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Horotiu

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Coordinates:37°41′55″S175°11′44″E/ 37.69861°S 175.19556°E/-37.69861; 175.19556
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Not to be confused withWaihorotiu Streamin Auckland, or a hill named Horotiu about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east ofWhirinaki.

Horotiu
Township
Map
Coordinates:37°41′55″S175°11′44″E/ 37.69861°S 175.19556°E/-37.69861; 175.19556
CountryNew Zealand
RegionWaikato
DistrictWaikato District
WardNgāruawāhia Ward
CommunityNgāruawāhia Community
Electorates
Government
• Territorial AuthorityWaikato District Council
• Regional councilWaikato Regional Council
Area
[1]
• Territorial4.19 km2(1.62 sq mi)
Elevation
25 m (82 ft)
Population
(June 2023)[2]
• Territorial750
• Density180/km2(460/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+12(NZST)
• Summer (DST)UTC+13(NZDT)

Horotiuis a small township on the west bank of theWaikato Riverin theWaikato Districtof New Zealand. It is on theWaikato Plains13 km (8.1 mi) north ofHamiltonand 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Ngāruawāhia. From early in the 20th century it developed around a freezing works and other industries.

TheNorth Island Main Trunkrailway runs through the town, as didState Highway 1until opening of part of theWaikato Expresswayin 2013. An hourly bus runs betweenHuntlyand Hamilton.[3]

Name

[edit]

The name, Horotiu, seems to have been used interchangeably with Waikato River, or Pukete. Its first use for the current township seems to occur in 1864, shortly after theinvasion of the Waikato.[4]Until then, Horotiu was the name of the upper Waikato river, where its current became faster[5]and of Horotiu pā, on its banks, nearCambridge.[6]An 1858 map only shows the name as Horotiu Plains in the area near the pā.[7]The name, Horotiu, for the Waikato River,[8]upstream from Ngāruawāhia,[9]seems to have remained in use until the 1920s,[10]though the 1859 map named it as Waikato.[7]

Horotiu and Puketeparishesexisted from at least 1867,[11]but, until the 1900s, Horotiu was often referred to as Pukete, a name now used for the Hamilton suburb 6 km (3.7 mi) upstream. The railway station changed its name on 23 June 1907,[12]when the proposed post office was referred to as Horotiu (Pukete),[13]and the name of the school was changed from Pukete to Horotiu in 1911.[14]The post office closed in 1988.[15]

Demographics

[edit]

Horotiu covers 4.19 km2(1.62 sq mi)[1]and had an estimated population of 750 as of June 2023,[2]with a population density of 179 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006513—
2013498−0.42%
2018624+4.61%
Source:[16]

Before the 2023 census, the township had a smaller boundary, covering 3.23 km2(1.25 sq mi).[1]Using that boundary, Horotiu had a population of 624 at the2018 New Zealand census,an increase of 126 people (25.3%) since the2013 census,and an increase of 111 people (21.6%) since the2006 census.There were 198 households, comprising 324 males and 300 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.08 males per female. The median age was 34.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 150 people (24.0%) aged under 15 years, 114 (18.3%) aged 15 to 29, 306 (49.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 54 (8.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 78.4% European/Pākehā,34.1%Māori,3.8%Pacific peoples,6.2%Asian,and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 8.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 64.9% had no religion, 23.1% wereChristian,0.5% hadMāori religious beliefs,1.4% wereBuddhistand 1.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 66 (13.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 108 (22.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $40,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 78 people (16.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 291 (61.4%) people were employed full-time, 51 (10.8%) were part-time, and 9 (1.9%) were unemployed.[16]

In 2018 the census unit was reduced to about half its previous area, losing most to the west of the railway to Te Kowhai area unit.[17][18]Growth to 1,390 is planned by 2040.[19]

Geology

[edit]
1:250,000

TaupōPumiceAlluvium(Q1a) was deposited on the Hinuera Formation (Q2a) until about 15,000 years ago. Some of the alluvium has been dug forsandandgravel.The Hinuera formation is also sand and gravel, interbedded with silt and some peat.[20]In the last 14,000 years the Waikato River has cut into these formations, forming a lowterraceand then cutting deeper.[21]

The low ridge between the Waikato and Waipā rivers is made of Walton Subgroup (eQa – pumiceous fine-grained sand andsiltwithinterbeddedpeat,pumiceous gravelly sand,diatomaceousmud, and non-weldedignimbriteandtephra), covered in places by Piako Subgroup (1Qa –Late Pleistocene,mainly locally derived, stream and coastal alluvium, and minorfans,with up to 20 m (66 ft) of unconsolidated to very soft, thinly to thickly bedded, yellow-grey to orange-brown, pumiceous mud, silt, sandy mud and gravel, with muddy peat in some valleys).[21]

