Ido

This article is about the language. For other uses, seeIdo (disambiguation).

Not to be confused withEdo language.

Ido
Ido
Pronunciation	IPA:[ˈido]
Created by	Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language
Date	1907
Setting and usage	International auxiliary language
Users	100–200 (2000) 26 Native speakers inFinland(2022)
Purpose	Constructed language International auxiliary language Proto-Esperanto Esperanto Esperantido Ido
Writing system	Latin script
Sources	based on the1894 Esperanto reform project
Official status
Regulated by	Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido
Language codes
ISO 639-1	io
ISO 639-2	ido
ISO 639-3	ido
Glottolog	idoo1234
Linguasphere	51-AAB-db

Idois aconstructed languagederived froma reformed versionofEsperanto,and similarly designed with the goal of being auniversal second languagefor people of diverse backgrounds. To function as an effectiveinternational auxiliary language,Ido was specifically designed to begrammatically,orthographically,andlexicographicallyregular(and, above all, easy to learn and use). It is the most successful of the manyEsperantoderivatives, calledEsperantidoj.

Ido was created in 1907 out of a desire to reform perceived flaws in Esperanto, a language that had been created 20 years earlier to facilitate international communication. The name comes from the Esperanto wordido,meaning "offspring",since the language is a "descendant" of Esperanto. After its inception, Ido gained support from some in the Esperanto community. A setback occurred with the sudden death in 1914 of one of its most influential proponents,Louis Couturat.In 1928, leaderOtto Jespersenleft the movement for his own languageNovial.

Ido declined in popularity for two reasons: the emergence of further schisms arising from competing reform projects, and a general lack of awareness of Ido as a candidate for an international language. These obstacles weakened the movement and it was not until the rise of the Internet that it began to regain momentum.

Ido uses the same 26 letters as theEnglish (Latin) alphabet,with nodiacritics.It draws its vocabulary from English, French, German, Italian, Latin, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese, and is largely intelligible to those who have studied Esperanto.

Several works of literature have been translated into Ido,includingThe Little Prince,the Book of Psalms, and theGospel of Luke.As of the year 2000, there were approximately 100–200 Ido speakers in the world.As of 2022, Ido has 26 native speakers inFinland.

History

The idea of a universal second language is not new, and constructed languages are not a recent phenomenon. The first known constructed language wasHildegard of Bingen'sLingua Ignota,created in the 12th century. The concept did not attract significant interest until the languageVolapükwas created in 1879. Volapük was popular for some time and apparently had a few thousand users, but was later eclipsed by the popularity ofEsperanto,which arose in 1887. Several other languages, such asLatino sine FlexioneandIdiom Neutralwere also put forward. It was during this time that French mathematicianLouis Couturatformed theDelegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language.

This delegation made a formal request to theInternational Association of AcademiesinViennato select and endorse an international language; the request was rejected in May 1907.The Delegation then met as a Committee in Paris in October 1907 to discuss the adoption of a standard international language. Among the languages considered was a new language anonymously submitted at the last moment (and therefore against the Committee rules) under the pen nameIdo.In the end the committee, always without plenary sessions and consisting of only 12 members, concluded the last day with 4 votes for and 1 abstention. They concluded that no language was completely acceptable, but that Esperanto could be accepted "on condition of several modifications to be realized by the permanent Commission in the direction defined by the conclusions of the Report of the Secretaries [Louis Couturat andLéopold Leau] and by the Ido project ".

The International Ido Congress inDessau,Germany, in 1922

Esperanto's inventor,L. L. Zamenhof,having heard a number of complaints, had suggested in 1894a proposal for a reformed Esperantowith several changes that Ido adopted and made it closer to French: eliminating the accented letters and theaccusative case,changing the plural to an Italianesque-i,and replacing the table of correlatives with more Latinate words. However, the Esperanto community voted and rejected Zamenhof's reformed Esperanto,and likewise most rejected the recommendations of the 1907 Committee nominally composed of 12 members. Zamenhof, undoubtedly reminiscent of his experience of the 1894 reforms, strongly supported the Esperanto Committee majority decision.Furthermore, controversy ensued when the "Ido project" was found to have been primarily devised byLouis de Beaufront,whom Zamenhof had chosen to represent Esperanto before the committee, as the committee's rules dictated that the creator of a submitted language could not defend it.The Committee's meetings were mainly conducted in French, with occasional German.When the president of the Committee asked who was the author of Ido's project, Couturat, de Beaufront and Leau answered that they were not. De Beaufront was the person who presented Ido's project and gave a description as a better, richer version of Esperanto. Couturat, Leau, de Beaufront and Jespersen were finally the only members who voted, all of them for Ido's project. A month later, Couturat accidentally forwarded Jespersen a copy of a letter in which he acknowledged that de Beaufront was the author of the Ido project.Jespersen was angered by this and asked for a public confession. De Beaufront procrastinated for four months before making a public confession.

