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Indian South Africans

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"Asian South Africans" redirects here. For other usages of the term, seeAsian (South Africa).

Indian South Africans
Proportion of Indian South Africans in each municipality according to the census
Total population
Increase1,697,506(2022 census)[1]
Increase2.74% of South Africa's population
Regions with significant populations
Cape Town•Durban•Johannesburg•Pretoria•Pietermaritzburg
Languages
South African English•Afrikaans•Hindi–Urdu•Tamil•Telugu•Bhojpuri (Naitali)•Awadhi•Gujarati•Kutchi•Bengali•Sindhi•Memoni•Konkani•Marathi•Malayalam•Kannada•Tulu•Punjabi•Marwari•Odia• Otherlanguages of the Indian subcontinent[2]
Religion
Hinduism,Islam,Christianity,Sikhism,Jainism,Zoroastrianism,others[3]
Related ethnic groups
Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa,Indo-Mauritians,Indo-Fijians,Indo-Caribbeans,Indian Singaporeans,Malaysian Indians,Indian people,Indian diaspora
Density of the Indian/Asian population.
<1 /km²
1–3 /km²
3–10 /km²
10–30 /km²
30–100 /km²
100–300 /km²
300–1000 /km²
1000–3000 /km²
>3000 /km²
Indian/Asians as a proportion of the total population.
0–20%
20–40%
40–60%
70–80%
80–100%

Indian South AfricansareSouth Africanswho descend from indentured labourers and free migrants who arrived fromBritish Indiaduring the late 1800s and early 1900s. The majority live in and around the city ofDurban,making it one of the largest ethnically Indian-populated cities outside ofIndia.[4]

As a consequence of the policies ofapartheid,Indian(synonymous withAsian)[5][6][7]is regarded as arace groupin South Africa.[8][9]

Racial identity[edit]

During the colonial era, Indians were accorded the same subordinate status in South African society as Blacks were by thewhite minority,which held the vast majority of political power.[10][11]During the period ofapartheidfrom 1948 to 1994, Indian South Africans were legally classified as being a separate racial group.

Some Indian South Africans believed that these terms were improvements on the negatively defined identity of "Non-White", which was their previous status. Politically conscious and nationalistic Indian South Africans wanted to show both their heritage and their local roots in South Africa. Increasingly they self-identified as "African", "South African" and, when necessary, "Indian South Africans".[citation needed]During the most intense period of segregation and apartheid, "Indian", "Coloured" and "Malay"group identities controlled numerous aspects of daily life, including where a classified person waspermitted to liveand study.[12]

The "Indian" racial identity was created by both internal political movements that sought to consolidate support amongst the different Indian ethnicities in the face of discrimination; and the Apartheid government which strictly codified the physical and cultural boundaries between "race groups", and encouraged these group identities.[8]As a result of these Apartheid rules, South Africans continue to identify themselves, and informally classify each other as, "blacks","whites","Coloureds"and" Indians ". Despite living in South Africa for more than 150 years, and being an officially recognized part of the population since 1961, Indians are still sometimes viewed as a foreign presence in the country, and find themselves having to justify their belonging to South Africa as a homeland.[8]

History[edit]

Indentured labourers and Passenger Indians[edit]

See also:Indian indenture system

The modern South African Indian community is largely descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board theTrurofromMadras,[13][14]followed by theBelvederefromCalcutta.[14]They were transported asindenturedlabourers to work on thesugarcaneplantations ofNatal Colony,and, in total, approximately 200,000 Indians arrived as indentured labourers over a period of 5 decades,[14][15]later also as indentured coal miners and railway workers.[16][17]The indentured labourers tended to speakTamil,Telugu,Bhojpuriand theAwadhidialect ofHindi,[18]and the majority were Hindu with Muslim and Christian minorities. Indians were imported as it was found by colonial authorities that local black Africans were economically self-sufficient, and thus unwilling to subject themselves to employment by colonial farmers, while other colonial authorities believed that the "hunting and warrior" African culture of the time was incompatible with a sudden shift to employed labour. TheMercurynewspaper favoured the importation of labour, although other Natal newspapers were against the idea. In general, the importation of labour was not viewed as politically important by colonists when it was proposed, and the importation of Indian labour was driven bylobbyingby a relatively small group of sugar planters, and the long-term consequences of Indian immigration (the establishment of a permanent Indian population in Natal) were not taken into account[19](by 1904, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal).[20]Although 1860 is dated as the beginning of Indian settlement in Natal, a farmer called ER Rathbone was the first to introduce Indian labour to the colony in 1849.[13][21]

