Human blood group systems
The termhuman blood group systemsis defined by theInternational Society of Blood Transfusion(ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surfaceantigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single genelocusor by two or more very closely linkedhomologousgenes with little or no observablerecombinationbetween them ",[1]and include the commonABOandRh (Rhesus)antigen systems, as well as many others; 44 human systems are identified as of December 2022[update].[2]
Table of systems and classifications
[edit]| ISBTNo.[3] | System name | System symbol | Structure / function | Chromosome | Antigens | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | ABO | ABO | Carbohydrate (N-Acetylgalactosamine,galactose). | 9q34.2 | A, B, H | Mainly elicitIgMantibody reactions, although anti-H is very rare, see theHh antigen system(Bombay phenotype, ISBT #18). |
| 002 | MNS | MNS | GPA / GPB (glycophorinsA and B). | 4q31.21 | M, N, S, s | |
| 003 | P1PK | P | Glycolipid | 22q13.2 | P1,P, and Pk | |
| 004 | Rh | RH | Protein and glucose. | 1p36.11 | C, c, D, E, e | There is no "d" antigen; lowercase "d" indicates the absence of D. |
| 005 | Lutheran | LU | Protein (member of theimmunoglobulin superfamily). | 19q13.32 | 21 antigens | |
| 006 | Kell | KEL | Glycoprotein. | 7q34 | K, k, Kpa,Kpb,Jsaand Jsb[4] | |
| 007 | Lewis | LE | Carbohydrate (fucoseresidue). | 19p13.3 | Mainly Leaand Leb | Associated with tissue ABH antigen secretion. |
| 008 | Duffy | FY | Protein (chemokine receptor). | 1q23.2 | Mainly Fyaand Fyb | Individuals lacking Duffy antigens altogether are immune tomalariacaused byPlasmodium vivaxandPlasmodium knowlesi. |
| 009 | Kidd | JK | Protein (urea transporter). | 18q12.3 | Jkaand Jkb | |
| 010 | Diego | DI | Glycoprotein (band 3,AE 1, or anion exchange). | 17q21.31 | Positive blood is found only amongEast AsiansandNative Americans. | |
| 011 | Yt | YT | Protein (AChE,acetylcholinesterase). | 7q22.1 | ||
| 012 | XG | XG | Glycoprotein. | Xp22.33 | ||
| 013 | Scianna | SC | Glycoprotein. | 1p34.2 | ||
| 014 | Dombrock | DO | Glycoprotein (fixed to cell membrane by GPI, orglycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol). | 12p12.3 | ||
| 015 | Colton | CO | Aquaporin 1. | 7p14.3 | Mainly Co(a) and Co(b) | |
| 016 | Landsteiner-Wiener | LW | Protein (member of theimmunoglobulin superfamily). | 19p13.2 | ||
| 017 | Chido/Rodgers | CH | C4A C4B (complement fractions). | 6p21.3 | ||
| 018 | Hh | H | Carbohydrate (fucoseresidue). | 19q13.33 | ||
| 019 | XK | XK | Glycoprotein. | Xp21.1 | ||
| 020 | Gerbich | GE | GPC / GPD (GlycophorinsC and D). | 2q14.3 | ||
| 021 | Cromer | CROM | Glycoprotein (DAF orCD55,regulates complement fractions C3 and C5, attached to the membrane by GPI). | 1q32.2 | ||
| 022 | Knops | KN | Glycoprotein (CR1 orCD35,immune complex receptor). | 1q32.2 | ||
| 023 | Indian | IN | Glycoprotein (CD44adhesion function?). | 11p13 | ||
| 024 | Ok | OK | Glycoprotein (CD147). | 19p13.3 | ||
| 025 | Raph | RAPH | Transmembrane glycoprotein. | 11p15.5 | ||
| 026 | JMH | JMH | Protein (fixed to cell membrane by GPI). Also known asSemaphorin 7Aor CD108. | 15q24.1 | ||
| 027 | Ii | I | Branched (I) / unbranched (i)polysaccharide. | 6p24.2 | ||
| 028 | Globoside | GLOB | Glycolipid. Antigen P. | 3q26.1 | ||
| 029 | GIL | GIL | Aquaporin 3.[citation needed] | 9p13.3 | ||
| 030 | Rh-associated glycoprotein | RHAg | Rh-associated glycoprotein.[citation needed] | 6p21-qter | ||
| 031 | Forssman | FORS | Globoside alpha-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (GBGT1).[citation needed] | 9q34.13 | ||
| 032 | Langereis[5] | LAN | ABCB6,human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, mitochondrialporphyrintransporter.[5] | 2q36 | ||
| 033 | Junior | JR | ABCG2.Multi-drug transporter protein.[citation needed] | 4q22 | ||
