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Ignatius Aphrem I

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His HolinessMoran Mor

Ignatius Afram I Barsoum

Patriarch of Antioch and All the East
120th Patriarchof theSyriac Orthodox Church
Native name
ܡܪܢ ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܛܝܘܣ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܒܪܨܘܡ
ChurchSyriac Orthodox Church
SeeApostolic see of Antioch and all the East
PredecessorIgnatius Elias III
SuccessorIgnatius Jacob III
Previous post(s)Archbishop of Syria and Lebanon
Orders
OrdinationMonk in 1907
ConsecrationArchbishop: 20 May 1918, Patriarch: 30 January 1933
Personal details
Born
Ayoub Barsoum

15 June 1887
Mosul, Ottoman Iraq
Died23 June 1957(1957-06-24)(aged 70)
Syria
BuriedHoms,Syria
DenominationSyriac Christianity

Mor Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum(Classical Syriac:ܡܪܢ ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܐܛܝܘܣ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܒܪܨܘܡ,[1]Arabic:إغناطيوس أفرام الأول برصوم,June 15, 1887 – June 23, 1957) was the 120thSyriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antiochand head of theSyriac Orthodox Churchfrom 1933 until his death in 1957. He was consecrated as a Metropolitan and as a Patriarch at a very hard time for the Syriac Orthodox church and its people and parishes and he worked very hard to re-establish the church initiations to where his people moved. He researched, wrote, translated, scriped, and published many scholarly works that included books on the saints, tradition, liturgy, music, and history ofSyriac Orthodox Church.

Early life and education

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Barsoum was born inMosul,Ottoman Empireand was given the name Ayoub, from the biblical name Job (أيوب برصوم- his baptism name).[2]He was born to Istefane Barsoum and Sussan AbdulNour, descendants of two prominent Syriac Orthodox families in Mosul.[2]When he was 4 years old, his family enrolled him in a school run by theDominicanmission in Mosul.[3]In that school, he studied Languages, History, Religions, and many other subjects. There, he mastered Arabic and French and a good deal of Syriac and Turkish languages and he wrote in the mission newspaper, Iklil Al-Ward.[4]After finishing school, he started teaching at the same school.[4]In 1905, he was ordained as a Reader (Qoroyo) and Sub-Deacon (Aphodyacon) by Dionysius Bihnam Samarji, Archbishop of Mosul at that time.[3]After some time teaching at the school and with encouragement from his family and from Archbishop Dionysius Bihnam Samarji, he decided to join the priesthood and become a monk.[2]Aged 17, he went to theDeir al-Za`faran monasteryinMardin,the headquarters of the Syriac Orthodox Church where he opted for a clerical life and started histheologicaltraining in 1905.[2]In the monastery, he studied Syriac theology,Syriaclanguage and literature, English, and philosophy. He also read many books from the monastery's library.[3]

Ordination

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Ignatius Afram I Barsoum after he was ordained Monk

In 1907, when he was only 20 years old, he was ordained a Monk in the Monetary by the PatriarchIgnatius Abded Aloho IIand called him Aphram after the great St.Ephrem, the Syrian,the great 4th century Christian Theologian and writer.[3]In 1908 he was ordained a priest by the same Patriarch.[3]He remained at themonasteryto teach in the seminary and in 1911 he assumed the additional responsibility of managing the monastery press. He also was a member and worked within Syriac society called Intibah that had a goal of raising the education levels for the Syriac people.[5]Later that year, he began his first scholarly visit to the monasteries and churches of Mardin, Tur-Abdin, Azech, Khrbut, Nisibin, Al-Ruha, Mosul and its villages, Aleppo, Homs, Beirut, Istanbul, Jerusalem, and Egypt. During this trip, he read and collected valuable information and wrote list of all their books and manuscripts that helped him in his future literary works.[3]In 1913, he embarked on a second trip to examineSyriacmanuscripts in many great libraries of Europe. In 1917, he represented Gregorius, Metropolitan of Jerusalem, in the church Synod to elect the new Patriarch,Ignatius Elias IIIas the 119th Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church after the Church went for two years without a leader.[3]

Episcopal consecration

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Severus Aphram Barsoum after his consecration as Archbishop of Syria and Lebanon in 1918