Indentured labourers on sugar plantations were frequently mistreated and lived in unsanitary conditions. A large percentage of indentured labourers returned to India following the expiry of their terms, and some of those who returned alerted authorities in India to abuses taking place in Natal, which led to new safeguards being put in place before further recruiting of indentured labourers was allowed to take place.[16]

Former indentured labourers who didn't return to India quickly established themselves as an important general labour force in Natal particularly as industrial and railway workers, with others engaging inmarket gardening,growing most of the vegetables consumed by the white population.[22]Indians also becamefishermen,and worked as clerks; in the postal service; and as court interpreters.[17]

The remaining Indian immigration was frompassenger Indians,comprising traders and others who migrated to South Africa shortly after the indentured labourers,[13]paid for their own fares and travelled asBritish subjects.These immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, namely Hindu andMuslimsbut largely fromGujarat(includingMemonsandSurtis),[23]later joined byKokanis,andUrduspeakers fromUttar Pradesh.[22]The Muslims played an important part in the establishment ofIslamin the areas where they settled. Indian traders were sometimes referred to as "Arabtraders "because of their dress, and because large numbers of them were Muslim.[23]

Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to theSouth African Republic(Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road betweenJohannesburgand Durban. Natal's Indian traders rapidly displaced small white shop owners in trade with other Indians, and with black Africans, causing resentment among white businesses.

Researchers have made efforts to collect and make available shipping lists of Indian immigrants.[24]

Early discrimination (1860–1910)[edit]

See also:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in South Africa

Indians faced discrimination to varying degrees in all parts of South Africa.

Natal[edit]

Indians faced repressive legislation in Natal. They were forced to carry passes in 1888.[13]In 1893,M. K. Gandhiarrived in South Africa to represent an Indian businessman in a legal dispute. Following his arrival in South Africa, Gandhi experienced racial discrimination, and, following the proposal of legislation to restrict Indian voting rights in Natal, he helped organise resistance, leading to the formation of theNatal Indian Congress.[13][15]This organised resistance led to the unification of disparate groups of South African Indians for the first time.[25]Although the bill was defeated, it was successfully reintroduced in 1896.[13]

Transvaal[edit]

TheSouth African Republicgovernment first instituted discriminatory legislation against Indians in 1885,[13]which led to protests from theBritish government,as the Indians were British subjects, and was used as one of thecasus bellifor theSecond Boer War.[22]Indians were banned from working in the mining industry, and areas were set aside forcoolie locationsin various towns in the Transvaal. Persons of colour could also not walk on sidewalks in the Transvaal.[13]Following the end of the Second Boer War, the new colonial administration of theTransvaal Colonycontinued to maintain the same discriminatory practices against Indians.[26]

Cape Colony[edit]

Passenger Indians who moved to theCape Colony,although facing petty discrimination, were generally well treated, could own property, could vote, and could trade freely. Many Muslim men in this group marriedCape Malaywomen, and their children were later often classified as Cape Malay as part of the wider group classified asColoureds.[22]

Orange Free State[edit]

Indians were prohibited by an 1891[13]statute from living in theOrange Free State,then an independentBoer Republic,and this led to the almost total absence of Indians from the area, a situation that persisted into the apartheid era. [27]

Union of South Africa (1910–1948)[edit]

Efforts to encourage Indians to repatriate to India included financial incentives, as well as discriminatory treatment.[28]In December 1926, and January 1927, theSouth African governmentand Indian authorities had a Round Table conference where it was agreed that the Indian government would create a scheme for the repatriation of Indians, with the South African government agreeing to "uplift" the Indians who remained, monitored by an Indian government Agent. However, fewer Indians than expected were repatriated, and racial tensions continued to simmer between Indians and whites, into the 1940s.[28]

Apartheid (1948–1994)[edit]

South Africa racial map, 1979. The orange colour show where people of Indian origin were more prevalent. In other areas, such as those marked coloured, they were either a minority or not allowed to enter under apartheid laws.