| 034 | Vel | Vel | Human red cell antigens.[citation needed] | 1p36.32 | ||
| 035 | CD59 | CD59 | — | 11p13 | ||
| 036 | Augustine | AUG | Protein (transporter).[6] | 6p21.1 | ||
| 037 | KANNO[7][8] | PRNP | — | 20p13 | ||
| 038 | SID | SID | 17q21.32 | |||
| 039 | CTL2 | CTL2 | 19p13.2 | |||
| 040 | PEL | PEL | 13q32.1 | |||
| 041 | MAM | MAM | 19q13.33 | |||
| 042 | EMM | EMM | 4p16.3 | |||
| 043 | ABCC1 | ABCC1 | 16p13.11 | |||
| 044 | Er[9] | Er | Protein | Era,Erb,Er3, Er4, and Er5 | Illustrates potential antigenicity of low abundance membrane proteins and contributes to understanding of in vivo characteristics of the Piezo1 protein in transfusion biology |
Antibodies
[edit]Following is a comparison of clinically relevant characteristics of antibodies against the main human blood group systems:[10]
| ABO | Rh | Kell | Duffy | Kidd | Lutheran | MNS | Lewis | P | Ii | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Most common in immediate hemolytic transfusion reactions | A | Yes | Fya | Jka | ||||||
| Most common in delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions | E,D,C | Jka | ||||||||
| Most common inhemolytic disease of the newborn | Yes | D,C | Yes | |||||||
| Commonly produce intravascular hemolysis | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||
| Reactive at room temperature | Yes | M,N | Lea,Leb | P1 | ||||||
| Nearly always clinically insignificant | Yes | M,N | Yes | P1 | ||||||
| Naturally occurring | Yes | Yes | M,N | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Enhanced byficain[11]andpapain[12] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | P1 | Yes | ||||
| Destroyed byficain[11]andpapain[12] | Fya,Fyb | Yes | Yes | |||||||
| Displaying dosage | Cc, Ee | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Compatibility testing
[edit]
Blood compatibility testing is performed beforeblood transfusion,including matching of theABO blood group systemand theRh blood group system,as well as screening for recipient antibodies against other human blood group systems. Blood compatibility testing is also routinely performed on pregnant women and on thecord bloodfrom newborn babies, because incompatibility puts the baby at risk for developinghemolytic disease of the newborn.[13][14]It is also used beforehematopoietic stem cell transplantation,as it may be responsible for some cases of acutegraft-versus-host disease.[15]
Other human blood group systems than ABO and Rh have a relatively small risk of complications when blood is mixed.[16]Therefore, in emergencies such as majorhemorrhage,the urgency of transfusion can exceed the need for compatibility testing against other blood group systems (and potentially Rh as well).[16]Also, blood compatibility testing beyond ABO and Rh is generally limited to antibody detection (not necessarily including forward typing). Still, in Europe, females who require blood transfusions are often typed for theKand extended Rh antigens to prevent sensitization to these antigens, which could put them at risk for developinghemolytic disease of the newbornduring pregnancy.[17]
When needing to give red blood cell transfusion to a patient, the presence of clinically significant antibodies produced by the patient can be detected by mixing patient serum with 2 to 4 "screening" or "control" red blood cells that together display essentially all relevant antigens. If any of these mixes display a reaction (evidence of patient antibodies binding to the screening red blood cells), a more extensive antibody panel is warranted (as imaged at right).[18]
References
[edit]- ^ISBT (2016)."International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Committee on Terminology for Red Cell Surface Antigens, Terminology Home Page".Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2016.Retrieved20 February2016.
