters, and police who had closed off the square and immediately arrested activists as they entered. As some were being arrested, other participants were attacked by protesters. Police did nothing. Around eleven women and two men were arrested and left in the heat, denied medical attention, and verbally abused by police officers. The officers told the women, "No one needs lesbians, no one will ever get you out of here." When participants were released from custody hours later, they were pelted by eggs and shouted at by protesters who had been waiting.[45][72]

Hungary,on the other hand, has tried to afford the best protection they can to marchers, but cannot stem the flow of violence. In 2008, hundreds of people participated in theBudapest Dignity March.Police, on alert due to attacks on two LGBT-affiliated businesses earlier in the week, erected high metal barriers on either side of the street the march was to take place on. Hundreds of angry protesters threw petrol bombs and rocks at police in retaliation. A police van was set on fire and two police officers were injured in the attacks. During the parade itself, protesters threwMolotov cocktails,eggs and firecrackers at marchers. At least eight participants were injured.[73]Forty-five people were detained in connection with the attacks, and observers called the incident "the worst violence during the dozen years the Gay Pride Parade has taken place in Budapest".[45][74]

In Israel, three marchers in agay pride parade in Jerusalemon June 30, 2005, were stabbed byYishai Shlisel,aHaredi Jew.Shlisel claimed he had acted "in the name of God". He was charged with attempted murder. Ten years later, On July 30, 2015,six marchers were injured,again by Yishai Shlisel when he stabbed them. It was three weeks after he was released from jail. One of the victims, 16-year-old Shira Banki, died of her wounds at theHadassah Medical Centerthree days later, on August 2, 2015. Shortly after, Prime Minister Netanyahu offered his condolences, adding "We will deal with the murderer to the fullest extent of the law."

In 2019, the gay pride parade in Detroit was infiltrated by armedneo-naziswho reportedly claimed they wanted to spark "Charlottesville 2.0" referring to theUnite the Rightdemonstration in 2017 which resulted in the murder ofHeather Heyer,and many others injured.[75]

Marcher in 2019Christopher Street Day2019 march holding up Solidarity sign with Poland, followingBiałystokattack

On July 20, 2019, the firstBiałystok equality marchwas held inBiałystok,aLaw and Justiceparty stronghold,[76]surrounded by Białystok county which is a declaredLGBT-free zone.[77]Two weeks before the march ArchbishopTadeusz Wojdadelivered a proclamation to all churches inPodlaskie Voivodeshipand Białystok stating that pride marches were "blasphemy against God".[77]Wojda also asserted that the march was "foreign" and thanked those who "defend Christian values".[76]Approximately a thousand pride marchers were opposed by thousands of members of far-right groups,ultra football fans,and others.[78]Firecrackers were tossed at the marchers, homophobic slogans were chanted, and the marchers were pelted with rocks and bottles.[77][76][78]Dozens of marchers were injured.[77]Amnesty Internationalcriticized the police response, saying they had failed to protect marchers and "failed to respond to instances of violence".[79]According to theNew York Times,similar to the manner in which theUnite the Right rallyin Charlottesville shocked Americans, the violence in Białystok raised public concern in Poland over anti-LGBT propaganda.[77]

Advocacy in song lyrics

[edit]
Buju Banton,a Jamaican musician, performing in 2007

As a result of the strong anti-homosexual culture inJamaica,manyreggaeanddancehallartists, such asBuju Banton,Elephant Man,Sizzla,have published song lyrics advocating violence against homosexuals. Similarly,hip-hopmusic occasionally includes aggressively homophobic lyrics,[80]but has since appeared to reform.

Banton wrote a song when he was 15 years old that became a hit when he released it years later in 1992 called "Boom Bye Bye". The song is about murdering homosexuals and "advocated the shooting of gay men, pouring acid on them and burning them alive."[33]A song by Elephant Man proclaims: "When you hear a lesbian getting raped/It's not our fault... Two women in bed/That's two sodomites who should be dead."[32]

Canadian activists have sought to deport reggae artists from the country due to homophobic content in some of their songs, which they say promote anti-gay violence. In the UK,Scotland Yardhas investigated reggaelyricsand Sizzla was barred from entering the United Kingdom in 2004 over accusations his music promotes murder.[33][81]

Gay rights advocates have started the groupStop Murder Musicto combat what they say is the promotion of hate and violence by artists. The group organized protests, causing some venues to refuse to allow the targeted artists to perform, and the loss of sponsors. In 2007, the group asked reggae artists to promise "not to produce music or make public statements inciting hatred against gay people. Neither can they authorise the re-release of previous homophobic songs." Several artists signed that agreement, including Buju Banton, Beenie Man, Sizzla andCapleton,[33]but some later denied signing it.[32][82]

During the 1980s, skinheads in North America who promoted emerging neo-Nazi pop culture andracistrock songs increasingly went to punk rock concerts with anti-gay music advocating violence.[83]

Motivations

[edit]

Macho culture and social homophobia

[edit]
Main article:Homophobia
See also:HypermasculinityandCompulsory heterosexuality

