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Imo State

Coordinates:5°29′N7°2′E/ 5.483°N 7.033°E/5.483; 7.033
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Imo
State
Flag of Imo
Flag
Seal of Imo State
Seal
Nicknames:
Eastern Heartland
Location of Imo State in Nigeria
Location of Imo State in Nigeria
Coordinates:5°29′N7°2′E/ 5.483°N 7.033°E/5.483; 7.033
CountryNigeria
Created3 February 1976
CapitalOwerri
Government
•GovernorHope Uzodinma(APC)
•Deputy GovernorLadyChinyere Ekomaru(APC)
• LegislatureImo State House of Assembly
•SenatorsE:Onyewuchi Francis Ezenwa(LP)
N:Frank Ibezim(APC)
W:Osita Izunaso(APC)
•RepresentativesList
Area
• Total5,530 km2(2,140 sq mi)
• RankRanked 34th
Population
(2017 est.)[3]1
• Total4,927,563[1]
• Estimate
(2022)
5,459,300[2]
• Rank13th of 36
DemonymImolite
GDP (PPP)
• Year2021
• Total$49.69 billion[4]
4th of 36
• Per capita$7,828[4]
3rd of 36
Time zoneUTC+01(WAT)
postal code
460001
ISO 3166 codeNG-IM
HDI(2021)0.647[5]
medium·6th of 37
LanguageIgbo
English
^1Preliminary results

Imo State(Igbo:Ọha Imo) is astatein theSouth-East geopolitical zoneofNigeria,bordered to the north byAnambra State,Rivers Stateto the west and south, andAbia Stateto the east.[6]It takes its name from theImo Riverwhich flows along the state's eastern border. The state capital isOwerriand the State's slogan is the "Eastern Heartland."[7]

Of the36 Statesin Nigeria, Imo is thethird smallest in areabut isfourteenth most populouswith an estimated population of over 5.4 million as of 2022.[8]Geographically, the state is divided between theNiger Delta swamp forestsin the far east and the drierCross–Niger transition forestsin the rest of the state. Other key geographical features are the state's rivers and lakes with theAwbana,Imo,Orashi,andOtamiririvers along with theOguta Lakein western Imo State.[9]

Modern-day Imo State has been inhabited for almost a thousand years by theIgbo peoplewith theIgbo languageserving as alingua francaalongsideEnglishthroughout the state. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Imo State was a part of medievalKingdom of Nriand the laterAro Confederacybefore the latter was defeated in the early 1900s by British troop then theAnglo-Aro War.After the war, the British incorporated the area into theSouthern Nigeria Protectoratewhich later merged intoBritish Nigeriain 1914; after the merger, Imo became a centre of anti-colonial resistance during theWomen's War.[10]

After independence in 1960, the area of the present-day Imo was a part of the post-independenceEastern Regionuntil 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of theEast Central State.Less than two months afterwards, the former Eastern Region attempted to secede in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War with Imo as a part of the secessionist, Igbo nationalist state ofBiafra.The area was hard fought over throughout the war with Owerri and its surrounding area exchanging hands twice before Owerri was named the Biafran capital in 1969. The present-day Imo State was captured by federal forces in early 1970 withOperation Tail-Windtaking the city and ending the war.[11]At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, theEast Central Statewas reformed until 1976 when Imo State was formed by theMurtala Muhammedregime. Fifteen years afterwards, Imo State was divided with eastern Imo being broken off to form the newAbia State.[12][13]

The state economy is highly dependent on agricultural production, especially the production ofpalm oil,which a majority of citizens rely on for cooking.[14]A key minor industry is the extraction ofcrude oilandnatural gas,[15]especially in Imo's north and west. The state has been beset by violence at various points throughout its history, most notably the anti-cult1996 Otokoto Riots[16]and theongoing separatist violencefrom theEastern Security Network[17]along with other opportunisticnativistgunmen. Despite unrest, with its fast growing population and industrialization, Imo State has thejoint-sixth highestHuman Development Indexin the country.[18]

Geography

[edit]

Location

[edit]

Imo State is bordered byAnambra Stateto the north for 84 km (52 miles),Abia Stateto the east for about 104 km (partly in the vicinity of the Imo River), andRivers Stateto the south and west for about 122 km.[19][20]The state lies within latitudes 4°45'N and 7°15'N, and longitude 6°50'E and 7°25'E, with an area of around 5,100 sq km.[21]

