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Ilocos Region

Coordinates:16°37′N120°19′E/ 16.62°N 120.32°E/16.62; 120.32
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(Redirected fromIlocos)
"Ilocos" redirects here. For the historical province, seeIlocos (province).For the current provinces, seeIlocos NorteandIlocos Sur.
Ilocos
Sagor na Baybay na Luzon
Region
Clockwise from the top:Paoay Church,Baluarte Watch Tower,La Paz Sand Dunes,Hundred Islands National Park,Bangui Windfarm
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:16°37′N120°19′E/ 16.62°N 120.32°E/16.62; 120.32
CountryPhilippines
Island groupLuzon
Regional centerSan Fernando(La Union)
Largest citySan Carlos(Pangasinan)
Area
• Total13,013.60 km2(5,024.58 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Sicapoo)
2,361 m (7,746 ft)
Population
(2020 census)[2]
• Total5,301,139
• Estimate
(2020)
5,220,807[1]
• Density410/km2(1,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8(PST)
ISO 3166 codePH-01
Provinces
4
Independent cities
1
Component cities
8
Municipalities116
Barangays3,267
Cong. districts12
Languages
GDP(2023)₱814.29 billion
$14.64 billion[3]
Growth rateIncrease(7.1%)[3]
HDIIncrease0.743 (High)
HDI rank6th in the Philippines(2019)

TheIlocos Region(Ilocano:Rehion/Deppaar ti Ilocos;Pangasinan:Sagor na Baybay na Luzon/Rehiyon Uno[the former literally translated to "west coast of Luzon" ];Tagalog:Rehiyon ng Ilocos), designated asRegion I,is anadministrative regionof the Philippines. Located in the northwestern section ofLuzon,it is bordered by theCordillera Administrative Regionto the east, theCagayan Valleyto the northeast and southeast,Central Luzonto the south, and theSouth China Seato the west.[5]

The region comprises fourprovinces(Ilocos Norte,Ilocos Sur,La Union,andPangasinan) and one independent city (Dagupan). Its regional center isSan Fernando,La Union,whereas the largest settlement isSan Carlos,Pangasinan. The 2000 census reported that the major languages spoken in the region wereIlocano(64% of the total population at that time),Pangasinan(32.5%), andTagalogand other languages (3.21%).[6]

History

[edit]

Prehistory

[edit]

The region was first inhabited by the aboriginalNegritos,before they were pushed by successive waves ofAustronesianimmigrants that penetrated the narrow coast.Tingguians(Igorot) in the interior,Ilocanosin the north,Pangasinensesin the south, andZambalsin the southwesternmost areas settled the region.

Early history

[edit]

As commercial trading routes became established in Southeast Asia, the pre-HispanicLuyag na Caboloan(present-day Pangasinan) area in the vicinity of Lingayen gulf became maritime trading centers, as gold mined from theCordillera Mountain Rangecame down along the Aringay-Tonglo-Balatok gold trail,[7][8]and was also traded in the neighboring settlement of Agoo, whose coast at the time was shaped in such a way that it was a good harbor for foreign vessels.[9][10]

Evidence of trade between the then-Pangasinense port of Agoo and China has been excavated in the form of porcelain and pottery pieces unearthed at the site of the Catholic church during its renovation, - which are now kept in theMuseo de Iloko.[9]Japanese fishermen eventually established their first settlement in the Philippines there, passing on their fishing skills and technologies to the local populace.[9]

Spanish colonial era

[edit]

The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and established Christian missions and governmental institutions to control the native population and convert them to Catholicism. Present-dayViganinIlocos Surprovince became the diocesan seat of Nueva Segovia. By the end of the 1700s, Ilocos had 44,852 native families and 631Spanish Filipino families.[11]: 539 [12]: 31, 54, 113 It also had 10,041Chinese Filipino families.[12]: 9 Ilocanos in the northern parts were less easily swayed, however, and remained an area filled with deep resentments against Spain. These resentments surfaced at various points in the Ilocos provinces' history as insurrections, most notably that ofAndres MalongandPalarisof Pangasinan,Diego Silangand his wifeGabriela Silangin 1764, and theBasi Revoltin the 19th century.