On May 20, 1918, Patriarch Ignatius Elias III consecrated Aphrem as an archbishop and named him Mor Severus, Archbishop of Syria and Lebanon and his see was in Homs, Syria.[3]Shortly after that, he went home to Mosul to visit his family and friends and met many people from different part of society in Mosul.[3]In 1919, he accompanied Patriarch Ignatius Elias III on his visit to Istanbul where they had audience with the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet Wahid.[6]From Istanbul, he embarked on a journey to Paris, France to represent the Syriac Orthodox church at the Paris Peace Conference. During his time in France, he researched all the old Syriac manuscripts in many libraries in France. When the conference concluded, he went to London to meet with Archbishop of Canterbury and also research the Syriac manuscripts in the British libraries before his return in May, 1920.[3]Two years later, theLeague of Nations' action makingSyriaa French mandate brought him a new responsibility of providing for refugees from Cilicia in 1922 and in 1923 and the refugees from Al-Ruha (Urfa) in 1924 where he undertook the responsibility of securing housing, food, education, and other needs. All these refugees were in addition to the thousand of refugees that arrived after Sayfo. With that he also took on the responsibility of building of 10 new churches for the refugees in and nearAleppo,other parts of Syria and in Lebanon. On the 24th of March 1925و he attended in Beirut the opening of the Assyrian National School Association.[3]

Another journey took Mor Severus toGenevaandLausanneas anapostolic delegateto theWorld Conference on Faith and Order (August 3–21, 1927)where he was a member and conveyed the greetings of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch to the conference attendees.[7]Soon afterwards he traveled as an emissary of the Patriarch to theUnited States,where he investigated the condition of the Syriac Orthodox Church, consecrated three new churches, and ordained new priests. He also gave lectures on the Syriac language and literature at the Providence University and theUniversity of Chicago,and served at the Oriental Institute of the latter institution until his return in 1929.[3]

Patriarchal consecration

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After the death of Patriarch Ignatius Elias III in 1932, theSynodof Bishops named Mor Severus as an acting Patriarch until a new patriarch is chosen. On January 30, 1933, he was elected as the 120th Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, assuming the ecclesiastical name of Mor Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum. The newPatriarchquickly showed himself as an active Church head, establishing new dioceses, building new churches, establishing new schools, and founding a theological seminary in Zahla, Lebanon (later moved to Mosul, Iraq in 1945, then to Beirut, Lebanon, and finally to Damascus, Syria). In the aftermath of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the political situation in the new state of Turkey, where the seat of the Patriarchate was located in Deir al-Za'faran for about 10 centuries, Mor Aphrem was forced to relocate the Patriarchate toHomsin Syria.

  • Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum after his consecration as Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church in 1933
    Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum after his consecration as Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church in 1933
  • Ignatius Afram I Barsoum with a group of Archbishops after the consecration of Archbishop Gregorius Bulus Behnam in 1952
    Ignatius Afram I Barsoum with a group of Archbishops after the consecration of Archbishop Gregorius Bulus Behnam in 1952
  • Ignatius Afram I Barsoum meeting with the President of Lebanon in 1954
    Ignatius Afram I Barsoum meeting with the President of Lebanon in 1954

Paris Peace Conference

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After World War I ended in 1918, the victoriousAlliesassembled for theParis Peace Conferenceto resolve the issues that the war presented and set up terms for future peace in Europe, the Middle East, and other parts of the world. The Syriac Orthodox Church was one of the few none governmental institutions from the old Ottoman Empire that attended this conference and present their cases.[6]Archbishop Aphrem traveled to Paris with his secretary, Dr. Abdalla Barsoum,[8]to represent the church in this conference where he met the French President,Raymond Poincaré,and many French ministers.[9]He also met with many delegates from the former Ottoman Empire Christian minority groups. He presented the church conditions and what happened to the people during thegenocidein Turkey to the delegates of the conference[6]and presented a six points plan to ensure the autonomy and safety of his people and requested financial compensation for the loss of lives and properties.[10]He also presented a list of victims and casualties of about 90,000 people from the Syriac Orthodox Church including 7 bishops and 155 priests and monks killed, 336 villages destroyed, and 160 churches and monasteries in ruins.[6]Soon, he was disillusioned, however, by the atmosphere of self-interest which prevailed among the delegates representing the victorious European powers and at one stage of the conference found himself defending not only the rights of his people, but those of the Arab nations where most of his Syriac Orthodox Church people lived after World War I.[9]He outlined what happened in this conference to his confidant Archbishop Gregorius Bulus Behnam[3]and there's an English translation for the same conversation.[6]After Patriarch Aphram's participation in this conference and his call to establish a mandate for the Syriac and Assyrian people, he was prevented from entering Turkey again and his books were banned.[6]

Episcopal succession

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During Ignatius Aphram life, he had the duty to ordain and consecrate many Metropolitans in the Syria Orthodox church in addition to hundreds of priests, monks, and deacons. The list includes one future patriarch also.[3]