- ^"Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology".International Society of Blood Transfusion.2023.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2022.Retrieved25 April2023.
- ^ISBT (2021)."Table of Blood Group Systems v 10.0 (June 2021)"(PDF).International Society of Blood Transfusion.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 January 2022.Retrieved11 February2022.
- ^Smart, E.; Armstrong, B. (2008)."Blood group systems".ISBT Science Series.3(2): 68–92.doi:10.1111/j.1751-2824.2008.00188.x.ISSN1751-2816.
- ^abHelias, V.; Saison, C.; Ballif, B.A.; Peyrard, T.; Takahashi, J.; Takahashi, H.; Tanaka, M.; Deybach, J.C.; Puy, H.; Le Gall, M.; Sureau, C.; Pham, B.N.; Le Pennec, P.Y.; Tani, Y.; Cartron, J.P.; Arnaud, L. (2012)."ABCB6 is Dispensable for Erythropoiesis and Specifies the New Blood Group System Langereis".Nature Genetics.44(2, January 15): 170–173.doi:10.1038/ng.1069.PMC3664204.PMID22246506.
[Quoting Abstract: The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB6 has been described as a mitochondrial porphyrin transporter essential for heme biosynthesis, but it is also suspected to contribute to anticancer drug resistance, as do other ABC transporters located at the plasma membrane. We identified ABCB6 as the genetic basis of the Lan blood group antigen expressed on red blood cells but also at the plasma membrane of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and we established that ABCB6 encodes a new blood group system (Langereis, Lan). Targeted sequencing of ABCB6 in 12 unrelated individuals of the Lan(-) blood type identified 10 different ABCB6 null mutations. This is the first report of deficient alleles of this human ABC transporter gene. Of note, Lan(-) (ABCB6(-/-)) individuals do not suffer any clinical consequences, although their deficiency in ABCB6 may place them at risk when determining drug dosage.]
- ^Daniels, G.; Ballif, B. A.; Helias, V.; Saison, C.; Grimsley, S.; Mannessier, L.; Hustinx, H.; Lee, E.; et al. (20 April 2015)."Lack of the nucleoside transporter ENT1 results in the Augustine-null blood type and ectopic mineralization".Blood.125(23): 3651–3654.doi:10.1182/blood-2015-03-631598.PMC4458803.PMID25896650.
- ^National Center for Global Health and Medicine,Japanese Red Cross Society,Fukushima Medical University andJapan Agency for Medical Research and Development(2019-08-05)Tân たなヒト huyết dịch hình “KANNO” の quốc tế nhận định ― quốc lập quốc tế y liệu nghiên cứu センターなど, nhật bổn の nghiên cứu グループとして sơ めての đăng lục ―(in Japanese)
- ^"Omae, Y.; Ito, S.; Takeuchi, M.; Isa, K.; Ogasawara, K.; Kawabata, K.; Oda, A.; Kaito, S.; Tsuneyama, H.; Uchikawa, M.; Wada, I.; Ohto, H.; Tokunaga, K. (2019)." Integrative genome analysis identified the KANNO blood group antigen as prion protein "Transfusion.2019 Jul;59(7):2429-2435. DOI:10.1111/trf.15319. Epub 2019 Apr 24.