It is estimated that some 20% of Esperanto leaders and 3–4% of ordinary Esperantists switched to Ido, which from then on suffered constant modifications seeking to perfect it, but which ultimately had the effect of causing many Ido speakers to give up on trying to learn it.Although it fractured the Esperanto movement, the schism gave the remaining Esperantists the freedom to concentrate on using and promoting their language as it stood.At the same time, it gave the Idists freedom to continue working on their own language for several more years before actively promoting it. TheUniono di la Amiki di la Linguo Internaciona(Union of Friends of the International Language) was established along with an Ido Academy to work out the details of the new language.

Couturat, who was the leading proponent of Ido, was killed in an automobile accident in 1914.This, along withWorld War I,practically suspended the activities of the Ido Academy from 1914 to 1920.In 1928 Ido's major intellectual supporter, the Danish linguistOtto Jespersen,published his own planned language,Novial.His leaving the Ido movement set it back even further.

Digital era

The language still has active speakers, numbering about 500.The Internet has sparked a renewal of interest in the language in recent years. A sample of 24 Idists on theYahoo!groupIdolistoduring November 2005 showed that 57% had begun their studies of the language during the preceding three years, 32% from the mid-1990s to 2002, and 8% had known the language from before.

Changes

Few changes have been made to Ido since 1922.

Camiel de Cock was named secretary of linguistic issues in 1990, succeeding Roger Moureaux.He resigned after the creation of a linguistic committee in 1991.De Cock was succeeded by Robert C. Carnaghan, who held the position from 1992 to 2008. No new words were adopted between 2001 and 2006.Following the 2008–2011 elections of ULI's direction committee,Gonçalo Nevesreplaced Carnaghan as secretary of linguistic issues in February 2008.Neves resigned in August 2008.A new linguistic committee was formed in 2010.In April 2010, Tiberio Madonna was appointed as secretary of linguistic issues, succeeding Neves. In January 2011, ULI approved eight new words.This was the first addition of words in many years.After a series of severe conflicts with the Directing Committee of ULI, Tiberio Madonna was revoked as secretary of linguistic issues on the 26th of May 2013 by official announcement from Loïs Landais, the secretary of ULI. In January 2022, ULI approved a set of new words (34)

Phonology

Ido has five vowelphonemes.The values[e]and[ɛ]are interchangeable depending on speaker preference, as are[o]and[ɔ].The orthographic sequences⟨au⟩and⟨eu⟩indicatediphthongsin word roots but not when created by affixing.

Ido vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	e~ɛ	o~ɔ
Open	a

Ido consonants

	Labial		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m		n
Stop	p	b	t	d					k	ɡ
Affricate			c/t͡s/		ch/t͡ʃ/
Fricative	f	v	s	z	sh/ʃ/	j/ʒ/					h
Approximant		w		l				y/j/		(w)
Flap				r/ɾ/

All polysyllabic words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable except for verbinfinitives,which are stressed on the last syllable –skolo, kafeo andlernas for "school", "coffee" and the present tense of "to learn", but irar,savarand drinkarfor "to go", "to know" and "to drink". If anioruprecedes another vowel, the pair is considered part of the same syllable when applying the accent rule – thusradio, familio andmanuo for "radio", "family" and "hand", unless the two vowels are the only ones in the word, in which case the "i" or "u" is stressed:dio,frua for "day" and "early".

Orthography

Ido uses the same 26 letters as theEnglish alphabetandISO Basic Latin alphabetwith threedigraphsand noligaturesordiacritics.Where the table below lists two pronunciations, either is perfectly acceptable.