However, it was the Pangasinans in the south who were the last to stand against the Spaniards.[13][better source needed]

American invasion era

[edit]

In 1901, the region came underAmerican colonial rule,and in 1941, underJapanese occupation.

In 1901, towns ofNueva Ecija,namelyBalungao,Rosales,San QuintinandUminganwere annexed to the province of Pangasinan. On November 30, 1903, several municipalities from northernZambalesincluding Agno, Alaminos, Anda, Bani, Bolinao, Burgos, Dasol, Infanta and Mabini were ceded to Pangasinan by the American colonial government. These municipalities were a part of the homeland of the Sambal people who wanted to remain within the Zambales province. This 1903 colonial decision has yet to be reverted.[14]The reason for transferring those towns from Nueva Ecija & Zambales to Pangasinan is because they were geographically further away from the capitals.

Japanese occupation era

[edit]

During 1945, the combined American and thePhilippine Commonwealthtroops including with the Ilocano and Pangasinan guerillas liberated the Ilocos Region from Japanese forces during theSecond World War.

The postwar era

[edit]
See also:Tobacco production in the PhilippinesandStonehill scandal

The Ilocos region produced two presidents of the Republic of the Philippines within the first two decades after the recognition of Philippine independence:Elpidio QuirinoandFerdinand Marcos.

This period also marked a return of thetobacco industryto the Ilocos Region. Ever since the end of the tobacco monopoly, tobacco production had declined in the Ilocos as filipinos started shifting from locally made cigars to foreign made cigarettes.[15]But after reading a feature article series byMaximo Solivenwhich explained why Virginia tobacco would grow well on Ilocos soil, businessmanHarry Stonehillwas convinced to invest extensively in rebuilding the industry, establishing the Philippine Tobacco Flue-Curing and Redrying Corporation (PTFCRC) in 1951 and recruiting farmers from throughout Region 1 to produce tobacco.[16][17]The following year, La Union Congressman Manuel T. Cases filed a bill to "limit the importation of foreign leaf tobacco," which was eventually signed by PresidentElpidio Quirinoas Republic Act 698.[18]This allowed Stonehill's investments to make a handsome profit,[19]and the newly-rebuilt local industry to bloom.[16]Stonehill was later deported a decade later, in the 1960s, for tax evasion and bribery of government officials, in what would later be called theStonehill scandal,[19]but the tobacco industry continued to grow.[17][19]

The Martial Law era

[edit]

Varioushuman rights violationswere documented in the Ilocos region during theMarcos martial law era,despitepublic perception that the region was supportiveof Marcos' administration.[20]In Ilocos Norte, various farmers from the towns of Vintar, Dumalneg, Solsona, Marcos, and Piddig were documented to have been tortured,[20]and eight farmers in Bangui and three indigenous community members in Vintar were "salvaged"in 1984.[20]

Ilocanos who were critical of Marcos' authoritarian rule included Roman Catholic Archbishop andAgoo, La UnionnativeAntonio L. Mabutas,who spoke actively against the torture and killings of church workers.[21][22]Other La Union natives who fought the dictatorship were student activists Romulo andArmando PalabayofSan Fernando, La Union,whose torture and death in a military camp in Pampanga would lead them to being honored as martyrs in the fight against the dictatorship in the Philippines'Bantayog ng mga Bayanimemorial.[23]