History

[edit]
AFFCO opening year

Ngāti Hauāhad apānamed Horotiu nearCambridge[22]and they also had land in this area.[23]The 1858 census put the Ngāti Hauā population at 1,399.[24]By then they had seeded this area with European grasses.[4]Their land wasconfiscatedin 1864.[8]

Education

[edit]

Horotiu School is a co-educational state primary school covering years 1 to 8[25]with a roll of 208 as of February 2024.[26]The 2012 report on the school said, "the vast majority of students are achieving at or aboveNational Standards"and noted it was in aDecile3 area.[27]The school dates back to 1879,[28]following a government grant of the land in 1878.[29]

Horotiu also has a playcentre.[30]

Freezing works and dairy

[edit]

Auckland Farmers Cooperative (laterAllied Farmers– AFFCO)[31]bought 80 acres (32 ha) in 1914[31]and a riverside gravel pit in 1915.[32]HorotiuFreezing Worksopened on 17 January 1916.[33]Horotiu still hasAFFCO’s head office[34]and its largest beef processing plant.[35]The parent company,Talley's,opened aWaikato Dairy Codried milkplant on the same site in August 2018.[36][37]The area has long been associated with dairying, a casein factory having opened in 1919.[38]AFFCO has long been involved withstrikes[39]and pollution.[40][41]

Business park

[edit]
2005 Horotiu landfill

Northgatebusiness park,between Horotiu and Te Rapa, covers 109 ha (270 acres)[30]and opened in 2013.[42]Ports of Aucklandhave 33ha in Northgate for afreight hub.[43]

Gravel, landfill and power station

[edit]

By 1904 the area was recognised as a source of gravel[44]and pits were established by 1907,[45]especially on the east bank,[46]and continue to produceaggregatesand take inclean fill.[47]Other landfilling ended in 2006, when a 1999consent[20]for aHamilton City Councillandfillexpired. It had been started in October 1985 on a 95 ha (230 acres) sand pit (worked from about 1970 to 2000) and was replaced byHampton Downs.It was closed earlier than originally planned, due toleachateproblems.[48]The 1999 consent required use of a vacuum to extract gas from the bores and leachate.[20]Therefore, from November 2004 until 2012, when the emissions declined,methanefrom the landfill ran a 900kWeWaukeshaVHP5904LTDEnginatorgas enginegenerator set.[49]

Te Awa Lakes

[edit]

Te Awa Lakes is a 100 ha (250 acres) site south east of Horotiu, beside the Waikato River. Development of a former sand and gravel pit started in 2021. It is planned to include shops, offices and 2,500 homes.[50]An August 2023City councilmeeting had a report that Te Awa Lakes could be the northern terminal of abus rapid transitline to the airport.[51]

1921 bridge in 1963

Cycleway

[edit]

The Horotiu-Pukete section ofTe Awa River Rideopened in 2013[52]and an extension to Ngāruawāhia opened on 2 November 2017.[53]

2001 bridge in 2014

Bridges

[edit]

Near Horotiu the Waikato is bridged by 2 roads and Te Awa cycleway.

The next bridge upstream isPukete sewer bridgeand downstream, Ngāruawāhia road bridge.

1921 Horotiu Bridge Rd

[edit]

Construction started about 1920 of areinforced concretebridge, with a 25 ft (7.6 m) higharch,a main span of 126 ft (38 m), plus six approach spans of 24 ft (7.3 m), carrying a 16 ft (4.9 m) wide road. It was designed by Toogood and Jones, of Auckland, for £7900, paid by Waikato and Waipa County Councils,[54]though government contributed £1,728.[55][56]The bridge was completed in 1921,[57]though the approaches took longer.[58]

2013 Te Rehu O Waikato Bridge in 2014

2001 Horotiu Bridge Rd

[edit]

The Category II listed bridge was deemed unsafe and replaced in 2001.[59]

Annual average daily trafficflows were 3,565 in 2010, 4,432 in 2016 and 5,969 in 2018, of which about 12% were heavy vehicles.[60]

2013 Waikato Expressway bridge

[edit]

The need for the 2001 bridge was reduced by the 142 m (466 ft) long 2013Waikato ExpresswayTe Rehu O Waikato Bridge, built 400 m (1,300 ft) upstream. As part of the $200m road section,[61]it used 800 tonnes of steel, including 56-tonne girders, resting on 4 x V-shaped piers,[62]which allowed the main span to be reduced about 20m to 55 m (180 ft).[63]Concretepre-castpanels were added to them to carry the concrete deck and barriers.[62]

140m long, 2.5m wide, $1.3m cable network arch bridge

Annual average daily traffic flows 3.46 km south of Gordonton Rd Overbridge were -[64][65]