Letter	IPA	English	Esperanto
a	/a/	aas in "part "
b	/b/	bas in "stable "
c	/t͡s/	most similar totsas in "cats" *(also used in the digraphch)
d	/d/	das in "adopt "
e	/e/,/ɛ/	most similar toeas in "egg "oreas in "bet "
f	/f/	fas in "afraid "
g	/ɡ/	hardgas in "go "
h	/h/	has in "hat "," ahoy "
i	/i/	ias in "machine ",eein "bee"
j	/ʒ/,/d͡ʒ/	sas in "pleasure, measure "orgin "mirage, beige "	ĵ or ĝ
k	/k/	kas in "skin, skip "
l	/l/	most similar tolas in "lamb "
m	/m/	mas in "admit "
n	/n/	nas in "analogy "
o	/o/,/ɔ/	most similar tooas in "or "
p	/p/	pas in "spin, spark "
q	/k/	same ask *(used only in the digraphqu)	-
r	/ɾ/	flapped or rolledras inItalianorSpanish; or therin very inScottish Englishpronunciation (cfPronunciation of English /r/)
s	/s/	sas in "east " *(also used in the digraphsh)
t	/t/	tas in "stake, stop "
u	/u/	uas in "rude "
v	/v/	vas in "avoid "
w	/w/	was in "award "	-
x	/ks/,/ɡz/	x as in "except "or" exist "	-
y	/j/	yas in "yes "	j
z	/z/	zas in "zebra "

The digraphs are:

Digraph	IPA	English	Esperanto
ch	/t͡ʃ/	chas in "chick "	ĉ
qu	/kw/,/kv/	quas in "quick "	-
sh	/ʃ/	shas in "shy "	ŝ

Grammar

The definite article islaand is invariable. The indefinite article (a/an) does not exist in Ido. Each word in the Ido vocabulary is built from a root word. A word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a new one, or by inserting certainaffixesbetween the root and the grammatical ending.

Some of the grammatical endings are defined as follows:

Grammatical form	Ido	Esperanto		English
Singular noun	-o(libro)	-o(libro)		-(book)
Plural noun	-i(libri)	-oj(libroj)		-s(books)
Adjective	-a(varma)	-a,-aj(varma, varmaj)		-(warm)
Adverb	-e(varme)	-e(varme)		-ly (warmly)
Present tense infinitive	-ar(irar)	-anti(iranti)	-i(iri)	to be - (to be going)	to -(to go)
Past tense infinitive	-ir(irir)	-inti(irinti)		to have - (to have gone)
Future tense infinitive	-or(iror)	-onti(ironti)		to be going to - (to be going to go)
Present	-as(iras)	-as(iras)		-, -s, -es (go, goes)
Past	-is(iris)	-is(iris)		irr., -ed (went)
Future	-os(iros)	-os(iros)		will - (will go)
Imperative	-ez(irez)	-u(iru)		!(go!)
Conditional	-us(irus)	-us(irus)		would - (would go)

These are the same as in Esperanto except for-i,-ir,-ar,-orand-ez.Esperanto marks noun plurals by anagglutinativeending-j(so plural nouns end in-oj), uses-ifor verb infinitives (Esperanto infinitives are tenseless), and uses-ufor the imperative. Verbs in Ido, as in Esperanto, do not conjugate depending on person, number or gender; the -as,-is,and -osendings suffice whether the subject is I, you, he, she, they, or anything else. For the word "to be," Ido allows eitheresasoresin the present tense; however, the full forms must be used for the past tenseesisand future tenseesos."Adjectives and adverbs are compared in Ido by means of the wordsplu= more,maxim= most,min= less,minim= least,kam= than/as. There exist in Ido three categories of adverbs: the simple, the derived, and the composed. The simple adverbs do not need special endings, for example:tre= very,tro= too,olim= formerly,nun= now,nur= only. The derived and composed adverbs, not being originally adverbs but derived from nouns, adjectives and verbs, have the ending-e.

Syntax

Ido word order is generally the same as English (subject–verb–object), so the sentenceMe havas la blua librois the same as the English "I have the blue book", both in meaning and word order. There are a few differences, however:

• Adjectives can precede the noun as in English, or follow the noun as in Spanish. Thus,Me havas la libro bluameans the same thing.
• Ido has theaccusativesuffix-n.Unlike Esperanto, this suffix is only required when the object of the sentence is not clear, for example, when the subject-verb-object word order is not followed. Thus,La blua libron me havasalso means the same thing.

Ido generally does not impose rules of grammaticalagreementbetween grammatical categories within a sentence. For example, the verb in a sentence is invariable regardless of the number and person of the subject. Nor must the adjectives be pluralized as well the nouns – in Idothe large bookswould bela granda librias opposed to the Esperantola grandaj libroj.