In Ilocos Norte, one of the prominent victims of the Martial Law era who came from Laoag was Catholic layperson and social workerPurificacion Pedro,who volunteered in organizations protesting theChico River Dam Projectin the nearby Cordillera Central mountains.[24]Wounded while visiting activist friends in Bataan, she was later killed by Marcos administration soldiers while recuperating in the hospital.[25][26]Another prominent opponent of the martial law regime was human rights advocate and Bombo Radyo Laoag program hostDavid Bueno,who worked with theFree Legal Assistance Groupin Ilocos Norte during the later part of the Marcos administration and the early part of the succeeding Aquino administration. He would later be assassinated by motorcycle-riding men in fatigue uniforms on October 22, 1987 – part of a wave of assassinations which coincided with the1986-87 coup d'étatwhich tried to unseat the democratic government set up after the1986 People Power Revolution.[27]Both Bueno and Pedro were later honored among the first 65 people to have their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines'Bantayog ng mga Bayani,which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought the dictatorship,[28]and Pedro was listed among Filipino Catholics nominated to be namedServant of God.[29]

Integration of new provinces

[edit]

The province ofPangasinanwas transferred byFerdinand Marcosfrom Region III into Region I in 1973 and afterwards imposed a migration policy for Ilokanos into Pangasinan, to the moderate detriment of the nativePangasinenses.Before the administration ofFerdinand Marcos,Pangasinan was not a part of the region.[30]He also includedAbra,Mountain Province,andBenguetin the Ilocos region in a bid to expand Ilokano influence among the ethnic peoples of the Cordilleras.[31]

Transfer of provinces to the Cordillera Administrative Region

[edit]

When theCordillera Administrative Regionwas established in 1987 underCorazon Aquino,the indigenous provinces ofAbra,Mountain Province,andBenguetwere transferred into the newly formed region.

Contemporary history

[edit]

The Ilocos region has produced two more Philippine Presidents in the years since the 1986People Power revolution:PangasinenseFidel V. Ramosand Ferdinand Marcos' sonBongbong Marcos.

The southern parts of the region were severely hit by the1990 Luzon earthquake.Five municipalities inLa Unionwere affected:Agoo,Aringay,Caba,Santo Tomas,andTubaowith a combined population of 132,208. Many buildings, including the Agoo Municipal hall,[32]theMuseo de Iloko,the parish church of Aringay,[33]and theBasilica Minore of our Lady of Charity,[9]collapsed or were severely damaged. 100,000 families were displaced when two coastal villages sank due toliquefaction.The province suffered many casualties leaving 32 people dead. In Pangasinan, about 90 buildings inDagupanwere damaged, and about 20 collapsed. Some structures sustained damage because liquefaction caused buildings to sink as much as 1 metre (39 inches). The earthquake caused a decrease in the elevation of the city and several areas were flooded. The city suffered 64 casualties of which 47 survived and 17 died. Most injuries were sustained during stampedes at a university building and a theater.

Geography

[edit]
Political Map of Ilocos Region

The Ilocos Region is divided into two contrasting geographical features. The Ilocos provinces occupy the narrow plain between theCordillera Centralmountain range and theSouth China Sea,whereasPangasinanoccupies the northwestern portion of the vast Central Luzon plain, havingZambales Mountainsas its natural western limit.

Lingayen Gulfis the most notable body of water in Pangasinan and it contains several islands, including theHundred Islands National Park.To the north of Ilocos isLuzon Strait.

TheAgno Riverruns throughPangasinanfromBenguet,flowing into a broad delta at the vicinities ofLingayenandDagupanbefore emptying into Lingayen Gulf.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

The Ilocos Region comprises 4provinces,1independent componentcity,8componentcities, 116municipalities,and 3,265barangays.[34]

Provinces

[edit]
Province Capital Population(2020)[35] Area[36] Density Cities Muni. Barangay
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Ilocos Norte Laoag City 11.5% 609,588 3,418.75 1,319.99 180 470 2 21 559
Ilocos Sur Vigan City 13.3% 706,009 2,596.00 1,002.32 270 700 2 32 768
La Union San Fernando 15.5% 822,352 1,499.28 578.88 550 1,400 1 19 576
Pangasinan Lingayen 59.7% 3,163,190 5,450.59 2,104.48 580 1,500 4 44 1,364
Total 5,301,139 12,964.62 5,005.67 410 1,100 9 116 3,267

• Figures for Pangasinan include theindependent component cityofDagupan.