Year northbound heavy southbound heavy
2014 5,747 16% 6,071 14%
2015 7,035 7,062
2016 7,913 8,142
2017 8,528 8,527
2018 8,600 16.8% 8,400 10.5%

2017 cycleway

[edit]

The Te Awa cycle bridge is a 140m long, 2.5m wide,[66]$1.3mcable networkarch bridge,[67]opened on Thursday 2 November 2017.[53]The bridge is lit from a 9kWh battery, powered by 2 x 100 wattwind turbinesand 2 x 250 wattsolar panelson 7-metre high masts at the base of the bridge.[68]Since opening the average weekly use by cyclists rose from 133 to 711 and by walkers from 348 to 391.[69]

Te Awa cycle trail bridge being prepared for lifting into position July 2017, as seen fromHakarimata Range.Te Rehu O Waikato and Horotiu bridges in background.
remnant of Grade II bridge demolished 2001

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abc"ArcGIS Web Application".statsnz.maps.arcgis.com.Retrieved15 April2024.
  2. ^ab"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat".Statistics New Zealand.Retrieved25 October2023.
  3. ^"21".busit.co.nz.Retrieved10 June2017.
  4. ^ab"THE WAIPA AND HOROTIU DISTRICT. (New Zealander, 1864-03-16)".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved14 June2017.
  5. ^"The Railways Magazine: Railway Station Maori Names".nzetc.victoria.ac.nz.1 October 1935.Retrieved14 June2017.
  6. ^"Waikato Expressway Cambridge Section – Archaeological investigations"(PDF).NZTA.
  7. ^ab"The southern part of the Province of Auckland showing the routes and surveys by Ferdinand von Hochstetter, 1859".www.aucklandcity.govt.nz.Archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2017.Retrieved14 June2017.
  8. ^ab"Proclamation of Native Lands under the New Zealand Settlements Act. (Daily Southern Cross, 1865-06-21)".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved10 June2017.
  9. ^"New Zealand Herald, 1873-02-10".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved11 June2017.
  10. ^"THE WAIKATO RIVER. (New Zealand Herald, 1928-03-06)".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved11 June2017.
  11. ^"The Daily Southern Cross. (1867-08-02)".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved13 June2017.
  12. ^Scoble, Juliet (2010)."Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations in New Zealand 1863 to 2010"(PDF).Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand.
  13. ^"The Waikato Argus. TUESDAY, MAY 21, 1907".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved13 June2017.
  14. ^"BOARD OF EDUCATION. (Waikato Argus, 1911-06-22)".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved13 June2017.
  15. ^"Our History".Pukete School.Retrieved18 June2017.
  16. ^ab"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census".Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Horotiu (172600).2018 Census place summary: Horotiu
  17. ^"2013 Census map – QuickStats about a place".archive.stats.govt.nz.Retrieved12 March2020.
  18. ^"ArcGIS Web Application".statsnz.maps.arcgis.com.Retrieved12 March2020.
  19. ^"Ngaaruawaahia, Hopuhopu, Taupiri, Horotiu, Te Kowhai & Glen Massey Structure Plan"(PDF).Waikato District Council.March 2017.
  20. ^abcNigel Edger, Opus International Consultants."HOROTIU LANDFILL STAGE 6B: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION & CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE"(PDF).
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  22. ^"CAMBRIDGE MUSEUM – ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES".cambridgemuseum.org.nz.Retrieved13 June2017.
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  26. ^"New Zealand Schools Directory".New Zealand Ministry of Education.Retrieved14 March2024.
  27. ^"Horotiu School – 06/08/2012".Education Review Office.Retrieved11 June2017.
  28. ^"The Horotiu School centennial, 1879–1979; a record of the past 100 years of the Pukete-Horotiu School's development and of the celebration of the centennial".DigitalNZ.1 January 1979.Retrieved13 June2017.
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  31. ^ab"3. – Stock and station agencies – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand".www.teara.govt.nz.Retrieved12 June2017.
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  34. ^"Head office".www.affco.co.nz.Retrieved11 June2017.
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  40. ^"Council grants Horotiu consents".Waikato Regional Council.Retrieved15 June2017.
  41. ^"Applications in for a suite of replacement consents to cover the ongoing operation of the meat processing plant at Horotiu".Waikato Regional Council.7 December 2015.
  42. ^Tunstall, Kashka (23 October 2013)."Northgate business park complex nearly ready".Stuff.co.nz.Retrieved12 June2017.
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  48. ^Mohobane, Thabiso (2008)."The characteristics and impacts of landfill leachate from Horotiu"(PDF).University of Waikato.
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  60. ^"traffic and loading all roads nov16"(PDF).Waikato District Council.
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  65. ^"SHTV 2014 2018 all regions as at 27 July 2019".NZTA.
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[edit]
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