Negation occurs in Ido by simply addingnebefore a verb:Me ne havas libromeans "I do not have a book". This as well does not vary, and thus the "I do not", "He does not", "They do not" before a verb are simplyMe ne,Il ne,andLi ne.In the same way, past tense and future tense negatives are formed bynebefore the conjugated verb. "I will not go" and "I did not go" becomeMe ne irosandMe ne irisrespectively.

Yes/no questions are formed by the particlekain front of the question. "I have a book" (me havas libro) becomesKa me havas libro?(do I have a book?).Kacan also be placed in front of a noun without a verb to make a simple question, corresponding to the English "is it?"Ka Mark?can mean, "Are you Mark?", "Is it Mark?", "Do you mean Mark?" depending on the context.

Pronouns

Thepronounsof Ido were revised to make them more acoustically distinct than those of Esperanto, which all end ini.Especially the singular and plural first-person pronounsmiandnimay be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment, so Ido hasmeandniinstead. Ido also distinguishes betweenintimate (tu) and formal (vu)second-person singular pronouns as well as plural second-person pronouns (vi) not marked for intimacy. Furthermore, Ido has a pan-gender third-person pronounlu(it can mean "he", "she", or "it", depending on the context) in addition to its masculine (il), feminine (el), and neuter (ol) third-person pronouns.

Pronouns

	singular							plural						reflexive	indefinite
	first	second		third				first	second	third
		familiar	formal	masc.	fem.	neuter	pan-gender			masc.	fem.	neuter	pan-gender
Ido	me	tu	vu	il(u)	el(u)	ol(u)	lu	ni	vi	ili	eli	oli	li	su	on(u)
English	I	thou	you	he	she	it	they/it	we	you				they	oneself	one/you/they
Esperanto	mi	ci¹	vi¹	li	ŝi	ĝi	ĝi/ri²	ni	vi	ili	iŝi²	iĝi²	ili/iri²	si	oni

1. ci,although technically the familiar form of the word "you" in Esperanto, is seldom used. Esperanto's inventor himself did not include the pronoun in the first book on Esperanto and only later reluctantly; later he recommended against usingcibecause different cultures have conflicting traditions regarding the use of the familiar and formal forms of "you".
2. ri,iŝi,iĝiand by extensioniriare proposed neologisms and are rare, but they are still used albeit seldom.

ol,like Englishitand Esperantoĝi,is not limited to inanimate objects, but can be used "for entities whose sex is indeterminate:babies, children, humans, youths, elders, people, individuals, horses, [cattle], cats,etc. "

Luis often mistakenly labeled anepicenepronoun, that is, one that refers to both masculine and feminine beings, but in fact,luis more properly a "pan-gender" pronoun, as it is also used for referring to inanimate objects. FromKompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Idoby Beaufront:

Lu(likeli) is usedfor all three genders.Thatludoes duty for the three genders at will in the singular is not in itself any more astonishing than seeingliserve the three genders at will in the plural... By a decision (1558) the Idist Academy rejected every restriction concerning the use oflu.One may thus use that pronoun in exactly the same way for a thing and a person of obvious sex as for animals of unknown sex and a person that has a genderless name, likebaby, child, human,etc., these being as truly masculine as feminine.

The motives for this decision were given in "Mondo", XI, 68:Lufor the singular is exactly the same aslifor the plural. Logic, symmetry and ease demand this. Consequently, just aslimay be used for people, animals, and things whenever nothing obliges one to express the gender, solumay be used for people, animals, and things under the same condition. The proposed distinction would be a bothersome subtlety...

Table of correlatives

Ido makes correlatives by combining entire words together and changing the word ending, with some irregularities to show distinction.

		Relative and interrogative	Demonstrative	Indeterminate	Most Indeterminate	Negative	Collective
		qua, ∅	ita, ∅	ula, ∅	irga	nula	omna
Individual	-u	qua	ita1	ulu	irgu	nulu	omnu
Plural	-i	qui	iti1	uli	irgi	nuli	omni
Thing	-o	quo	ito1	ulo	irgo	nulo	omno
Adjective	-a	qua	ita1	ula	irga	nula	omna
Motive	pro	pro quo	pro to	pro ulo	pro irgo	pro nulo	pro omno
Place	loke	ube	ibe	ulaloke	irgaloke	nulaloke	omnaloke
Time	tempe	kande	lore	ulatempe2	irgatempe	nulatempe2	sempre3
Quality	-a, speca	quala	tala	ulaspeca2	irgaspeca	nulaspeca2	omnaspeca
Manner	-e, maniere	quale	tale	ule, ulamaniere2	irge, irgamaniere	nule, nulamaniere2	omne, omnamaniere
Quantity - adjective	quanta	quanta	tanta	kelka	irgaquanta	nulaquanta	omnaquanta
Quantity - noun	quanto	quanto	tanto	kelko	irga quanto4	nula quanto4	la tota quanto4