Natural resources

[edit]

The state has several natural resources which includes,crude oil,natural gas,lead,calcium carbonate,solar and wind power,zinc.[19][22]

Profitable flora includingiroko,mahogany,obeche,bamboo,rubber treeandoil palm.Additionally white clay, fine sand andlimestoneare also found in the state.[19]

Climate

[edit]

The rainy season begins in April and lasts until October,[23]with annual rainfall varying from 1,500 mm to 2,200 mm (60 to 80 inches).[21][24]

An average annual temperature above 20 °C (68.0 °F), creates an annual relative humidity of 75%. With humidity reaching 90% in the rainy season. Thedry seasonexperiences two months ofHarmattan,from late December to late February. The hottest months are between January and March.[21][23][24]

With high population density and over farming, the soil has been degraded and much of the nativevegetationhas disappeared.[21]

Thisdeforestationhas triggeredsoil erosion,which is compounded by heavy seasonal rainfall that has led to the destruction of houses and roads.[21][25][26]

Environmental issues

[edit]

Soil erosion

[edit]

Soil erosionis the most common geo-environmental hazard in Imo State, with over 360 erosion sites, out of which 57 are confirmed to be critical and in need of immediate remediation.[27][28]They are mostlygullyerosion found inIdeato,Orlu,Ihitte-uboma,Arondizuogu,Umuomi-ikeduru andNjabaareas of the state. These gullies are attributed mainly to poorcivil engineeringworks, specifically road/gutter construction as well assand mining.Duringroad construction,adequate control of therunoffgenerated in this process is poorly taken into consideration. There is also no proper termination,spill way,andgabionsto lower intense flow to non-erosion velocities duringgutter construction.Hence,rainwateroverflow from concrete gutters resulting in erosion, especially at the intersection of gutter and road.[27]

Due to gullies,farmlandshave been significantly affected, with both farmlands and their road paths lost. There is also loss of socialinfrastructuressuch as, electricity and pipe-borne waters. Communities such asIkeduru,Orlu,Ehime Mbano,Nwangele,NkwerreandMbaitolidependent on stream and harvested rainwater for domestic use have been impacted due to surface water/stream pollution caused by intense runoffs from the gully sites.[27]

Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project(NEWMAP), kick-started in the state on November 11, 2014 and the ecological fund are some of the interventions for soil erosion in the State.[29][30]Communities such as Eziala- Obizi inEzinihitte MbaiseLGA; Iyiuzo-Ihioma-Ogberuru inOrlu LGA;Umueshi-Amanato inIdeato South LGA;Umuturu -Ezemazu -Urualla inIdeato North LGA;Umunumo Ibeafor inEhime Mbano LGA;and Umueze Obazu-Mbieri inMbaitoli LGAarebeneficiariesof the NEWMAPprojectin Imo State.[31]

Flooding

[edit]

Available research identifiesOguta,Ohaji/Egbema,Ngor Okpala,Owerri West,Owerri North,Aboh MbaiseandOwerri municipalLGAs as very high flood areas; Mbaitolu, Ikeduru,Aboh Mbaise,Onuimo,IhiteUboma,Obowo and Ehime Mbano LGAs as moderate flood hazard areas; and northern of Isiala Mbano, Nwangele, Nkwere, Orlu, Ehime Mbano and Southern part of Ideato North,Okigweand Ideato South LGAs as low flood hazard areas.[32]

In August 2019, flooding caused by heavy rain submerged about 70 houses, displaced 2000 villagers and destroyed farmlands in Orsu-Obodo community, in theOguta local government area.[33][34]Many residents in the state capital (Owerri) were also displaced in 2017.[35]The Orlu-Umuchima-Obiohia-Akokwa-Uga federal road has been cut off by gully erosion thereby leaving motorists and other road users stranded.[36]

Ideato North and Ideato South have been erosion high risk areas in recent times in Imo State.[37][38]Isiala Mbano is also not left out in these frequent flood disaster in Imo State.[39]

Oil and gas exploration

[edit]

There are over 163 oil wells, at over 12 different locations in the State.[19][40]The main petroleum companies operating in the State areAddax Petroleum,Chevron Corporation,Royal Dutch ShellandAgip.[19]Some of the established oil-rich local government councils include:Ohaji/Egbema,Oguta,Oru East,Iho,Oru West,ObowoandNgor Okpala.[41]In recent times, indigenes of Ohaji/Egbema communities have been protesting about poor basic amenities in their host community despite the presence of oil producing companies.[42][43][44]

