Jump to content

Industrial computed tomography

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromIndustrial CT scanning)
Animated set of computed tomography transmission images of a Logitech C500 webcam

Industrial computed tomography(CT)scanningis any computer-aidedtomographicprocess, usuallyX-ray computed tomography,that usesirradiationto produce three-dimensional internal and external representations of a scanned object. Industrial CT scanning has been used in many areas of industry for internal inspection of components. Some of the key uses for industrial CT scanning have been flaw detection, failure analysis, metrology, assembly analysis andreverse engineeringapplications.[1][2]Just as inmedical imaging,industrial imaging includes both nontomographic radiography (industrial radiography) and computed tomographic radiography (computed tomography).

Types of scanners[edit]

CT Scanner Beamline
Line beam scanner

Line beam scanningis the traditional process of industrial CT scanning.[3]X-rays are produced and the beam iscollimatedto create a line. The X-ray line beam is then translated across the part and data is collected by the detector. The data is then reconstructed to create a 3-Dvolume renderingof the part.

Incone beam scanning,the part to be scanned is placed on a rotary table.[3]As the part rotates, the cone of X-rays produce a large number of 2D images that are collected by the detector. The 2D images are then processed to create a 3Dvolume renderingof the external and internal geometries of the part.

CT Scanner Beamline
Cone beam scanner

History[edit]

Industrial CT scanning technology was introduced in 1972 with the invention of theCT scannerfor medical imaging byGodfrey Hounsfield.The invention earned him a Nobel Prize in medicine, which he shared withAllan McLeod Cormack.[4][5]Many advances in CT scanning have allowed for its use in the industrial field for metrology in addition to the visual inspection primarily used in the medical field (medicalCT scan).

Analysis and inspection techniques[edit]

Various inspection uses and techniques include part-to-CAD comparisons, part-to-part comparisons, assembly and defect analysis, void analysis, wall thickness analysis, and generation of CAD data. The CAD data can be used forreverse engineering,geometric dimensioning and tolerance analysis, and production part approval.[6]

Assembly[edit]

One of the most recognized forms of analysis using CT is for assembly, or visual analysis. CT scanning provides views inside components in their functioning position, without disassembly. Some software programs for industrial CT scanning allow for measurements to be taken from the CT dataset volume rendering. These measurements are useful for determining the clearances between assembled parts or the dimension of an individual feature.

An industrial computed tomography (CT) scan conducted on an aluminum casting to identify internal failures such as voids. All color coordinated particles within casting are voids/porosity/air pockets, which can additionally be measured and are color coordinated according to size.

Void, crack and defect detection[edit]

Flight through a 3D reconstruction of a disposable pepper grinder. Glass in blue.

Traditionally, determining defects, voids and cracks within an object would require destructive testing. CT scanning can detect internal features and flaws displaying this information in 3D without destroying the part. Industrial CT scanning (3D X-ray) is used to detect flaws inside a part such as porosity,[7]an inclusion, or a crack.[8]It has been also used to detect the origin and propagation of damages in concrete.[9]

Metal casting and moulded plastic components are typically prone to porosity because of cooling processes, transitions between thick and thin walls, and material properties. Void analysis can be used to locate, measure, and analyze voids inside plastic or metal components.

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing analysis[edit]

Traditionally, without destructive testing, full metrology has only been performed on the exterior dimensions of components, such as with acoordinate-measuring machine(CMM) or with a vision system to map exterior surfaces. Internal inspection methods would require using a 2D X-ray of the component or the use of destructive testing. Industrial CT scanning allows for full non-destructive metrology. With unlimited geometrical complexity,3D printingallows for complex internal features to be created with no impact on cost, such features are not accessible using traditional CMM. The first 3D printed artefact that is optimised for characterisation of form using computed tomography CT[10]

Image-based finite element methods[edit]

Image-based finite element method converts the 3D image data from X-ray computed tomography directly into meshes forfinite element analysis.Benefits of this method include modelling complex geometries (e.g. composite materials) or accurately modelling "as manufactured" components at the micro-scale.[11]