1. The initialican be omitted:ta,to,ti,ta.
2. One can omit the initiala:ultempe,nultempe,ulspeca,nulspeca,ulmaniere,nulmaniere.
3. omnatempeis correct and usable, butsempreis the actual word.
4. Instead ofirga quanto,nula quantoandla tota quantoone usually saysirgo,nuloandomno.

Compound formation

Composition in Ido obeys stricter rules than in Esperanto, especially formation of nouns, adjectives and verbs from a radical of a different class. The reversibility principle assumes that for each composition rule (affix addition), the corresponding decomposition rule (affix removal) is valid.

Hence, while in Esperanto an adjective (for instancepapera), formed on the noun radicalpaper(o),can mean an attribute (papera enciklopedio"paper-made encyclopedia" ) and a relation (papera fabriko"paper-making factory" ), Ido will distinguish the attributepapera( "paper" or "of paper" (not "paper-made" exactly)) from the relationpaperala( "paper-making" ).

Similarly,kronomeans in both Esperanto and Ido the noun "crown"; where Esperanto allows formation of "to crown" by simply changing the ending from noun to verbkroni( "crowning" iskronado), Ido requires an affix so the composition is reversible:kronizar( "the act of crowning" iskronizo).

According toClaude Piron,some modifications brought by Ido are in practice impossible to use and ruin spontaneous expression:

Ido displays, on linguistic level, other drawbacks Esperanto succeeded to avoid, but I don't have at hand documents which would allow me to go further in detail. For instance, if I remember correctly, where Esperanto only has the suffix-igi*, Ido has several: *-ifar*, *-izar*, *-igar*, which match subtleties which were meant to make language clearer, but that, in practice, inhibit natural expression.

Vocabulary

See also:wiktionary:Appendix:Ido Swadesh list

Vocabulary in Ido is derived from French, Italian, Spanish, English, German, and Russian. Basing the vocabulary on various widespread languages was intended to make Ido as easy as possible for the greatest number of people possible. Early on, the first 5,371 Ido word roots were analyzed compared to the vocabulary of the six source languages, and the following result was found:

• 2024 roots (38%) belong to 6 languages
• 942 roots (17%) belong to 5 languages
• 1111 roots (21%) belong to 4 languages
• 585 roots (11%) belong to 3 languages
• 454 roots (8%) belong to 2 languages
• 255 roots (5%) belong to 1 language

Another analysis showed that:

• 4880 roots (91%) are found in French
• 4454 roots (83%) are found in Italian
• 4237 roots (79%) are found in Spanish
• 4219 roots (79%) are found in English
• 3302 roots (61%) are found in German
• 2821 roots (52%) are found in Russian

Comparison of Ido vocabulary with its six source languages (by # of roots)

Ido	French	Italian		Spanish		English		German		Russian
bona	bon	buono		bueno		good	bonus	gut	Bonus	khoroshiy	(хороший)
donar	donner	dare	donare	dar	donar	give	donate	geben		dat, darit	(дать) (дарить)
filtrar	filtrer	filtrare		filtrar		filter		filtern		filtrovat	(фильтровать)
gardeno	jardin	giardino		jardín		garden		Garten		sad	(caд)
kavalo	cheval	cavallo		caballo		horse	cavalry	Pferd	Kavallerie	loshad, kobyla	(лошадь, кобыла)
maro	mer	mare		mar		sea	marine	Meer		more	(море)
naciono	nation	nazione		nación		nation		Nation		natsija	(нация)
studiar	étudier	studiare		estudiar		study		studieren		izuchat	(изучать)
yuna	jeune	giovane		joven		young	juvenile	jung		yunyi, molodoy	(юный, молодой)

Comparison of Ido vocabulary with Esperanto and Latin (or Germanic root)