Governors and vice governors
[edit]
Province Image Governor Political Party Vice Governor
Ilocos Norte
 Matthew Marcos Manotoc Nacionalista Cecilia Araneta Marcos
Ilocos Sur
 Jeremias C. Singson NPC Ryan Luis Singson
La Union
 Raphaelle Veronica Ortega-David PDDS Mario Eduardo Ortega
Pangasinan
 Ramon Guico III Nacionalista Mark Ronald DG. Lambino

Citiesandmunicipalities

[edit]
  • †Regional center
  • ^Independent City

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Ilocos Region

5
10
15
20
25
30
2006
25.95
2009
21.97
2012
18.46
2015
18.81
2018
9.85
2021
11.00

Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]

Although the economy in the southern portion of the region, especiallyPangasinan,is anchored on aquaculture, agro-industrial and service industry akin to itsCentral Luzonneighbor, the economy in the northern portion of the region is anchored in the agricultural sector. The economy in Pangasinan is driven by agro-industrial (particularly in inland towns) and aquaculture (in coastal areas) businesses, such as milkfish (bangus) cultivation and processing, livestock raising, fish paste processing (bagoong), and others. Income in the Ilocos provinces or northern portion mostly come from cultivating rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, and fruits; raising livestock such as pigs, chicken, goats, andcarabaos(water buffalos).

The distribution of the economic activity in the region may be seen from the collection of tax revenue of the national government. The bulk of the collections come from Pangasinan, which posted 61% of the total.[47]

The service and light manufacturing industries are concentrated in the cities.Dagupan,a major financial, commercial and educational hub in the north, is mostly driven by its local entrepreneurs, which have expanded its network up to the national level such as the CSI Group, Magic Group, BHF Group, Guanzon Group, St Joseph Drugs, and Siapno-Tada Optical, among others. San Fernando in La Union also has an international shipping port and the upgraded San Fernando Airport. While Laoag in Ilocos Norte has an international airport.[citation needed]

The tourism industry, driven by local airlines and land transportation firms in the area like Pangasinan Solid North Bus,Dagupan Bus Company,Farinas Transit CompanyandPartas,focuses on the coastal beaches and on eco-tourism. There are fine sands stretching alongLingayen Gulfarea notably the historicTondaligan BeachinDagupanand the rest of the region's coastal areas.[citation needed]

Additionally, the Ilocanos are known for their dark-colored clayburnaypottery and blanket weaving.[48]

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Ilocos Region
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903948,935—
19181,210,909+1.64%
19391,459,294+0.89%
19481,685,564+1.61%
19602,042,865+1.61%
19702,488,391+1.99%
19752,726,220+1.85%
19802,922,892+1.40%
19903,550,642+1.96%
19953,803,890+1.30%
20004,200,478+2.15%
20074,546,789+1.10%
20104,748,372+1.59%
20155,026,128+1.09%
20205,301,139+1.05%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[49]

Ethnicity

[edit]
Main article:Ilocano people

The Ilocos provinces are the historical homeland of theIlocanos.In the 2000 Census, the Ilocanos comprised 64% of the region, Pangasinan people 32.5%, and the Tagalogs 3%.[6]

Pangasinan is the historical homeland of thePangasinans.The population of Pangasinan comprises approximately 60% of the total population of the region. The Ilocanos started migrating to Pangasinan in the 19th century.[50]Pangasinan was formerly a province of Region III (Central Luzon) before President Marcos signedPresidential Decree No. 1,1972, incorporating it into Region I. Part of the historical homeland of Pangasinans in Ilocos Region is south La Union. Minority groups include theTingguianandIsnegcommunities that inhabit the foothills of the Cordillera mountains, andSambalswho settle in west Pangasinan, part of the historical homeland of the Sambals. The few Tagalogs mostly live in southeast Pangasinan bordering Tagalog-speakingNueva Ecija,mostly descendants of settlers from Nueva Ecija itself, with the rest fromBulacanandAurora.Other minority groups not native in the region includeMaguindanaons,Maranaos,Tausugs,Kapampangans,Cebuanos,Hiligaynonsand foreigners and their Filipino-born descendants such asChinese[51]andIndians.[52]

