Jump to content

Serbian language

Edit links
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromISO 639:srp)
Not to be confused with theSorbian languages.

Serbian
српски језик/srpski jezik
Pronunciation[sr̩̂pskiː]
Native toSerbia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Montenegro
Kosovo
RegionSoutheastern Europe
EthnicitySerbs
Native speakers
c.12 million (2009)[1]
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byBoard for Standardization of the Serbian Language
Language codes
ISO 639-1sr
ISO 639-2srp
ISO 639-3srp
Glottologserb1264
Linguaspherepart of53-AAA-g
Countries/regions where Serbian is an official language.
Countries/regions where it is recognized as a minority language.
Serbian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Serbian(српски/srpski,pronounced[sr̩̂pskiː]) is thestandardizedvarietyof theSerbo-Croatianlanguage mainly used bySerbs.[8][9][10][11][12][13]It is the official and national language ofSerbia,one of the three official languages ofBosnia and Herzegovinaand co-official inMontenegroandKosovo.It is a recognized minority language inCroatia,North Macedonia,Romania,Hungary,Slovakia,and theCzech Republic.

Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian,Shtokavian(more specifically on the dialects ofŠumadija-VojvodinaandEastern Herzegovina),[14]which is also the basis ofstandard Croatian,Bosnian,andMontenegrinvarieties[15]and therefore theDeclaration on the Common Languageof Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017.[16][17]The other dialect spoken by Serbs isTorlakianin southeastern Serbia, which is transitional toMacedonianandBulgarian.

Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionallydigraphic,[18]using bothCyrillicandLatinalphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguistVuk Karadžić,who created it based onphonemicprinciples. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian (latinica) was designed by the Croatian linguistLjudevit Gajin the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system.[19]

Classification

See also:History of Serbo-Croatian

Serbian is a standardized variety ofSerbo-Croatian,[20][21]aSlavic language(Indo-European), of theSouth Slavicsubgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian areBosnian,Croatian,andMontenegrin."An examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system."[22]It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languagesBulgarianandMacedonian,than withSlovene(Slovene is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it is closer to theKajkavianandChakavian dialectsof Serbo-Croatian[23]).

Geographic distribution

Speakers by country:

Status in Montenegro

Serbian was the official language ofMontenegrountil October 2007, when the newConstitution of Montenegroreplaced the Constitution of 1992. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties,[32]Montenegrinwas made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along withBosnian,Albanian,andCroatian.[33]

In the 2011 Montenegrin census, 42.88% declared Serbian to be their native language, while Montenegrin was declared by 36.97% of the population.[34]

Differences between standard Serbian and standard Croatian and Bosnian

Main article:Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
See also:Serbo-Croatian phonologyandSerbo-Croatian grammar

Writing system

Main articles:Serbian Cyrillic alphabet,Gaj's Latin alphabet,andYugoslav Braille

Standard Serbian language uses bothCyrillic(ћирилица,ćirilica) andLatin script(latinica,латиница). Serbian is a rare example of synchronicdigraphia,a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or the other. In general, the alphabets are used interchangeably; except in the legal sphere, where Cyrillic is required, there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates.

Although Serbian language authorities have recognized the official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made theofficial scriptof Serbia's administration by the 2006Constitution.[35]

The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts, although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment. The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic is the "identity script" of the Serbian nation.[36]

However, the law does not regulate scripts instandard language,or standard language itself by any means, leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life (publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc.), except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials, which have to be in Cyrillic.[35]

Usage

To most Serbians, the Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude, while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility.[37]

In media, the public broadcaster,Radio Television of Serbia,predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, likeRTV Pink,predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers can be found in both scripts.

In the public sphere, with logos, outdoor signage and retail packaging, the Latin script predominates, although both scripts are commonly seen. The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts.[37]Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets; if the sign has English on it, then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text.

A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one.[38]

Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers.[39]

Alphabetic order

Thesort orderof thećirilica(ћирилица) alphabet:

  • Cyrillic order calledAzbuka(азбука): А Б В Г Д Ђ Е Ж З И Ј К Л Љ М Н Њ О П Р С Т Ћ У Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш

Thesort orderof thelatinica(латиница) alphabet:

  • Latin order calledAbeceda(абецеда): A B C Č Ć D Dž Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S Š T U V Z Ž

Grammar

Main article:Serbo-Croatian grammar

Serbian is a highlyinflected language,with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs.[40]

Nouns

Serbian nouns are classified into threedeclensionaltypes, denoted largely by theirnominative caseendings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of threegenders:masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent the noun'sgrammatical case,of which Serbian has seven:

Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun'snumber,singular or plural.