Investment opportunities

[edit]

Many investment opportunities exist in the State including oil and gas exploration, chemical plants, brewery plants,hydroelectric plants,gas-fired power plants,grain mills, starch production,cashews,fruit and vegetable juice concentrate production, integrated multi-oil seed processing plants,ceramics,inlandwaterwaytransport, and palm produce industry.[19]

Independent global brewerHeineken,through its subsidiaryNigerian Breweries,has significant investment in Imo State.[45]The company manages the world-classAwo-omammaBrewery, a multiple-line plant.[46]

Many more oil and gas opportunities are yet to be developed.[19]Thefederal governmenthas been called to inspect newly discovered oil-rich areas, which might help foster economic development and job creation.[47]

Industrial parks and processing zones to harness the huge agricultural produce and minerals would give a major boost to the state's economic growth and industrialization.[19]

Oguta Lake,Palm Beach Holiday Resort in Awo-omamma, and a host of other tourist sites along the banks of the 26 km-lengthNjaba Riverpresent hotspots for tourism.[48]: 34 

Agriculture

[edit]

Agricultureis the primary occupation, but due to over-farming andhigh population density,the soil has greatly degraded.This could be as a result of inefficient production techniques, poor resource base, declining soil productivity, predominance of primitive techniques of agricultural production, inadequate supply of credit, low capital investment, use of crude implements to mention but a few.[19][49]The Agricultural sector in Imo State, needs the intervention of the state government and other huge private companies, this is because having a strong economy based oncrude oil,natural gasandpalm oilwill not aid for the development of the state.

History

[edit]

Imo State came into existence in 1976, along with other new states created under the leadership of the late military ruler of Nigeria,Murtala Muhammed,having been previously part ofEast-Central State.The state is named after theImo River,which bears the name of a prominentNigerianfamily with that family name, who were the chiefs of Imo State before the ratification of a more formal government.[50]Part of it was split off in 1991 asAbia State,and another part becameEbonyi State.[51]

Imo State was created at Ngwoma, and the meetings for the state creation which began after theNigerian Civil War[52]ended in 1970 were chaired by Eze S. E. Onukogu.[51][53]

The people of Imo State carried out theOtokoto riots of 1996,which was a statewide protest, in response to the serial kidnappings and murders occurring in Imo at that point in time.[54]One of the most remarkable riots that took place in Imo state, that led to the destruction of properties was the#ENDSARS protest.This protest which started peacefully not only in Imo state, led to riots and destruction of police stations, and killing of security personnel[55]#ENDSARS in Imo State.

Government

[edit]

The State has a three-tier administrative structure: State, Local and Autonomous community levels. The three arms at state level are theExecutive,theLegislativeand the Judiciary.[56]The executive arm is headed by an elected Governor, who is assisted by a deputy governor, commissioners and executive advisers.

This is a list of administrators and governors of Imo State since its creation.

Name Title Took office Left office Party
Ndubuisi Kanu[57] Governor Mar 1976 1977 (Military)
Adekunle Lawal Governor 1977 Jul 1978 (Military)
Sunday Ajibade Adenihun Governor Jul 1978 Oct 1979 (Military)
Samuel Onunaka Mbakwe[58] Governor 1 Oct 1979 31 Dec 1983 NPP
Ike Nwachukwu[59] Governor Jan 1984 Aug 1985 (Military)
Allison Amakoduna Madueke[60] Governor Aug 1985 1986 (Military)
Amadi Ikechegh[61] Governor 1986 1990 (Military)
Anthony E. Oguguo[62] Governor Aug 1990 Jan 1992 (Military)
Evan Enwerem[63] Governor Jan 1992 Nov 1993 NRC
James N.J. Aneke[64] Administrator 9 Dec 1993 22 Aug 1996 (Military)
Tanko Zubairu[65] Administrator 22 Aug 1996 May 1999 (Military)
Achike Udenwa[66] Governor 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 PDP
Ikedi G. Ohakim[67] Governor 29 May 2007 29 May 2011 PPA / PDP
Owelle Rochas Anayo Okorocha[68] Governor 29 May 2011 29 May 2019 APGA/APC
Emeka Ihedioha[69] Governor 29 May 2019 15 Jan 2020 PDP
Hope Uzodinma[70][71] Governor 15 Jan 2020 Till date APC

The legislative arm is headed by the Speaker of the State House of Assembly. The current Speaker is Rt. Hon.Chike Olemgbe,and his deputy is Rt. Hon. Amara iwuanyanwu. The remainder of the house is made up of elected legislators, from the 27 LGAs of the State.