Ido	Esperanto	Latin	Germanic
bona	bona	bonum
donar	doni	dare
filtrar	filtri	spargere	felt
gardeno	ĝardeno	hortum	gardo
kavalo	ĉevalo	equum, caballus
maro	maro	mare
naciono	nacio	gentem, natio
studiar	studi	studere
yuna	juna	iuvenis	jung

Vocabulary in Ido is often created through a number of official prefixes and suffixes that alter the meaning of the word. This allows a user to take existing words and modify them to createneologismswhen necessary, and allows for a wide range of expression without the need to learn new vocabulary each time. Though their number is too large to be included in one article, some examples include:

• The diminutive suffix-et-.Domo(house) becomesdometo(cottage), andlibro(book) becomeslibreto(novelette or short story).
• The pejorative suffix-ach-.Domobecomesdomacho(hovel), andlibrobecomeslibracho(a shoddy piece of work, pulp fiction, etc.)
• The prefixretro-,which implies a reversal.Irar(to go) becomesretroirar(to go back, backward) andvenar(to come) becomesretrovenar(to return).

New vocabulary is generally created through an analysis of the word, itsetymology,and reference to the six source languages. If a word can be created through vocabulary already existing in the language then it will usually be adopted without need for a new radical (such aswikipedioforWikipedia,which consists ofwiki+enciklopedioforencyclopedia), and if not an entirely new word will be created. The wordalternatorofor example was adopted in 1926, likely because five of the six source languages used largely the sameorthographyfor the word, and because it was long enough to avoid being mistaken for other words in the existing vocabulary.Adoption of a word is done through consensus, after which the word will be made official by theunion.Care must also be taken to avoidhomonymsif possible, and usually a new word undergoes some discussion before being adopted. Foreign words that have a restricted sense and are not likely to be used in everyday life (such as the wordintifadato refer tothe conflictbetweenIsraelandPalestine) are left untouched, and often written in italics.

Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male sex by default. For example, Ido does not derive the word for "waitress" by adding a feminine suffix to "waiter", as Esperanto does. Instead, Ido words are defined assex-neutral,and two different suffixes derive masculine and feminine words from the root:servistofor a waiter of either sex,servistulofor a male waiter, andservistinofor a waitress. There are only two exceptions to this rule:First,patrofor "father",matrofor "mother", andgenitorofor "parent", and second,virofor "man",mulierofor "woman", andadultofor "adult".

Sample

The Lord's Prayer:

Ido Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo, tua nomo santigesez; tua regno advenez; tua volo facesez quale en la cielo, tale anke sur la tero. Donez a ni cadiel'omnadiapano, e pardonez a ni nia ofensi, quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti, e ne duktez ni aden la tento, ma liberigez ni del malajo.

English Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be your name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

Literature and publications

Ido has a number of publications that can be subscribed to or downloaded for free in most cases.Kuriero Internacionais a magazine produced in France every few months with a range of topics.Adavane!is a magazine produced by the Spanish Ido Society every two months that has a range of topics, as well as a few dozen pages of work translated from other languages.Progresois the official organ of the Ido movement and has been around since the inception of the movement in 1908. Other sites can be found with various stories, fables or proverbs along with a few books of the Bible translated into Ido on a smaller scale. The sitepublikajihas a few podcasts in Ido along with various songs and other recorded material.

Wikipediaincludes anIdo-language edition(known in Ido asWikipedio); in 2018 it was the 93rd most visited Wikipedia,and is second most viewed Wikipedia edition in artificial language (after Esperanto).

Symbols of Ido

An Ido-Stelo

TheIdo starorJankóstar is the main symbol of Ido. It is a six pointed star, with the points representing Ido's six source languages: English, French, Italian, German, Spanish and Russian. Alternatively, the six points represent the sixcontinents(excluding Antarctica). The emblem was originally a six pointed white star on a circular blue background, consisting of two concentric, equilateral triangles, with one vertically flipped. However, this was soon changed due to the similarity it presented with theStar of David,since a trueinternational auxiliary languageshould not have religious affiliations.

After a search to find an appropriate new symbol, theIdo-Akademiodecided on the current Ido symbol, created by their secretary,Paul von Jankó(hence the alternative name the Jankó star). The current Ido Star is aconcaveisotoxalhexagon,with a vertically flipped equilateral triangle overlaid on top. This new shape also had the benefit of being able to becopyrighted.

International Ido conventions

ULIorganises Ido conventions yearly, and the conventions include a mix of tourism and work.

