Hruso language
Hruso | |
---|---|
Angka(e), Gusso, Hrusso, Tenae | |
Aka | |
Native to | Arunachal Pradesh,India |
Region | Southeast Kameng,Bichom River Valley |
Ethnicity | Hruso |
Native speakers | 3,000 (2007)[1] perhaps including Levai |
Dialects |
|
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | hru |
Glottolog | hrus1242 |
ELP | Hruso |
Hruso,also known asAka(Angka), is a language ofArunachal PradeshIndia. Long assumed to be aSino-Tibetan language,it may actually be alanguage isolate.[2][3]It is spoken by 3,000 people in 21 villages in Thrizino Circle,West Kameng District.[2]The Hruso people inhabit areas of South East Kameng and are concentrated in the Bichom River Valley, and speak English, Hindi, andMijiin addition to Hruso.[1]
Bangru(Ləvai), spoken on the Tibetan border, might be related to Hruso, but it seems more likely that it is a dialect ofMiji.[2]
Locations[edit]
According to theEthnologue,Hruso is spoken in the following villages of Thrizino circle,West Kameng district,Arunachal Pradesh,in India.
- Jamiri
- Husigaon
- Gohainthan
- Buragaon
- Karangonia
- Raindogonia
- Yayom
- Gijiri
- Dijungonia
- Tulu
- Palatari
- Raghupam
- Tania
- Khuppi
- Bhalukpong
- Balipho
- Palizi
Hruso is also spoken in Pisang village, Seppa circle,East Kameng district.
Status[edit]
Ethnologuelists the language as 6b, or "threatened", The same can be said on another example, where ELP, or Endangered Languages Project, with a 20% certainty also lists it as "threatened."
Dialects/varieties[edit]
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The bookHrusoby Robert Shafer, notes the two dialects that Hruso is divided into. The first one is known to be recorded by Campbell and the second dialect is known to be recorded by Anderson, Hesslmeyer, and Payne. Also Dialect A has some differentiation in vocabulary when compared to Dialect B. Dialect A is also known to be briefly recorded and is more archaic than dialect B which has very little recording evidence behind it.
Dialects A 1 Anderson hhu, k' k'ii "water", Hess. xu. And. diaha (p. 9), diak'a (17) "to-morrow". And. yo "to-day", ya "now". And. k'sesi "goat" (6), k's8 (18), H. kisie, P. k'esi, k'isi. Camp. gle "foot", P. -ksi, si-, si, And. -si, H. si. 2 To chew; p. 17, to eat. 3 In na-yu "ear emerald". 4 The consonant seems to be palatalized in this root in some languages and the vowel perhaps umlauted, both perhaps due to the following *-s. But these languages are too poorly recorded to form a basis for a conclusion.[4]
References[edit]
- ^abHrusoatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^abcBlench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011),(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence(PDF),archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-05-26
- ^Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020)."Hruso".Glottolog4.3.
- ^Shafer, Robert (1 January 1947). "Hruso".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.12(1): 184–196.doi:10.1017/s0041977x00079994.JSTOR608994.S2CID246637851.
- Blench, Roger. 2018.The Hruso language: grammar sketch and wordlist.
External links[edit]
- Endangered Languages.com
- Simon, I.M. (1993)Aka language guide
- ELAR collection:Documentation and Description of the Hrusso Aka Language of Arunachal Pradeshdeposited by Vijay D'Souza