- ^Karamatic Crew, Vanja; Tilley, Louise A; Satchwell, Timothy J; AlSubhi, Samah A; Jones, Benjamin; Spring, Frances A; Walser, Piers J; Martins Freire, Catarina; Murciano, Nicoletta; Rotordam, Maria Giustina; Woestmann, Svenja J; Hamed, Marwa; Alradwan, Reem; AlKhrousey, Mouza; Skidmore, Ian; Lewis, Sarah; Hussain, Shimon; Jackson, Jane; Latham, Tom; Kilby, Mark D; Lester, William Arthur; Becker, Nadine; Rapedius, Markus; Toye, Ashley Mark; Thornton, Nicole M (19 September 2022)."Missense mutations in PIEZO1, encoding the Piezo1 mechanosensor protein, define the Er red blood cell antigens".Blood.141(2): 135–146.doi:10.1182/blood.2022016504.PMC10644042.PMID36122374.S2CID252382544.
- ^Mais, Daniel (2014).Quick compendium of clinical pathology.United States: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press.ISBN978-0-89189-615-9.OCLC895712380.
- ^abHill, Ben C.; Hanna, Courtney A.; Adamski, Jill; Pham, Huy P.; Marques, Marisa B.; Williams, Lance A. (2017)."Ficin-Treated Red Cells Help Identify Clinically Significant Alloantibodies Masked as Reactions of Undetermined Specificity in Gel Microtubes".Laboratory Medicine.48(1): 24–28.doi:10.1093/labmed/lmw062.ISSN0007-5027.PMID28007780.
- ^abEric Ching."Questions and Answers on Proteolytic Enzymes Used in Blood Group Serology".Canadian Society for Transfusion Medicine.Retrieved2021-01-28.
- ^American Association for Clinical Chemistry(15 November 2019)."Blood Typing".Lab Tests Online.Retrieved27 January2020.
- ^Gonsorcik, V.K. (7 August 2018)."ABO Grouping: Overview, Clinical Indications/Applications, Test Performance".Medscape.Retrieved2 March2020.
- ^Bacigalupo, A.; Van Lint, M. T.; M. Margiocco, D. Occhini; Ferrari, G.; Pittaluga, P. A.; Frassoni, F.; Peralvo, J.; Lercari, G.; Carubia, F.; Marmont, A. M. (1988)."Abo Compatibility and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation".Transplantation.45(6): 1091–1093.doi:10.1097/00007890-198806000-00018.ISSN0041-1337.PMID3289150.S2CID39707395.
- ^abGoodell, Pamela P.; Uhl, Lynne; Mohammed, Monique; Powers, Amy A. (2010)."Risk of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Following Emergency-Release RBC Transfusion".American Journal of Clinical Pathology.134(2): 202–206.doi:10.1309/AJCP9OFJN7FLTXDB.ISSN0002-9173.PMID20660321.
- ^Westhoff, Connie M. (2019)."Blood group genotyping".Blood.133(17): 1814–1820.doi:10.1182/blood-2018-11-833954.ISSN0006-4971.PMID30808639.
- ^"Glossary: Antibody Screen - Blood Bank Guy Glossary".
Further reading
[edit]- Dean, Laura (2005).Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens.Bethesda, MD, USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.Retrieved19 February2016.
- SIB-EBI-PIR (2016)."Blood group Antigen Proteins: List of Entries, 17 February version".Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledgebase.Geneva, CHE: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatic (SIB), in cooperation with the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI, Hinxton, ENG), and the Protein Information Resource (PIR, Washington DC, USA).Retrieved19 February2016.
- ISBT Table of blood group antigens within systems,updated August 2008.
- BGMUTBlood Group Antigen Gene Mutation DatabaseatNCBI,NIH.
External links
[edit]- BGvar,a comprehensive online resource for blood group associated genetic variants.
-Rophina, Mercy; Pandhare, Kavita; Jadhao, Sudhir; Nagaraj, Shivashankar H.; Scaria, Vinod (2021-02-05)."BGvar - a comprehensive resource for blood group immunogenetics".bioRxiv.32(3): 229–236.doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429861.PMID34897852.S2CID231885707. 
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