Language

[edit]
Main article:Ilocano language

Ilocanois the main language of the majority in the region, with La Union recognizing it as an official language since 2012.[53]It is also spoken in neighboring regions ofCagayan Valley (Region II),Cordillera Administrative Regionand parts ofCentral Luzon (Region III)as the lingua franca among Ilocano and non-Ilocano residents. Ilocano is also recognized as a minority language inMindoro,Palawan,andMindanao(particularly in some areas inSoccsksargen), where Ilocanos had have been significant residents since the early 20th century. It is the third most widely spoken language in the Philippines, estimating 11 million speakers as of 2022. The language has many speakers overseas, including the American states ofCaliforniaandHawaii.[54]

Another major regional Philippine language spoken in the region isPangasinan(a native language in the eponymous Pangasinan province among the ethnic group of the same name). It is the official and the indigenous language of Pangasinan and is the most spoken language in the region's highly urbanized area, Central Pangasinan. Spoken natively in urban centers such asDagupan,Lingayen,San Carlos,among others. Native speakers can also be found in nearby Tarlac, La Union and Benguet. Significant provincial languages such asBolinaoandSambal languagesin western Pangasinan, andCordilleran languages(near the borders of theCordillera Administrative Region) are spoken in the region.Tagalogis spoken by residents in towns along the border with Nueva Ecija, and its standard dialectFilipinoand English are also spoken and understood in the region, utilized in business, education and media.

Languages not native in the region are also spoken there such asMaranao,Maguindanaon,Tausug,Kapampangan(which Bolinao & Sambal languages are related to),CebuanoandHiligaynonto varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the region.

Religion

[edit]

The population is predominantlyRoman Catholicwith strong adherents ofProtestantismsuch as theAglipayandenomination further north of the country where it is originated. There are also adherents to other religions, such asIglesia ni Cristomakesup 3rd largest religion in the Region has 10 ecclesiastical districts in 4 provinces comprising 5-6% adherents,Mormons,and the like. There is also an undercurrent of traditional animistic beliefs especially in rural areas.Islamis a significant minority religion in the region especially in some urban areas adhered by minority Maranaos and otherMorocommunities, with some former Christian Ilocanos converted to that religion either by study abroad or contact with Moro migrants from the southern Philippines. The small mercantileChineseand Indian communities are primarilyBuddhists,Taoists,Hindus,JainsandSikhs.[citation needed]

Culture and the arts

[edit]
Tampuhanby Juan Luna

The Ilocos region is noted for its distinctive culture, shaped by the austere demands of its geography.[55]: 55 

The region has given birth to numerous artists who have won national acclaim - among the most notable being writer and activistIsabelo de los Reyesof Vigan who helped publish the earliest currently-extant text ofBiag ni Lam-Ang;Badoc-bornPhilippine Revolutionera activist and leaderJuan Luna;andBinalonan-bornCarlos Bulosan,whose novelAmerica is in the Hearthas become regarded as "[t]he premier text of the Filipino-American experience."[56]

The region is also home to severalNational Artists of the Philippines,including National Artist for TheaterSeverino Montanowho was conferred the honor in 2001,[57]and National Artist for DanceLucrecia Kasilag,who was conferred the honor in 1989.

In contemporary arts, The Galila Arts Festival, which features Pangasinense artists and tourist spots in the fourth district of Pangasinan, was inaugurated in 2023. Aside from encouraging arts in the province, the festival also aims to attract tourists.[58]

Notable people

[edit]
A view of San Fernando, La Union

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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