At the 10th state house assembly (2023), the current speaker of the Imo State House of Assembly is Hon. Chike Olemgbe. He is a first-time member representing Ihitte/Uboma Local Government Area.[72][73]Also, the Deputy Speaker of the house is Hon. Amara Iwuanyanwu, who is a member representing the Nwangele constituency.[74]

The judiciary is made up of the high court of justice and the customary court of appeal and is headed by the Chief Judge of the State.[75]

Local Government Areas

[edit]
See also:List of villages in Imo State
Aboh Mbaise Local Government Area in Imo State
Oru West L.G.A. Imo State
Orlu Local Government Area, Imo State
Okigwe Local Government Area, Imo State

Imo State consists of 27local government areas:

Smaller jurisdictions in the state may receive township status or urban status.[76][77]

Demographics

[edit]

The state has over 5.5 million people, and the population density varies from 230 to 1,400 people per square kilometre.[21]Christianity andOdinaniare the majority religions, withOdinanibecoming more common as citizens are beginning to embrace their religious heritage.[78]In addition to its capital, other notable towns areOrlu,Obowo,Oguta,Awo-Omamma, Mgbidi, Mbaise,OkigweandOhaji/Egbema.

Imo State is a predominantlyIgbo-speaking state, withIgbo peopleconstituting a majority of the population (around 98%).[79]

Religion

[edit]

Majority of Imo State residents are Christians. Catholics (2021) in theArchdiocese of Owerri(1948) with 162 parishes underArchbishopLucius Iwejuru Ugorji (2022), and two suffragan dioceses of Okigwe (1981) with 119 parishes under Bishop Solomon Amanchukwu Amatu (2006) and Orlu (1980) with 189 parishes under Bishop Augustine Tochukwu Ukwuoma (2008). The Anglican Church of Nigeria includes theProvince of Owerriled byArchbishop David Onuoha(2020), also Bishop of Okigwe South, and 10 otherDioceses of Okigwe South(1994) led by Bishop David Onuoha (2004),Owerriled byBishop Chukwuma Oparah(2018),Orluled by BishopBenjamin Chinedum Okeke(2019),Mbaise(1992) led by BishopChamberlain Chinedu Ogunedo(2010),Isi Mbanoled by BishopGodson Udochukwu Ukanwa,Ideato(1999) led by BishopHenry Okeke(2020),Ohaji/Egbemaled by BishopChildi Collins Oparaojiaku(2008),On the Lakeled by BishopChijioke Oti(2008),Oruled by BishopGeoffrey Chukwunenye(2008),Okigweled by BishopEdward Osuegbu,andIkeduruled by BishopEmmanuel Maduwike(2009).

Politics

[edit]

The state government is led by a democratically electedgovernorwho works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The Capital city of the State isOwerri.[80]

Electoral system

[edit]

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modifiedtwo-round system.To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the State Local Government Areas. If no candidate passes this threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of Local Government Areas.[81]

Education

[edit]

Institutions of higher learning

[edit]

This is a list of the higher institutions located in Imo State:

Transport

[edit]

Federal Highways

[edit]

Other major roads include

[edit]
  • the Uli-Aguta Rd north toUliinAnambra State
  • the Ihiala-Orlu Rd to Anambra State,
  • the Nnewi-Okigwe Rd via Akokwa and Akwa-Okigwe Rd north to Anambra State,
  • Okigwe-Afikpo Rd east toAbia StateatOkigwe,
  • the Umu-Opara Rd from Umoke to Abia State,
  • the Umu-Ohie-Uku-Amala-Ibodo Rd southwest from Okpuala via Eziama and Amala to Olakwo inRivers State,
  • the Owerri-Ahoada Rd southwest to Rivers State,
  • the Okwuzi-Aguta Rd south to the Ogura-Omoku Rd in Rivers State.

Airports

[edit]

Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport.

Notable people

[edit]

Sport

[edit]

Arts

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

Other

[edit]

References

[edit]
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