Horn (anatomy)

For other uses, seeHorn.

A pair of horns on a maleimpala

Anatomy and physiology of an animal's horn

Ahornis a permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals that consists of a covering ofkeratinand otherproteinssurrounding a core of livebone.Horns are distinct fromantlers,which are not permanent. In mammals, true horns are found mainly among theruminantartiodactyls,in the familiesAntilocapridae(pronghorn) andBovidae(cattle,goats,antelopeetc.). Cattle horns arise from subcutaneous connective tissue (under the scalp) and later fuse to the underlying frontal bone.

One pair of horns is usual; however, two or more pairs occur in a few wild species and in somedomesticatedbreeds of sheep.Polycerate(multi-horned) sheep breeds include theHebridean,Icelandic,Jacob,Manx Loaghtan,and theNavajo-Churro.

Horns usually have a curved orspiralshape, often with ridges or fluting. In many species, only males have horns. Horns start to grow soon after birth and continue to grow throughout the life of the animal (except in pronghorns, which shed the outer layer annually, but retain the bony core). Partial or deformed horns in livestock are calledscurs.Similar growths on other parts of the body are not usually called horns, butspurs,claws,orhooves,depending on the part of the body on which they occur.

Other hornlike growths

See also:Weapon (biology)

The term "horn" is also popularly applied to other hard and pointed features attached to the head of animals in various other families:

• Giraffidae:Giraffeshave one or more pairs of bony bumps on their heads, calledossicones.These are covered with furred skin.
• Cervidae:Most deer haveantlers,which are not true horns and made of bone. When fully developed, antlers are dead bone without a horn or skin covering; they are borne only by adults (usually males, except forreindeer) and are shed and regrown each year.
• Rhinocerotidae:The "horns" of rhinoceroses are made ofkeratin,the same substance as fingernails, and grow continuously, but do not have a bone core.
• Chamaeleonidae:Many chameleons, most notably theJackson's chameleon,possess horns on their skulls, and have a keratin covering.
• Ceratopsidae:The "horns" of theTriceratopswere extensions of its skull bones, although debate exists over whether they had a keratin covering.
• Abelisauridae:Various abelisaurid theropods, such asCarnotaurusandMajungasauruspossessed extensions of thefrontal bonewhich were likely covered in some form of keratinousintegument.
• Horned lizards(Phrynosoma): These lizards have horns on their heads which have a hard keratin covering over a bony core, like mammalian horns.
• Insects:Some insects (such asrhinoceros beetles) have hornlike structures on the head orthorax(or both). These are pointed outgrowths of the hardchitinousexoskeleton.Some (such asstag beetles) have greatly enlarged jaws, also made of chitin.
• Canidae:Golden jackalswere once thought to occasionally develop ahorny growthon the skull, which is associated with magical powers in south-eastern Asia.Although no evidence of its existence has been found, it remains a common belief inSouth Asia.
• Azendohsauridae:the skull of the triassic azendohsauridarchosauromorphShringasauruspossessed two massive, forward-facing conical horns, which were likely covered in cornified sheaths in life.
• Anhimidae:Thehorned screamerpossesses an entirely keratinous spine, which is loosely connected to its skull.

Many mammal species in various families havetusks,which often serve the same functions as horns, but are in fact oversized teeth. These include theMoschidae(Musk deer, which are ruminants),Suidae(Wild Boars),Proboscidea(Elephants),Monodontidae(Narwhals) andOdobenidae(Walruses). Polledanimals orpollardsare those of normally-horned (mainlydomesticated) species whose horns have been removed, or which have not grown. In some cases such animals have small horny growths in the skin where their horns would be – these are known asscurs.

On humans

Cutaneous hornsare the only examples of horns growing on people.

Cases of people growing horns have been historically described, sometimes with mythical status. Researchers have not however discovered photographic evidence of the phenomenon.There are human cadaveric specimens that show outgrowings, but these are instead classified asosteomasor otherexcrescences.

The phenomenon of humans with horns has been observed in countries lacking advanced medicine. There are living people, several in China, with cases of cutaneous horns, most common in the elderly.

Some people, notablyThe Enigma,have horn implants; that is, they have implanted silicone beneath the skin as a form ofbody modification.

Animal uses of horns

Goat skull piece

African buffalo(both sexes have horns)

Animals have a variety of uses for horns and antlers, including defending themselves from predators and fighting members of their own species (horn fighting) for territory, dominance ormatingpriority.Horns are usually present only in males but in some species, females too may possess horns. It has been theorized by researchers that taller species living in the open are more visible from longer distances and more likely to benefit from horns to defend themselves against predators. Female bovids that are not hidden from predators due to their large size or opensavannahlikehabitat are more likely to bear horns than small or camouflaged species.

In addition, horns may be used to root in the soil or strip bark from trees. In animalcourtshipmany use horns in displays. For example, the maleblue wildebeestreams the bark and branches of trees to impress the female and lure her into histerritory.Some animals such as goats with true horns use them for cooling with the blood vessels in the bony core allowing them to function as aradiator.

After the death of a horned animal, the keratin may be consumed by the larvae of thehorn moth.