Trends and Developments[edit]

The industrial computed tomography market is forecast to reach a size of USD 773.45 million to USD 1,116.5 million between 2029 and 2030. Regional trends show that strong market growth is expected, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, but also in North America and Europe, due to strict safety regulations and preventive maintenance of industrial equipment.[12][13]Growth is being driven primarily by the ongoing development of CT devices and services that enable precise and non-destructive testing of components. Innovations such as the use of artificial intelligence for automated fault analyses and the development of mobile CT systems are expanding the possibilities.[14]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Flisch, A., et al. Industrial Computer Tomography in Reverse Engineering Applications. DGZfP-Proceedings BB 67-CD Paper 8, Computerized Tomography for Industrial Applications and Image Processing in Radiology, March 15–17, 1999, Berlin, Germany.
  2. ^Woods, Susan."3-D CT inspection offers a full view of microparts",November 1, 2010.
  3. ^abHofmann, J., Flisch, A., Obrist, A., Adaptive CT scanning-mesh based optimisation methods for industrial X-ray computer tomography applications. NDT&E International (37), 2004, pp. 271–278.
  4. ^Zoofan, Bahman."3D Micro-Tomography – A Powerful Engineering Tool"Archived2011-07-07 at theWayback Machine.3D Scanning Technologies. July 5, 2010.
  5. ^Noel, Julien. "Advantages of CT in 3D Scanning of Industrial PartsArchived2011-07-07 at theWayback Machine.August 18, 2010.
  6. ^"Reducing Preproduction Inspection Costs with Industrial (CT) Computed Tomography."Micro Manufacturing Magazine for the global micro manufacturing technology industry, August 2010.
  7. ^Lambert, J.; Chambers, A. R.; Sinclair, I.; Spearing, S. M. (2012). "3D damage characterisation and the role of voids in the fatigue of wind turbine blade materials".Composites Science and Technology.72(2): 337.doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.11.023.
  8. ^Bull, D. J.; Helfen, L.; Sinclair, I.; Spearing, S. M.; Baumbach, T. (2013)."A comparison of multi-scale 3D X-ray tomographic inspection techniques for assessing carbon fibre composite impact damage"(PDF).Composites Science and Technology.75:55–61.doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.12.006.
  9. ^Joshi, Nirmal Raj; Matsumoto, Ayumu; Asamoto, Shingo; Miura, Taito; Kawabata, Yuichiro (2022-04-01)."Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of concrete with severe delayed ettringite formation expansion focusing on internal damage propagation under various compressive loading patterns".Cement and Concrete Composites.128:104433.doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104433.ISSN0958-9465.S2CID246514058.
  10. ^Shah, Paras; Racasan, Radu; Bills, Paul (2016-11-01)."Comparison of different additive manufacturing methods using computed tomography".Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation.6:69–78.doi:10.1016/j.csndt.2016.05.008.ISSN2214-6571.
  11. ^Evans, Ll. M.; Margetts, L.; Casalegno, V.; Lever, L. M.; Bushell, J.; Lowe, T.; Wallwork, A.; Young, P.; Lindemann, A. (2015-05-28)."Transient thermal finite element analysis of CFC–Cu ITER monoblock using X-ray tomography data".Fusion Engineering and Design.100:100–111.Bibcode:2015FusED.100..100E.doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.04.048.hdl:10871/17772.
  12. ^"Industrial CT Scanning Market - Computed Tomography - Size, Share & Industry Analysis".www.mordorintelligence.com.Mordor Intelligence.Retrieved2024-04-11.
  13. ^"Industrial Computed Tomography Market Size Report, 2030".www.grandviewresearch.com.Grand View Research, Inc.Retrieved2024-04-11.
  14. ^"Insights into trends, market development and technological innovations".www.microvista.de.Microvista GmbH. 2024-04-10.Retrieved2024-04-11.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_computed_tomography&oldid=1225573933"