Moxo languages
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|
Moxo | |
---|---|
Mojos | |
Native to | Bolivia |
Region | Beni Department |
Ethnicity | 21,000Moxo people(2004)[1] |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2000–2004)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:ign – Ignaciano Moxostrn – Trinitario Moxos |
Glottolog | moxo1234 Mojenomagi1242 Magiana |
Moxo(also known asMojo,pronounced 'Moho') is any of theArawakan languagesspoken by theMoxo peopleof theLlanos de Moxosin northeasternBolivia.The two extant languages of the Moxo people,TrinitarioandIgnaciano,are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinctMagianawas also distinct.
Moxo languages have anactive–stativesyntax.[2]
Sociolinguistic background[edit]
The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upperMamoré,extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to theBeni,and are now centered in theProvince of Moxos,Department ofBeni, Bolivia.[3]They form part of theMamoré-Guaporé linguistic area.[4][5]
Moxo was also the primarylingua franca(Spanish:lengua general) used in theJesuit Missions of Moxos.[6]
Ignaciano is used in town meetings unless outsiders are present, and it is a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. By the 1980s there were fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30.
Classification[edit]
The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikonéka. Together, they form theMamoré-Guaporélanguages (named after theMamoré RiverandGuaporé River). Classification by Jolkesky (2016):[7]: 8
Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226):[8][9]
- Baurelanguages
- Bauré
- Carmelito
- Joaquiniano: spoken inSan Joaquín
- Paunalanguages
- Paunáka
- Paikonéka
- Mojo languages
- Trinitário: spoken inTrinidad
- Ignaciano: spoken inSan Ignacio
- Loretano: spoken inLoreto
- Javierano: spoken inSan Javier
- Muchojeone
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||
Fricative | β | s | ʃ | x | |
Rhotic | r | ||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | lab. | ||
Nasal | m | mʲ | mʷ | n | ɲ | ||||||
Stop | p | pʲ | t | c | k | kʲ | ʔ | ʔʲ | |||
Affricate | ts | tsʲ | tʃ | ||||||||
Fricative | s | sʲ | ç | h | hʲ | hʷ | |||||
Liquid | ɾ | ɾʲ | |||||||||
Approximant | w | β̞ʲ | j |
- /h/ can be voiced as [ɦ] between vowels.
- /w/ can be heard as [β] before a front vowel, and as [ɥ] when preceding /j/.[11]
Vowels[edit]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ||
Low | a |
- /e/ can also have an allophone of [ɛ].
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | iiː | uuː | |
Mid | eeː | ə͡eə͡eː | ooː |
Low | aaː |
Word lists[edit]
The following is a wordlist containing sample words from English to Moxos:
English | Moxos |
---|---|
One | Ikapia |
Two | Apisá |
Three | Impúse |
Man | Ehiro |
Woman | Eseno |
Sun | Sáche |
Water | Uni |
Fire | Yuku |
Head | Nuxuti |
Hand | Nubupe |
Corn | Suru |
Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):[12]: 170
Spanish gloss English gloss Magíana bueno good shiomá malo bad shiomallama el padre father papá la madre mother kay el hermano brother nomasqui uno one huestiche dos two heravetá
See also[edit]
- Indigenous languages of the Americas
- Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
- Mesoamerican languages
- Language families and languages
- Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas(division into geocultural areas)
- Languages of Peru
- List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
Further reading[edit]
- Carvalho, Fernando O. de; Françoise Rose.Comparative reconstruction of Proto-Mojeño and the phonological diversification of Mojeño dialects.LIAMES,Campinas, v. 18, n. 1, p. 3–44, Jan./Jun. 2018.doi:10.20396/liames.v1i1.8648804
- Key, Mary Ritchie. 2015.Ignaciano dictionary.In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.)TheIntercontinental Dictionary Series.Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Gill, Ruth, and Wayne Gill. 2015.Trinitario dictionary.In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.)TheIntercontinental Dictionary Series.Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
References[edit]
- ^abIgnaciano MoxosatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Trinitario MoxosatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required) - ^Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds.,The Amazonian Languages,1999.
- ^http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htmArchived2008-09-07 at theWayback Machine,New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.
- ^Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area".From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics.Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179.doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre.ISBN978-90-272-3100-0.ISSN0165-7763.
- ^Muysken, Pieter;Hammarström, Harald;Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014).Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-MamoréArchived2021-07-10 at theWayback Machine.In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia.Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación.Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
- ^Crevels, Mily. 2002. Speakers shift and languages die: An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia. In Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.),Current Studies on South American Languages[Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 9-30. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
- ^Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák).LIAMES16: 7-37.
- ^Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.).International Journal of American Linguistics77(4): 495-520.
- ^Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.).Lenguas de Bolivia,vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.
- ^abJordá, Enrique (2014).Mojeño Ignaciano.In Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.), Oriente: La Paz: Plural Editores. pp. 21–58.
- ^abRose, Françoise (2021).Mojeño Trinitario.Illustrations of the IPA: Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
- ^Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz. 1989.Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786-1794.Madrid: El Viso.
External links[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- Ignaciano(Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Trinitario(Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Mojeño Trinitario DoReCo corpuscompiled by Françoise Rose. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and - for some texts - time-aligned morphological annotations.