TheDurban riotswas ananti-Indianriot predominantly byZulustargeting Indians in Durban, South Africa in January 1949. The riots resulted in the massacre of mostly poor Indians. In total 142 people died in the riots and another 1,087 people were injured. It also led to the destruction of 58 shops, 247 dwellings and one factory.[29]

Discriminated against byapartheidlegislation, such as theGroup Areas Act,applied in 1950, Indians were forcibly moved into Indiantownships,and had their movements restricted. They were not allowed to reside in theOrange Free State Province,and needed special permission to enter or transit through that province. They were also, as a matter of state policy, given an inferior education compared towhite South Africans.[30]The Asiatic Land Tenure and the Indian Representative Act of 1946 were repealed.

ThePopulation Registration Act, 1950initially defined Indians as being part of theColouredpopulation.[31]

In 1961, Indians were officially recognised as permanent part of the South African population,[32]the Department of Indian Affairs was established, with a white minister in charge. In 1968, the South African Indian Council came into being, serving as a link between the government and the Indian people.

TheUniversity of Durban-Westville(now part of theUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal) was built with a Rand-for-Rand contribution from Indian South Africans and the government in the 1970s. Before that, Indian students had to take a ferry to Salisbury Island's abandoned prison, which served as their university.[33]

Casual racist expressions were used during the years of apartheid. Indians in South Africa were (and sometimes still are) referred to by the racial epithet 'coolie'.[34]

In 1968, theSouth African Indian Council(not to be confused with the anti-apartheidSouth African Indian Congresswhich had the same initials) was created by the government, and in 1974, the council was reconstituted to allow for 50% of its members to be elected by Indians. The Council did not enjoy much support, for example, in 1981, only 6% of eligible voters participated in elections for the council.[35]

In 1983, theConstitutionwas reformed to allow theColouredand Indian minorities a limited participation in separate and subordinate Houses of aTricameral Parliament,a development which saw limited support and very low voter turnouts.[36]The Indian house was called theHouse of Delegates.Some aspects of Indian life were regulated by this house, including education. The theory was that the Indian minority could be allowed limited rights, but the Black majority were to become citizens of independenthomelands.These separate arrangements were removed by the negotiations which took place from 1990 on to provide all South Africans with the vote.

Post-apartheid[edit]

Post-apartheid population distribution of Indian-origin people in provinces of South Africa.

Post-apartheid politics[edit]

Many Indians played an important role in the anti-apartheid struggle and some occupied positions of power in post-apartheid South Africa. Inpost-apartheid South Africa,Indians have maintained prominent positions in the rulingAfrican National Congress.

Amichand Rajbansi'sMinority Front(formerly theNational People's Party) retained some support in its strongholds. However, after Rajbansi's death in 2011, the party failed to win any seats in the national assembly following the 2014 general election.[37]

Indians who were citizens before 1994, and thus discriminated against by the apartheid system, are consideredblackfor the purposes ofEmployment Equity;that is, they are classified as having been disadvantaged under apartheid. They are thus eligible for "affirmative action" andBlack Economic Empowermentallocations.[38]

Post-apartheid immigration from South Asia[edit]

Further information:Pakistani South AfricansandGupta family
Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modimeets members of Indian community in Johannesburg, 8 July 2016

Following the end of apartheid, a new wave of South Asian immigration commenced from India, Bangladesh,Pakistanand Sri Lanka, paralleling the movement of Africans from the diaspora and neighbouring African countries to thepost-apartheid South Africa.[39]These recent migrants are usually not regarded as being part of the Indian community, although they often live in traditionally Indian areas.

