Howard Martin Temin

For the British doctor, seeHoward Martin.

Howard Temin
Temin in 1975
Born	Howard Martin Temin (1934-12-10)December 10, 1934 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,U.S
Died	February 9, 1994(1994-02-09)(aged 59) Madison, Wisconsin,U.S
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Swarthmore College California Institute of Technology(PhD)
Known for	Reverse transcriptase
Spouse	Rayla Greenberg ​ (m.1962)​
Children	2
Awards	NAS Award in Molecular Biology(1972) Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry(1973) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine(1975) ForMemRS(1988)
Scientific career
Fields	Genetics Virology
Institutions	University of Wisconsin–Madison
Thesis	The interaction of Rous sarcoma virus and cells in vitro(1960)
Doctoral students	Edward F. Fritsch

Howard Martin Temin(December 10, 1934 – February 9, 1994) was anAmericangeneticistandvirologist.He discoveredreverse transcriptasein the 1970sat theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison,for which he shared the 1975Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicinewithRenato DulbeccoandDavid Baltimore.

Early life and education

Temin was born inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania,toJewishparents, Annette (Lehman), an activist, and Henry Temin, an attorney.As a high school student atCentral High Schoolin Philadelphia, he participated in theJackson Laboratory's Summer Student Program inBar Harbor, Maine.The director of the program,C.C. Little,told his parents that Temin was "unquestionably the finest scientist of the fifty-seven students who have attended the program since the beginning...I can't help but feel this boy is destined to become a really great man in the field of science."Temin said that his experience at Jackson's Laboratory is what originally interested him in science.

Temin's parents raised their family to have values associated with social justice and independent thinking, which was evident throughout his life. For Temin'sbar mitzvah,the family donated money that would have been spent on the party to a local camp for displaced persons. Temin was also the valedictorian of his class and he devoted his speech to relevant issues at the time including the recent hydrogen bomb activity and the news of sending a man to the moon.

Temin received a bachelor's degree fromSwarthmore Collegein 1955 majoring and minoring inbiologyin the honors program. He received his doctorate degree inanimal virologyfrom theCalifornia Institute of Technologyin 1960.

Career and research

Temin's first exposure to experimental science was during his time at theCalifornia Institute of Technologyas a graduate student in laboratory of ProfessorRenato Dulbecco.Temin originally studiedembryologyat Caltech, but after about a year and a half, he switched toanimal virology.He became interested Dulbecco's lab after a chance run-in withHarry Rubin,a postdoctoral fellow in Dulbecco's lab. In the lab, Temin studied theRous sarcoma virus,a tumor-causing virus that infects chickens.During his research on the virus, he observed that mutations in the virus yielded alterations in the structural characteristics of the infected cell – thus, integration into the cell's genome was occurring. As part of his doctoral thesis, Temin stated that theRous Sarcoma Virushas "some kind of close relationship with the genome of the infected cell".Following receiving his doctorate, Temin continued to work in Dulbecco's lab as a postdoctoral fellow.

In 1960, theMcArdle Laboratory for Cancer Researchat theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madisonrecruited Temin as avirologist;a position that had been hard to fill because, at the time, virology was not considered pertinent to cancer research. Even though Temin knew he would be completely independent in Madison, because of the lack of research involvingvirologyandoncologytogether, Temin stated that he was "supremely self-confident".When he first arrived in Madison in 1960, he found an unprepared laboratory in the basement of a rundown building with an office that could be considered a closet. Until a more suitable laboratory could be prepared, he continued his research with RSV at a friend's laboratory at theUniversity of Illinois.Later that year, he returned to Madison, continued his RSV research in his own lab, and began his position as an assistant professor.