Pronouns

Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is apro-drop language,meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example:

Serbian English equivalent
Kako si? How are you?
A kako si ti? And how areyou?

Adjectives

Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after the noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun.

Verbs

Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms—perfect,aorist,imperfect,andpluperfect—of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), onefuture tense(also known as the first future tense, as opposed to the second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of theconditional moodby some contemporary linguists), and onepresent tense.These are the tenses of theindicativemood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also theimperative mood.The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and the second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passivevoice.

As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has oneinfinitive,twoadjectival participles(the active and the passive), and twoadverbial participles(the present and the past).

Vocabulary

See also:Loanwords in Serbian

Most Serbian words are of nativeSlaviclexical stock, tracing back to theProto-Slavic language.There are manyloanwordsfrom different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, English, Russian, German, Czech and French.

Serbian literature

Main article:Serbian literature
Miroslavljevo jevanđelje(The Gospel of Miroslav), amanuscript,c. 1186

Serbian literature emerged in theMiddle Ages,and included such works asMiroslavljevo jevanđelje(Miroslav's Gospel) in 1186 andDušanov zakonik(Dušan's Code) in 1349. Littlesecularmedieval literature has been preserved, but what there is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, theSerbian Alexandride,a book aboutAlexander the Great,and a translation ofTristan and Iseultinto Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on the matrix of SerbianChurch Slavonic.

By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo-Croatian language, which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws, becomes the dominant language of theRepublic of Ragusa.[41]However, despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo-Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles, they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian.[41]Since the beginning of the 13th century, the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian.[42]

In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by theOttoman Empireand for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature, the most notable form beingepic poetry.The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other "epic folks".GoetheandJacob Grimmlearned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from the spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, calledSlavonic-Serbian.This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians likeGavrilo Stefanović Venclović,who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers likeMilorad Pavić.In the early 19th century,Vuk Stefanović Karadžićpromoted thespoken languageof the people as a literary norm.

Dialects

See also:Dialects of Serbo-Croatian

The dialects ofSerbo-Croatian,regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include:

Dictionaries

Vuk Karadžić'sSrpski rječnik,first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. TheRječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika(I–XXIII), published by theYugoslav Academy of Sciences and Artsfrom 1880 to 1976, is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor wasĐuro Daničić,followed byPero Budmaniand the famous VukovianTomislav Maretić.The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainlyŠtokavian.There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the1791 German–Serbian dictionaryor 15th centuryArabic-Persian-Greek-Serbian Conversation Textbook.

Standard dictionaries

  • Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language(Rečnik srpskohrvatskog književnog i narodnog jezika) is the biggest dictionary of Serbian (and Serbo-Croatian as a whole) and still unfinished. Starting in 1959, 21 volumes were published as of 2020 and about 40 are expected by the time it is finished.
  • Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary Language(Rečnik srpskohrvatskoga književnog jezika) in six volumes in 1967–1976, started as a common project ofMatica srpska(published in Cyrillic) andMatica hrvatska(published in Latin). Only the first three volumes were published by Matica hrvatska due to negative feedback from Croatian linguists.
  • Dictionary of the Serbian language(Rečnik srpskoga jezika;ISBN978-86-7946-004-2) in one volume, published in 2007 byMatica srpska,which on more than 1500 pages inA4 formatexplains more than 85,000 entries.

Etymological dictionaries

The standard and the only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the "Skok",written by the Croatian linguistPetar Skok:Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika( "Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian" ). I-IV.Zagreb1971–1974.

There is also a new monumentalEtimološki rečnik srpskog jezika(Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd).

There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapterword origin).