  1. Ignatius Jacob III(1957–1980). Metropolitan of Syria and Lebanon. Later, the 121st Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church.
  2. Dionysius Yohanna (1933-1941). Metropolitan ofSt. Matthew Monastery.
  3. Eustathios Keryakos (1938-1988). Metropolitan of Al-Jazeera, Syria.
  4. Philoxenus Jacob (1939-1946). Patriarch Vicar of Jerusalem
  5. Timotheus Jacob (1946-1966). Metropolitan ofSt. Matthew Monastery.
  6. Gregorius Keryakos (1946-1966). Bishop in Malabar, India.
  7. Severus Bulus (1946-1962). Metropolitan in Malaber, India.
  8. Athanasius Yeshue Samuel(1947-1957) Metropolitan of Jerusalim and (1957–1994) Metropolitan of the United States.
  9. Philoxenus Yohanna Dolabani (1947-1969). Metropolitan of Mardin, Turkey.
  10. Dionysius Gergees (1950-1992). Metropolitan of Aleppo, Syria.
  11. Clemis Abraham(1951-2002). Metropolitan of Knanaya Archdiocese, India.
  12. Gregorius Bulus Behnam(1952-1969). Metropolitan of Mosul, Iraq then Metropolitan of Baghdad & Basra, Iraq.
  13. Iyawanis Afram (1952-1984). Bishop of Tur-Abdin, Turkey
  14. Philoxenus Bulus (1952). Metropolitan in Malabar, India
  15. Malatius Barnaba (1957-2020). Patriarch Vicar

Literary work

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Despite the numerous responsibilities of his work in leading theSyriac Orthodox Churchthrough the hard times and his and his travel to visit the churches around the world, Patriarch Aphrem devoted a lot of his time to writing about the church, Syriac Orthodox Saints and fathers, and about Syriac literature and history.

Patriarch Aphrem produced many works which some have never been published. His work was written and published in both Syriac and Arabic. Of his published works:[11]

The Scattered Pearls

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Patriarch Aphrem wrote one of the most important books in the Syriac Church Orthodox,The Scattered Pearls: History of Syriac Literature and Sciences(Arabic:اللؤلؤ المنثور في تاريخ العلوم والآداب السريانية) is a monumental research work in the history of science andSyriac literatureand the people who contributed to this history. It was completed in the 1920s by Barsoum and published in 1943.[11]The book was translated to several languages, the English translation was by Matti Moosa. It was published byGeorgias Pressin 2011.

Published work

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Books

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In addition to the Scattered Pearls, Patriarch Aphrem published the following books during his life:[11]

  1. The History of Tur Abdin,written inSyriacand translated to Arabic by BishopGregorius Bulus Behnamand to English by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press 2011
  2. Al-Tuhfa al-Ruhiyya fi al-Salat al-Fardiyya( "The Golden Key of the Obligatory Prayers" ), 1911.
  3. Al-Zahra al-Qudsiyya fi al-Talim al-Masihia ( "The Divine Flower of the Christian Catechism" ), 1912.
  4. Nuzhat al-Adhhan fi Tarikh Dayr al-Zafaran( "The Excursion of the Mind in the History of Za`faran" ), 1917.
  5. Mukhtasar fi Al-Ta'alim Am-Masihi(The Shorter Catechism of the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch), 1926. Book to be taught in schools. An English translation by Rev. Fr. Elias Sugar, 1950.
  6. A translation of Tahdibh al-Akhlaq ( "The Training of Characters" ), by Yahya Ibn Adi, published in the Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, 1928.
  7. An edition ofBar HebraeusRisala fi Ilm al-Nafs al-Insaniyya( "A Treatise on the Human Soul" ), 1938.
  8. A translation ofBar HebraeusHadith al-Hikma( "The Speech of Wisdom" ), 1940.
  9. Al-Durar al-Nafisa fi Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Kanisa( "The Precious Pearls of the Compendious History of the Church" ), 1940.
  10. Al-Alfaz al-Suryaniyya fi al-Maajim al-Arabiyya( "Syriac Words in the Arabic Lexicons" ), 1951.
  11. Fi Isem Al-Uma Al-Suryania(The Syrian Church of Antioch: Its [sic] Name and History), 1952.
  12. Al-Mawrid Al-Atheb fi Mukhtasar Tarikh Al-Kanisa( "The Sweet News in the History of the Church), 1953.
  13. Qithar al-Qulub( "The Harp of the Hearts" ), a volume of collected poems, 1954.