The vast majority of homophobic criminal assault is perpetrated by male aggressors on male victims, and is connected to aggressive heterosexualmachismoormale chauvinism. Theorists includingCalvin ThomasandJudith Butlerhave suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. Homophobia in men is correlated with insecurity about masculinity.[80][84][85]For this reason, allegedly homophobia is rampant in sports, and in thesubcultureof its supporters, that are consideredstereotypically"male", such asfootballandrugby.[86]

These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexuals in aheteronormativeculture,[87]thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person.[87]

Variouspsychoanalytictheories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. This threat causesrepression,denial orreaction formation.[88]

Christianity

[edit]
See also:Homophobia § Christianity and the Bible

Islam

[edit]
See also:Islam and homosexuality

TheQurancites the story of the "people ofLot"(also known as the people ofSodom and Gomorrah), destroyed by thewrathofAllahbecause they engaged inlustfulcarnal acts between men.

The most followedScholars of Islam,such asShaykh al-IslāmImam Malik,andImam Shafiamong others, ruled that Islam disallows male homosexuality and ordained capital punishment for a person guilty of it.[89]

The legal punishment for malesodomyhas varied among juristic schools: some prescribecapital punishment;while other prescribe a milder discretionary punishment. Homosexual activity is acrimeand forbidden in mostMuslim-majority countries.In some relativelysecularMuslim-majority countries such asIndonesia,[90]JordanandTurkey,this is not the case, however social persecution such ashonor killingsare widespread of cis-gendered gay men and sometimes lesbians.

The Quran, much like the Bible andTorah,has a vague condemnation of homosexuality and how it should be dealt with, leaving it ambiguous. For this reason, Islamic jurists have turned to the collections of thehadith(sayings ofMuhammad) andSunnah(accounts of his life). These, on the other hand, are perfectly clear and particularly harsh.[91]

Ibn al-Jawzirecords Muhammad as cursing sodomites in several hadith, and recommending the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in same-sex acts.[92]

Muhammad prescribed the death penalty for both the active and the passive male homosexual partners, which is a clear condemnation of male homosexuality within Islam, and the association with male homosexuality being associated with a cursed action has produced a long history of religiously condoned and sanctioned violence against gay men:

Narrated by Abdullah ibn Abbas: "The Prophet said: 'If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done'."

— Sunan Abu Dawood,38:4447,Al-Tirmidhi, 17:1456, Ibn Maajah, 20:2561

Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: "If a man who is not married is seized committing sodomy he will be stoned to death."

— Sunan Abu Dawood,38:4448

Ibn al-Jawzi(1114–1200), writing in the 12th century, claimed that Muhammad had cursed "sodomites" in several hadith, and had recommended the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in homosexual acts.[93]

It was narrated that Ibn Abbas said: "The Prophet said: '... cursed is the one who does the action of the people of Lot'."

— Musnad Ahmad:1878

Ahmad narrated from Ibn Abbas that the Prophet of Allah said: 'May Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot, may Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot', three times. "

— Musnad Ahmad: 2915

Al-Nuwayri(1272–1332), writing in the 13th century, reported in hisNihayathat Muhammad is "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot (he seems to have expressed the same idea in regard to wine and female seduction)."[94]

It was narrated that Jabir: "The Prophet said: 'There is nothing I fear for my followers more than the deed of the people of Lot.'"

— Al-Tirmidhi: 1457,Ibn Maajah: 2563

[89]

The overall moral or theological principle is that a person who performs such actions challenges the harmony of God's creation, and is therefore a revolt against God.[95]

These views vary depending upon sect. It is noteworthy to point out that Quranists (those who do not integrate the aforementioned Hadiths into their belief system) do not advocate capital punishment, while still condemning male homosexuality as an abomination and major sin.[96]

Mostimamswithin the Sunni and Shia branches still preach views stating that homosexual males should be executed under Islamic law. These are also followed up by executions in Islamic countries, and lynchings, honor killings, and hate crimes within Muslim communities in non-Islamic countries. Abu Usamah atGreen Lane MosqueinBirminghamdefended his words to followers by saying "If I were to call homosexuals perverted, dirty, filthy dogs who should be executed, that's my freedom of speech, isn't it?"[97]

Other contemporary Islamic views are that the "crime of homosexuality is one of the greatest of crimes, the worst ofsinsand the most abhorrent of deeds ".[98]Homosexuality is considered the 11th major sin in Islam, in the days of thecompanions of Muhammad,aslaveboy was once forgiven for killing his master who sodomized him.[99]

The 2016Orlando nightclub shootingwas at the time the deadliestmass shootingby an individual and remains the deadliest incident of violence against LGBT people in U.S. history.[100][101][102]On June 12, 2016,Omar Mateenkilled 49 people and wounded more than 50 atPulsegay nightclub inOrlando, Florida.[103]The act has been described by investigators as anIslamic terrorist attackand ahate crime.[104][105]

See also

[edit]
Prejudicial attitudes
Violence
See also

References

[edit]
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