While studying the Rous sarcoma virus at UW-Madison, Temin began to refer to the genetic material that the virus introduced to the cells, the "provirus".Using the antibiotic,actinomycin D,which inhibits the expression of DNA, he determined that the provirus was DNA or was located on the cell's DNA.These results implied that the infectingRous sarcoma viruswas somehow generating complementary double-stranded DNA. Temin's description of howtumorvirusesact on the genetic material of the cell through reverse transcription was revolutionary. This upset the widely held belief at the time of a popularized version of the "Central Dogma" ofmolecular biologyposited byNobellaureateFrancis Crick,one of the co-discoverers of the structure ofDNA(along withJames WatsonandRosalind Franklin). Crick had claimed only that sequence information cannot flow out of protein into DNA or RNA, but he was commonly interpreted as saying that information flows exclusively from DNA toRNAtoprotein.Many highly respected scientists disregarded his work and declared it impossible. Despite the lack of support from the scientific community, Temin continued to search for evidence to support his idea. In 1969, Temin and a postdoctoral fellow, Satoshi Mizutani, began searching for the enzyme that was responsible for the phenomenon of viral RNA being transferred into proviral DNA.Later that year, Temin showed that certain tumor viruses carried the enzymatic ability to reverse the flow of information from RNA back to DNA usingreverse transcriptase.Reverse transcriptase was also independently and simultaneously discovered in association with themurine leukemia virusbyDavid Baltimoreat theMassachusetts Institute of Technology.In 1975, Baltimore and Temin shared theNobel Prizeof Physiology or Medicine.Both scientists completed their initial work with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase with theRous sarcoma virus.

The discovery of reverse transcriptase is one of the most important of the modern era of medicine, as reverse transcriptase is the centralenzymein several widespread viral diseases such asAIDSandHepatitis B.Reverse transcriptase is also an important component of several important techniques in molecular biology, such as thereverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,and diagnostic medicine.

Mentoring

Temin has mentored some PhD students, includingEdward F. Fritsch,co-author of the most-cited book of all time.

Awards and honors

Temin was a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences(1973),the United StatesNational Academy of Sciences(1974), and theAmerican Philosophical Society(1978).In 1992 Temin received theNational Medal of Science.Temin was elected aForeign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1988.

Following winning the Nobel Prize, Temin focused his research mainly on studying the viral sequences that control the packaging of viral RNA, developing a new vaccine forHIV,and studying the mechanisms of retroviral variation.

Life and career post-Nobel Prize

After receiving theNobel Prizein 1975, Temin went from a rebel in the scientific community to a highly respected researcher. Temin began receiving international recognition for his work, and used his newly acquired fame to improve the world. An example of this was in October 1976; Temin helped scientists in theSoviet Unionthat were targeted by the KGB, the secret police in the Soviet Union. The Jewish Soviet scientists had been stripped of their jobs and oppressed after requesting visas to emigrate to Israel. Temin made it his mission to personally visit the scientists and their families. He gave them gifts that could be resold to help them financially, and he gave the scientists copies of scientific journals, which had been banned by the KGB.On one occasion, Howard Temin gave a lecture to some of the Jewish Soviet scientists in someone's home. The next morning, almost all of scientists that had attended the lecture were arrested. After they were released, Temin tape-recorded one of the scientist's account of the event and gave the tape to newspapers in the United States so that the situation that Jewish scientists were facing would be publicized.

Another example of Temin trying to improve the world was at theNobel Prizereception. After receiving theNobel Prizefrom King Carl Gustav of Sweden; Temin addressed the smokers in the audience, which included theQueen of Denmark,saying he was "outraged that one major measure available to prevent much cancer, namely the cessation of smoking, had not been more widely adopted". He had also insisted that the ashtray located on the laureates' table be removed.

After winning theNobel Prize,Temin also became more active in the scientific community outside of research. He was involved in over 14 scientific journals. In 1979, he became an advisory member for the director of theNational Institute of Health(NIH) and a member of the human gene therapy subgroup of the recombinant DNA advisory committee. He was also a member of the National Cancer Advisory Board, and the chairman of the AIDS subcommittee. At theNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(NIAID), he was the chairman of a genetic variation advisory panel on the development of AIDS, and was a member of vaccine advisory board. In theNational Academy of Sciences(NAS), he was a member of the Waksman Award committee and report review committee. In 1986, Temin became a member of theInstitute of Medicine(IOM)/NAS committee for national strategy for public policy issues associated with AIDS. The last committee Temin served on was theWorld Health OrganizationAdvisory Council.

In 1981, Temin became a founding member of theWorld Cultural Council.

Death and legacy

Temin taught and conducted research at UW-Madison until he died oflung cancer,on February 9, 1994.He was survived by his wife Rayla, a geneticist at UW-Madison, two daughters, and two brothers,Peter Temin,also an academic, and Michael Temin, a lawyer.

See also

• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

External links

• Bill Sugden, "Howard M. Temin", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
• Howard M. Teminon Nobelprize.org