Dialectal dictionaries

  • Kosovsko-resavski dialect dictionaries:
    • Gliša Elezović, Rečnik kosovsko-metohiskog dijalekta I-II. 1932/1935.
  • Prizren-Timok (Torlakian) dialect dictionaries:
    • Brana Mitrović, Rečnik leskovačkog govora. Leskovac 1984.
    • Nikola Živković, Rečnik pirotskog govora. Pirot, 1987.
    • Miodrag Marković, Rečnik crnorečkog govora I-II. 1986/1993.
    • Jakša Dinić, Rečnik timočkog govora I-III.1988–1992.
    • Jakša Dinić, Timocki dijalekatski recnik, (Institut za srpski jezik, Monografije 4;ISBN978-86-82873-17-4) Beograd 2008,
    • Momčilo Zlatanović, Rečnik govora južne Srbije. Vranje, 1998, 1–491.
  • East-Herzegovinian dialect dictionaries:
    • Milija Stanić, Uskočki rečnik I–II. Beograd 1990/1991.
    • Miloš Vujičić, Rečnik govora Prošćenja kod Mojkovca. Podgorica, 1995.
    • Srđan Musić, Romanizmi u severozapadnoj Boki Kotorskoj. 1972.
    • Svetozar Gagović, Iz leksike Pive. Beograd 2004.
  • Zeta-Pešter dialect:
    • Rada Stijović, Iz leksike Vasojevića. 1990.
    • Drago Ćupić – Željko Ćupić, Rečnik govora Zagarača. 1997.
    • Vesna Lipovac-Radulović, Romanizmi u Crnoj Gori – jugoistočni dio Boke Kotorske. Cetinje – Titograd, 1981.
    • Vesna Lipovac-Radulović, Romanizmi u Budvi i Paštrovićima. Novi Sad 1997.
  • Others:
    • Rečnik srpskih govora Vojvodine. Novi Sad.
    • Mile Tomić, Rečnik radimskog govora – dijaspora, Rumunija. 1989.

Sample text

Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin Serbian, written in theCyrillic script:[43]

Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства.

Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin Serbian, written in theLatin alphabet:[44]

Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i svešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva.

Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin English:[45]

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

South Slavic languagesand dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
aIncludesBanat Bulgarian alphabet.