Human uses of horns

Water buffalohorn used as a hammer with cleaver to cut fish in southeast China

• Horned animals are sometimes hunted so their mounted head or horns can be displayed as ahunting trophyor as decorative objects.
• Some cultures use bovid horns asmusical instruments,for example, theshofar.These have evolved intobrass instrumentsin which, unlike thetrumpet,the bore gradually increases in width through most of its length—that is to say, it is conical rather than cylindrical. These are calledhorns,though now made ofmetal.
• Drinking hornsare bovid horns removed from the bone core, cleaned, polished, and used asdrinking vessels.(This is similar to the legend of thecornucopia.) It has been suggested that the shape of a natural horn was also the model for therhyton,a horn-shaped drinking vessel.
• Powder hornswere originally bovid horns fitted with lids and carrying straps, used to carrygunpowder.Powder flasksof any material may be referred to as powder horns.
• Shoehornswere originally made from slices of bovid horn, which provided the right curving shape and a smooth surface.
• Antelope horns are used in traditional Chinese medicine.
• Horns consist ofkeratin,and the term "horn" is used to refer to this material, sometimes including similarly solid keratin from other parts of animals, such ashoofs.Horn may be used as a material in tools,furnitureand decoration, among other uses. In these applications, horn is valued for its hardness, and it has given rise to the expressionhard as horn.Horn is somewhatthermoplasticand (liketortoiseshell) was formerly used for many purposes whereplasticwould now be used. Horn may be used to makeglue.
• Horn bowsare bows made from a combination of horn,sinewand usually wood. These materials allow more energy to be stored in a short bow than wood alone.
• Horns and horn tips from various animals have been used for centuries in the manufacture of scales, grips, or handles forknivesand other weapons, and beginning in the 19th century, for the handle scales ofhandguns.
• Hornbuttonsmay be made from horns, and historically also hooves which are a similar material. The non-bony part of the horn or hoof may be softened by heating to a temperature just above the boiling point of water, then molded in metal dies, or the hollow lower part of the horn may be slit spirally lengthwise and then flattened in a vise between wood boards, again after heating, and later cut with a holesaw or similar tool into round or other shaped blanks which are finished on a lathe or by hand. Toggle buttons are made by cutting off the solid tips of horns and perforating them. Antler buttons, and buttons made from hooves are not technically horn buttons, but are often referred to as such in popular parlance. Horns from cattle, water buffalo, and sheep are all used for commercial button making, and of other species as well, on a local and non-commercial basis.
• Horn combs were common in the era before replacement by plastic, and are still made.
• Horn needle cases and other small boxes, particularly of water buffalo horn, are still made. One occasionally finds horn used as a material in antique snuff boxes.
• Horn strips for inlaying wood are a traditional technique.
• Carved horn hairpins and other jewelry such as brooches and rings are manufactured, particularly in Asia, including for the souvenir trade.
• Horn is used in artwork for small, detailed carvings. It is an easily worked and polished material, is strong and durable, and in the right variety, beautiful.
• Horn chopsticks are found in Asian countries from highland Nepal and Tibet to the Pacific coast. Typically they are not the common material, but rather are higher quality decorative articles. Similarly other horn flatware, notably spoons, continues to be manufactured for decorations and other purposes.
• Long dicemade of horn that have a rodlike elongated shape with four numbered faces and two small unnumbered end faces continue to be manufactured in Asia where they are traditionally used in games likeChaupar(Pachisi) and many others.
• Horn is sometimes found inwalking sticks,cane handles, and shafts. In the latter use, the horn elements may be cut into short cylindrical segments held together by a metal core.
• Horned deitiesappear in various guises across many world religions and mythologies.
• Horned helmetsarise in different cultures, for ritual purposes rather than combat.
• Horns were treated and cut into strips to make semi-transparent windows in thevernacular architectureof the Medieval Ages.

Dehorning

In some instances, wildlife parks may decide to remove the horn of some animals (such as rhinos) as a preventive measure againstpoaching.Animal horns can be safely sawn off without hurting the animal (it is similar to clipping toe nails).When the animal were to be poached, the animal is generally killed as it is shot first.Park rangershowever may decide to tranquilize the animal instead to remove the horn.

Gallery

• 
  Erkencho,musical instrument made from a horn
• 
  AHebridean sheepwith one horn on one side and two on the other
• 
  Water buffalo horn (Bubalus bubalis)
• 
  Elizabeth BontéArt Nouveauhorn necklace
• 
  Sable antelopemounted horns, at the Zoological Museum, Denmark
• 
  Horns, tusks and antlers in theNational Museum of Scotland

See also

• Horned God
• Polled livestock
• Tortoiseshell
• Shofar
• Sign of the horns– Hand gesture
• Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects– Preservation of heritage collections

External links

• A site with information about the history of the cow horn as a musical instrument.
• MacGregor, Arthur.Bone, Antler, Ivory & Horn: The Technology of Skeletal Materials Since the Roman Period.Barnes and Noble, 1985. [Reprinted 2016, Routledge] This is a scholarly monograph on the subject of horn and other skeletal materials, heavily illustrated, and with extensive academic and art-historical references.