Among these post-apartheid immigrants, the controversialGupta familyfrom India, managed to acquire vast political and economic influence in a short time, under the reign of former PresidentJacob Zuma.[40][41][42][43][44]

Before European settlement, and Dutch slavery in the Cape[edit]

Further information:History of Cape Colony Pre-1806,Dutch Cape Colony,Cape Malays,andCape Coloureds

Traders from India may have been active on the eastern coast of South Africa for centuries, including before the Dutch settlement of the Cape Colony in 1652.[45]

A significant proportion ofslaves imported into the Capewere from parts of India (which included present-day Bangladesh), Indonesia and Sri Lanka.[46]While South African scholars mistakenly assumed these slaves were bought in "slave markets", many of the slaves were victims of kidnapping.[46]Many slaves had no identity as Indians and were subsumed into the "Cape Coloured"andCape Malaycommunities.[47]WhiteAfrikanersalso may have some Indian slave ancestry,[46]an example of this being formerState PresidentF.W. de Klerk,who revealed in his autobiography that one of his ancestors was a female slave calledDiana of Bengal.[48]There is no reference to the real names of these Indians and were given "Christian" names for convenience. This all contributed to the loss of identity similar to the Mozambicans and other slaves who were brought to the Cape.[citation needed]Indian slaves who were Muslim became part of theCape Malaycommunity after they were freed, initially adopting theMalay language,and then Afrikaans.[49]

An early Indian to settle in South Africa was Kalaga Prabhu, aGoud Saraswat Brahminmerchant fromCochin.He was the foremost among theKonkanimerchants in Cochin (modern day Kochi in Kerala). As punishment for conspiring with theMysoreanMuslim kingHyder Alito overthrow the king of Cochin, Kalaga Prabhu and his son Chorda Prabhu were arrested by the Dutch and exiled with their families for life to theCape of Good Hopein 1771. No further record of this individual and his descendants if any exists.[50][better source needed]

Religion[edit]

Religion among Indian South Africans (2022 Census)[51]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 37.9%
Christianity
 
 33.6%
Islam
 
 25.5%
Others
 
 3%

Almost all South African Indians are eitherHindu,Muslim,Sikh,orChristian.[3]There are also small groups ofParsis,Sikhs,andBuddhists.[52]It is also estimated that there are around 13,000 Sikhs in South Africa.[53]The majority ofSouth African Muslimsare Indian or belong to the multi-ethnic community in the Western Cape.[54]

The proportion of Indian South Africans followingHinduismhave decreased from 50% in 1996 to 47.27% in 2001.[55]This decreased to 41.3% in 2016, and further decreased to 37.9% in 2022. This is mainly due to the conversion of Hindus to Christianity by missionaries.[56][57].

Education[edit]

Like Coloureds, until the end of Apartheid, Indian children largely attended segregated Indian government schools, which were administered nationally, and wrote separate matriculation examinations. These arrangements ended by 1997.

Until 1991, state government schools taught in English, choosing one of five Indian languages, namely Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu to be taken as non-examination subjects. But, the languages were dropped from state-run schools. The national council for eastern languages has requested the government teach these five languages. The provincial government agreed to allow these languages to be taught in KwaZulu-Natal. These languages can be chosen as a third language up to the final year of school.[58]

Languages[edit]

South African Indian English[edit]

English is the first language of most Indian South Africans. From the 1950s on, English came to be taught to Indian children in schools, leading tolanguage shifttaking place, with English becoming the first language of the majority.[59]

Because these children were separated by apartheid from British children, their English developed in very different ways fromSouth African English.[60]In recent decades, the dialect has come much closer to the standard language through the model taught in schools. The result is a variety of English which mixes features ofIndian,South African,Standard British,and other influences.[61]

Current status of Indian languages[edit]

A diminishing minority of Indian South Africans, notably those in older generations, are fluent in their ancestral Indian languages such asTamil,Gujarati,Marathi,Bengali,Odia,Bhojpuri,Malayalam,Urdu,Hindi,Teluguand others as a first language or second language. In some small towns in the former Transvaal,Afrikaansis used as a first language by older Indians. Almost all younger people have English as their first language. The compulsory second language taught at school, such as Afrikaans orZulu,is either spoken or understood.

As a result of promotion by cultural organisations[18]and the influence of Bollywood, many younger Indians can understand (but not usually speak) Indian languages to a limited degree.

Recent immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have maintained fluency in their mother tongues.