• 2019: Berlin, Germany, 15 participants from 2 countries (Information)
• 2018:Provins,France, 11 participants from 5 countries (Information)
• 2017:České Budějovice,Czech Republic,8 participants from 5 countries (Information)
• 2016:Valencia,Spain, 10 participants from 7 countries (Information)
• 2015: Berlin, Germany, 14 participants (Information)
• 2014: Paris, France (Information)
• 2013:Ouroux-en-Morvan,France, 13 participants from 4 countries (Information)
• 2012:Dessau,Germany, 12 participants (Information)
• 2011:Echternach,Luxembourg (Information), 24 participants from 11 countries
• 2010:Tübingen,Germany (Information)
• 2009:Riga,Latvia,andTallinn,Estonia,14 participants from 7 countries (Information)
• 2008:Wuppertal-Neviges,Germany, 18 participants from 5 countries (Information)
• 2007: Paris, France, 14 participants from 9 countries (Information,Photos)
• 2006: Berlin, Germany, approx. 25 participants from 10 countries (Information)
• 2005:Toulouse,France, 13 participants from 4 countries (Information)
• 2004: Kyiv,Ukraine,17 participants from 9 countries (Information)
• 2003:Großbothen,Germany, participants from 6 countries (Information)
• 2002:Kraków,Poland, 14 participants from 6 countries (Information)
• 2001: Nuremberg, Germany, 14 participants from 5 countries (Information)
• 2000:Nuremberg,Germany
• 1999: Waldkappel, Germany
• 1998:Białobrzegi,Poland, 15 participants from 6 countries
• 1997:Bakkum,Netherlands, 19 participants from 7 countries
• 1995:Elsnigk,Germany
• 1991:Ostend,Belgium, 21 participants
• 1990:Waldkappel,Germany
• 1989: Zürich-Thalwil,Switzerland
• 1987:Eschwege,Germany
• 1985:Antwerp,Belgium
• 1983:York,England
• 1981:Jongny,Switzerland
• 1980:Namur,Belgium, 35 participants
• 1979:Uppsala,Sweden
• 1978:Cambridge,England
• 1977:Berlin-Tegel,Germany
• 1976:Saint-Nazaire,France
• 1975: Thun, Switzerland
• 1974:Kyiv,Ukraine
• 1973:Cardiff,Wales
• 1972:Chaux-de-Fonds,Switzerland
• 1971:Trollhättan,Sweden
• 1970:Luxembourg City,Luxembourg
• 1969: Zürich, Switzerland
• 1968: Berlin, Germany
• 1967:Bourges,France
• 1966:Biella,Italy
• 1965:Lons-le-Saunier,France
• 1964:Kiel,Germany
• 1963:Barcelona,Spain
• 1962:Thun,Switzerland
• 1961: Zürich, Switzerland,c. 50participants
• 1960: Colmar, France
• 1959:Freiburg im Breisgau,Germany
• 1957:Luxembourg City,Luxembourg
• 1952:Berlin,Germany
• 1951: Turin, Italy
• 1950:Colmar,France
• 1939:St. Gallen,Switzerland
• 1937: Paris, France
• 1936:Szombathely,Hungary
• 1935:Fredericia,Denmark
• 1934:Oostduinkerke,Belgium
• 1933:Mondorf,Luxembourg
• 1931:Lauenburg/Elbe,Germany
• 1930:Sopron,Hungary
• 1929:Freiburg im Breisgau,Germany
• 1928:Zürich,Switzerland
• 1927:Paris,France
• 1926:Prague,Czechoslovakia
• 1925:Turin,Italy
• 1924:Luxembourg City,Luxembourg
• 1923:Kassel,Germany
• 1922:Dessau,Germany
• 1921:Vienna,Austria

See also

• Comparison between Esperanto and Ido
• Comparison between Ido and Novial
• Comparison between Ido and Interlingua
• Interhelpo
• English false friends in Ido
• Engelbert Pigal

References

Additional notes

1. L. Couturat, L. Leau.Delegation pour l'adoption d'une Langue auxiliare internationale(15–24 October 1907). Coulommiers: Imprimerie Paul Brodard, 1907

External links

• The international language Ido
• Union for the International Language Ido(in Ido)
• Ido: a Modern Language
• The IDO foundation for language research in memory of Hellmut Röhnish
• Otto Jespersen's history of Ido
• Henry Jacob's history of Ido
• Ido for all – English course for learning Ido
• Online Ido library(in Ido)
• Examples of Ido Phrases