Short Books or Articles

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Items 1 and 3 were translated and included inThe Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum

  1. Madrasat Antakia Al-Lahutia(Antioch Theological School), 1930.
  2. A'alam Al Syrian(Syriac Notables), 1931.
  3. Lama'a fi Tarikh Al-Uma Al-Suryania fi Al-Iraq(A Glimpse of the History of Syriac Nation in Iraq), 1936
  4. Mazarea'a Al-Jazira(Al-Jazira Farms), 1955.
  5. A'ayan Al-Syrian(Syriac Notables)

Books published posthumously

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  1. Risala fi Usul Al-Ta'arib from Al-Suryania language(An Article in Arabic Translation from Syriac), 1969.
  2. Makhṭūṭāt Ṭūrʻabdīn(The Manuscripts ofTur Abdinin Arabic), 2008.
  3. Makhṭūṭāt Dayr al-Zaʻfarān(The Manuscripts ofDeir al-Za`faran monasteryin Arabic), 2008.
  4. Makhṭūṭāt Āmid wa-Mārdīn( The manuscripts ofAmidandMardinin Arabic), 2008.
  5. History of the Syriac Dioceses.Gorgias Press, LLC. 6 January 2011.ISBN9781611436785.
  6. The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum.Gorgias Press, LLC. 2 January 2019.ISBN9781611436730.

Unpublished work

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This list is a partial list of some of Patriarch Aphrem unpublished work[11]

  1. The History of theSyriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antiochand the famous men of theSyriac Orthodox Church
  2. Index ofSyriacmanuscripts in different churches, monasteries, and with individuals that he put together before all the event that happened during World War I and the looting and destruction that happened to the Syriac churches and Monasteries during Sayfo
  3. Syriac-Arabic Dictionary that he started working on it since his early days at the monastery
  4. Translations of ten liturgies of theSyriac Christianityto Arabic.
  5. The Ecclesiastical History of Bar 'Ebroyo, 2nd part. Translated into Arabic in the second part of 1909 when he was a monk at theMonasteryof Za'faran.

Holy Girdle of Mary

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In 1953, while Patriarch Aphrem was reading few manuscripts he discovered a book written inGarshunithat was sent to the people of Mardin from the people of Homs in 1852.[3]The book contained information about the Diocese of Homs and other dioceses in Syria from the time when the church was being renovated and enlarged. TheHoly Girdle of Marywas found inside a glass vessel in the middle of the holy table in the altar.[3]Based on these information, Patriarch Aphrem opened the Holy Sanctum in the attendance of Alexandros the Greek Orthodox bishop of Homs and other prominent persons. When the alter table was opened, they discovered a stone vessel covered with a thick round copper plate and the glass vessel was broken inside. They found theHoly Girdlefolded and sign of age was apparent on it.[3]The Girdle was examined by the antiquities authorities in Syria and it was found to be authentic.[3]The Holy Girdle was put back in the alter where it is still today.[3]

Death

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Patriarch Aphrem passed away in the morning of Sunday June 23, 1957 and was buried on Thursday June 27, 1957 at the Church of Virgin Mary Um Al-Zinar in Homs, Syria.[3]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Syriaca".
  2. ^abcdThe Scattered Pearls: history of Syriac literature and sciences|}
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstBehnam, Gregorius Bulus (1959)Nafhat Al-Khuzam Aw Hayat Al-Batrak Afram [The Life of Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum]Mosul, Iraq
  4. ^abHababa, Salim (2005)Dominican Friars in Mosul 1750-2005.Mosul, Iraq
  5. ^Trigona-Harany, Benjamin (2009).The Ottoman Süryânî from 1908 to 1914.Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.ISBN978-1-60724-069-3.
  6. ^abcdefDinno, Khalid (2017).The Syrian Orthodox Christians in the Late Ottoman Period and Beyond. Crisis Then Revival.Gorgias Press, NJ.
  7. ^Bate, H. N. (1927).Proceedings of the World Conference on Faith and Order(1st ed.). London: Student Christian Movement.
  8. ^Yoosuf, Abraham K. (2017).Assyria and the Paris Peace Conference.[Place of publication not identified]. p. 134.ISBN978-91-984100-6-8.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^abAbdul-Nour, Aziz (2021)."Episcopal Diplomacy: Oriental Christians or the Syriac Orient at the Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920. Aphram i Barsoum, A Man of Vision on an Impossible Mission"(PDF).London.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  10. ^Atto, Naures (2011).Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora.[Amsterdam]: Amsterdam University Press.ISBN978-90-8728-148-9.
  11. ^abcdIbrahim, Gregorios Yohanna (1996)The Glory of the Syriacs: Ignatius Aphram Barsoum Patriarch of Antioch 1887–1957, Biography and Bibliography.Aleppo, Syria
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Preceded by List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
1933–1957 		Succeeded by
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