Cuisine[edit]

An example ofbunny chowserved inDurban,originated in the Indian South African community.[62]

Currieddishes are popular in South Africa among people of all ethnic origins; many dishes came to the country with the thousands ofIndianlabourers brought to South Africa in the nineteenth century. South African Indian cuisine adapted to local ingredients, and dishes include a variety of curries, rotis,sweetmeats,chutneys,fried snacks such assamosa(calledsamoosain South Africa[63]), and other savoury foods.Bunny chow,an Indian dish from Durban consisting of a hollowed-out loaf of bread filled with curry, was invented by necessity, as Indians were not allowed to eat at their own restaurants. The dish forms part of mainstream South African cuisine and has become quite popular.

Media and entertainment[edit]

Even though Indian languages are seldom spoken or understood by younger Indians, English-subtitledIndian films and television programmes remain popular among South African Indians. These are broadcast both by theDStvsatellite television service, which carriesZee TV,B4U,NDTV,and a Hindi-languageSonychannel. In addition,Tamil–language channels,Sun TVand KTV, were introduced in 2004.

DVD, and previously,videoversions of Bollywood films are widely available. Large cinema chains likeSter-Kinekorbegan showing Bollywood films by the early 2000s.[64]Indian culture in South Africa has some similarities to the worldwideDesisubculture, however, South African Indians developed a distinctive musical and literary culture of their own, which was to some extent eclipsed by the global Bollywood/Desi culture in the 1990s and 2000s.[65]There is also an increasing amount of interest in Turkish popular culture, by Muslims in particular.[66][67]

The slang termcharou(various spellings) is often used by Indians, particularly in the Durban area, to refer to themselves.[68][69]

Card games,in particular, thetrick-takingcard gameThunee(similar toTwenty-eight) are popular among South African Indians.[70]

Radio Hindvani is a community radio station based in Durban and is aimed at the promotion of Hindi culture and language amongst South Africans. The station's frequency reaches Durban and all surrounding areas.[71]

TheSouth African Broadcasting Corporation(SABC) also has an Indian-oriented radio service calledLotus FM,launched during the apartheid era, and began some showing Indian-focused programming in the 90's including locally producedmagazine shows.Pay television channelM-Netalso had additional programming aimed at Indians calledEast Net.[72]Bollywood movies have been broadcast by the SABC. TheSunday Timeshas a supplement distributed in Indian areas called theExtra,and theSunday Tribunepublishes a similar supplement, called theHerald.[73]A Bollywood section, 'Bollyworld' is published by the Daily News on Mondays.

Events[edit]

Among the major charity and cultural events in South Africa, organised every year by the local Indian community is the Gandhi Walk, which is the oldest event in South Africa commemorating Mahatma Gandhi. Held annually inLenasia,south ofJohannesburg,it has been held 34 times.[74][75][76]

The Durban Festival of Chariots is organised annually at the beachfront by theISKCON.The festival is attended by tens of thousands of people.[77]InLenasiaa gala fund-raising banquet of the Saaberie Chishty Ambulance Service is held annually.[76]

Distribution[edit]

The following table shows the distribution of Asian and Indian people byprovince,according to theSouth African National Census of 2022:[78]

Province Indian/Asian pop. (2001) Indian/Asian pop. (2011) Indian/Asian pop. (2022) % province (2001) % province (2011) % province (2022)
Eastern Cape 18,483 27,929 37,568 0.29 0.42 0.52
Free State 3,719 10,398 12,978 0.13 0.38 0.43
Gauteng 218,124 356,574 329,736 2.32 2.90 2.19
KwaZulu-Natal 798,163 756,991 1,157,542 8.38 7.37 9.32
Limpopo 8,867 17,881 35,958 0.18 0.33 0.55
Mpumalanga 10,964 27,917 25,882 0.33 0.69 0.50
North West 9,738 20,652 2,654 0.33 0.59 0.07
Northern Cape 2,379 7,827 10,824 0.24 0.68 0.80
Western Cape 45,030 60,761 84,363 1.00 1.04 1.13
Total 1,115,467 1,286,930 1,697,506 2.49 2.49 2.74

Notable Indian South Africans[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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