References

  1. ^"Српски језик говори 12 милиона људи".РТС. 2009-02-20.
  2. ^"Language and alphabet Article 13".Constitution of Montenegro.WIPO.19 October 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2013.Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
  3. ^"Ec.Europa.eu"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2007-11-30.
  4. ^"B92.net".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-11-10.
  5. ^"Czech Republic Overview".Minority Rights Group International. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-10-26.Retrieved2012-10-24.
  6. ^"Národnostní menšiny v České republice a jejich jazyky"[National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language](PDF)(in Czech). Government of Czech Republic. p. 2.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2016-03-15.Podle čl. 3 odst. 2 Statutu Rady je jejich počet 12 a jsou uživateli těchto menšinových jazyků:..., srbština a ukrajinština
  7. ^"Macedonia Overview".Minority Rights Group International.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-10-26.Retrieved2012-10-24.
  8. ^David Dalby,Linguasphere(1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".
  9. ^Benjamin W. Fortson IV,Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction,2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), p. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."
  10. ^Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey"retrieved 20 Oct 2010Archived2012-02-04 at theWayback Machine,pp. 15–16.
  11. ^Ćalić, Jelena (2021)."Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide".Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics.35(1). De Gruyter: 113–140.doi:10.1515/soci-2021-0007.ISSN0933-1883.S2CID244134335.The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity
  12. ^Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary].Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache[The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language](PDF)(Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197.doi:10.5167/uzh-215815.Retrieved8 June2022.Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.
  13. ^Kordić, Snježana(2024)."Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"(PDF).InNomachi, Motoki;Kamusella, Tomasz(eds.).Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires.Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London:Routledge.pp. 168–169.doi:10.4324/9781003034025-11.ISBN978-0-367-47191-0.OCLC1390118985.S2CID259576119.SSRN4680766.COBISS.SR125229577.COBISS171014403.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-01-10.Retrieved2024-01-23.
  14. ^Ljiljana Subotić; Dejan Sredojević; Isidora Bjelaković (2012),Fonetika i fonologija: Ortoepska i ortografska norma standardnog srpskog jezika(in Serbo-Croatian), FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET NOVI SAD, archived fromthe originalon 2014-01-03
  15. ^Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?Archived2010-11-05 at theWayback Machine,Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,February 21, 2009
  16. ^Nosovitz, Dan (11 February 2019)."What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?".Atlas Obscura.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2019.Retrieved6 May2019.
  17. ^Zanelli, Aldo (2018).Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997[Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic JournalLanguagefrom 1991 to 1997]. Studien zur Slavistik; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Kovač. pp. 21, 83.ISBN978-3-8300-9773-0.OCLC1023608613.(NSK).(FFZG)
  18. ^Magner, Thomas F. (10 January 2001)."Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs".International Journal of the Sociology of Language(150).doi:10.1515/ijsl.2001.028.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2017.Retrieved27 April2018.
  19. ^Comrie, Bernard;Corbett, Greville G. (1 September 2003).The Slavonic Languages.Taylor & Francis. p. 45.ISBN978-0-203-21320-9.Retrieved23 December2013.Following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latinica as applied to the Serbian and Croatian parallel system.
  20. ^Šipka, Danko(2019).Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages.New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 206.doi:10.1017/9781108685795.ISBN978-953-313-086-6.LCCN2018048005.OCLC1061308790.S2CID150383965.Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin
  21. ^Kordić, Snježana(2010).Jezik i nacionalizam[Language and Nationalism](PDF).Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 143.doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646.ISBN978-953-188-311-5.LCCN2011520778.OCLC729837512.OL15270636W.CROSBI 475567.COBISS-Sr 521757076.Archived(PDF)from the original on 1 June 2012.Retrieved21 May2015.
  22. ^Bailyn, John Frederick (2010)."To what degree are Croatian and Serbian the same language? Evidence from a Translation Study"(PDF).Journal of Slavic Linguistics.18(2): 181–219.ISSN1068-2090.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 October 2019.Retrieved9 October2019.
  23. ^Greenberg, Marc L.,A Short Reference Grammar of Slovene,(LINCOM Studies in Slavic Linguistics30). Munich: LINCOM, 2008.ISBN3-89586-965-1
  24. ^"Maternji jezik 2013".Popis 2013.2016.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-07-29.
  25. ^"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"(PDF).Demo.istat.it.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2014-04-01.Retrieved2014-10-03.
  26. ^Ramet, Sabrina P.; Valenta, Marko (2016-09-22).Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-316-98277-8.
  27. ^"Kosovo's Demographic Destiny Looks Eerily Familiar".Balkan Insight.2019-11-07.Retrieved2021-06-29.
  28. ^"Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1".www12.statcan.ca.2001.Archivedfrom the original on April 9, 2013.RetrievedDecember 17,2011.
  29. ^The People of Australia - Statistics from the 2011 Census(PDF).Department of Immigration and Border Protection. 2014. p. 59.ISBN978-1-920996-23-9.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-07-14.Retrieved2017-04-26.Ancestry
  30. ^"Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection"(PDF).Immi.gov.au.2013-04-21. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-07-14.Retrieved2015-12-02.
  31. ^"5. Population by mother tongue, by towns/municipalities".Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011.Zagreb:Croatian Bureau of Statistics.December 2012.RetrievedJuly 8,2013.
  32. ^"Pro-Serbian parties oppose Montenegro constitution".setimes.com.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved27 April2018.
  33. ^"SNP CG".snp.co.me.Archived fromthe originalon 2018-01-20.Retrieved27 April2018.
  34. ^Montenegro Census 2011 data, Montstat,"Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 2011-07-27.Retrieved2011-07-12.
  35. ^ab"The Constitution".The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-07-23.Retrieved2010-12-06.
  36. ^"Serbian ministry wants only Cyrillic script in official use".13 September 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 20 September 2019.Retrieved11 September2020.
  37. ^ab"Should you Localize to Serbian Latin or to Serbian Cyrillic?".17 November 2016.
  38. ^"Ivan Klajn: Ćirilica će postati arhaično pismo".b92.net.16 December 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2017.Retrieved27 April2018.
  39. ^Crosby, Alan; Martinovic, Iva (August 28, 2018)."In The Age Of The Internet, Serbia Aims To Keep Its Cyrillic Alive".RFE/RL.Retrieved5 September2018.
  40. ^Hawkworth, Celia; Ćalić, Jelena (2006).Colloquial Serbian: The Complete Course for Beginners.Routledge.ISBN9781138949799.
  41. ^abThrough Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot During the Insurrectionby Sir Arthur Evans, page 416
  42. ^LANGUAGE AND LETTER IN MEDIEVAL BOSNIAN STATE – CHARTERS AND LETTERSat plemenito.com
  43. ^"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Serbian (Cyrillic)".unicode.org.
  44. ^"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Serbian (Latin)".unicode.org.
  45. ^"Universal Declaration of Human Rights".United Nations.

Further reading

Books

Journals

External links

Serbian editionofWikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has more on the topic of:Serbian language
Wikisourcehas original text related to this article:
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSerbian language.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forSerbian phrasebook.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serbian_language&oldid=1229434512"