Infantry

"Foot soldier" redirects here. For other uses of "foot soldier", seeFoot soldier (disambiguation).

For the professional journal of the United States Army, seeInfantry (magazine).For the 1999 video game, seeInfantry (video game).

French ArmyandBritish Armyinfantry during amilitary exercisein 2020

Infantryis a specialization ofmilitary personnelwho engage inwarfarecombat.Infantry generally consists oflight infantry,irregular infantry,heavy infantry,mountain infantry,motorized infantry,mechanized infantry,airborne infantry,air assault infantry,andnaval infantry.Other types of infantry, such asline infantryandmounted infantry,were once commonplace but fell out of favor in the 1800s with the invention of more accurate and powerful weapons.

Etymology and terminology

Various infantry of the 17th through 18th century (halberdier,arquebusier,pikeman,and mix ofmusketeersandgrenadiers) ofDuchy of Württemberg

In English, use of the terminfantrybegan about the 1570s, describingsoldierswho march and fight on foot. The word derives fromMiddle Frenchinfanterie,from older Italian (also Spanish)infanteria(foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latinīnfāns(without speech, newborn, foolish), from which English also getsinfant.The individual-soldier terminfantrymanwas not coined until 1837.In modern usage, foot soldiers of any era are now considered infantry and infantrymen.

From the mid-18th century until 1881, theBritish Armynamed its infantry as numbered regiments "of Foot" to distinguish them fromcavalryanddragoonregiments (seeList of Regiments of Foot).

Infantry equipped with special weapons were often named after that weapon, such asgrenadiersfor theirgrenades,orfusiliersfor theirfusils.These names can persist long after the weapon speciality; examples of infantry units that retained such names are theRoyal Irish Fusiliersand theGrenadier Guards.

Dragoonswere created asmounted infantry,with horses for travel between battles; they were still considered infantry since they dismounted before combat. However, iflight cavalrywas lacking in an army, any available dragoons might be assigned their duties; this practice increased over time, and dragoons eventually received all the weapons and training as both infantry and cavalry, and could be classified as both. Conversely, starting about the mid-19th century, regular cavalry have been forced to spend more of their time dismounted in combat due to the ever-increasing effectiveness of enemy infantry firearms. Thus most cavalry transitioned to mounted infantry. As with grenadiers, thedragoonandcavalrydesignations can be retained long after their horses, such as in theRoyal Dragoon Guards,Royal Lancers,andKing's Royal Hussars.

Infantry of the3rd Armored Cavalry Regimentof theUnited States Armyboarding anM2 BradleyIFV inIraqin 2006

Similarly,motorised infantryhave trucks and other unarmed vehicles for non-combat movement, but are still infantry since they leave their vehicles for any combat. Most modern infantry have vehicle transport, to the point where infantry being motorised is generally assumed, and the few exceptions might be identified as modernlight infantry.Mechanised infantrygo beyond motorised, having transport vehicles with combat abilities,armoured personnel carriers(APCs), providing at least some options for combat without leaving their vehicles. In modern infantry, some APCs have evolved to beinfantry fighting vehicles(IFVs), which are transport vehicles with more substantial combat abilities, approaching those oflight tanks.Some well-equipped mechanised infantry can be designated asarmoured infantry.Given that infantry forces typically also have some tanks, and given that most armoured forces have more mechanised infantry units than tank units in their organisation, the distinction between mechanised infantry and armour forces has blurred.

History

Main article:History of infantry

Ancient Greek infantry of theGreco-Persian Wars(499–449 BC):light infantry(left,slinger), and theheavy infantry(middle and right,hoplites)

The first military forces in history were infantry. Inantiquity,infantry were armed with earlymelee weaponssuch as aspear,axe,orsword,or an earlyranged weaponlike ajavelin,sling,orbow,with a few infantry men being expected to use both a melee and a ranged weapon. With thedevelopment of gunpowder,infantry began converting to primarilyfirearms.By the time ofNapoleonic warfare,infantry, cavalry and artillery formed a basic triad of ground forces, though infantry usually remained the most numerous. Witharmoured warfare,armoured fighting vehicleshave replaced the horses of cavalry, andairpowerhas added a new dimension to ground combat, but infantry remains pivotal to all moderncombined armsoperations.

The first warriors, adoptinghunting weaponsor improvisedmelee weapons,before the existence of any organised military, likely started essentially as loose groups without any organisation or formation. But this changed sometime beforerecorded history;the firstancient empires(2500–1500 BC) are shown to have some soldiers with standardised military equipment, and the training and discipline required for battlefield formations and manoeuvres:regular infantry.Though the main force of the army, these forces were usually kept small due to their cost of training and upkeep, and might be supplemented by local short-term mass-conscript forces using the olderirregular infantryweapons and tactics; this remained a common practice almost up to modern times.

Rocroi, el último tercio( "Roicroi, the last tercio" ) byAugusto Ferrer-Dalmau,portraying infantry of a battered Spanishtercioat the 1643Battle of Rocroi

Before the adoption of thechariotto create the first mobile fighting forcesc. 2000 BC,all armies were pure infantry. Even after, with a few exceptions like theMongol Empire,infantry has been the largest component of most armies in history.

In theWestern world,fromClassical Antiquitythrough theMiddle Ages(c.8th century BC to 15th century AD), infantry are categorised as eitherheavy infantryorlight infantry.Heavy infantry, such as Greekhoplites,Macedonianphalangites,and Romanlegionaries,specialised indense, solid formationsdriving into the main enemy lines, using weight of numbers to achieve adecisive victory,and were usually equipped with heavierweaponsandarmourto fit their role. Light infantry, such as Greekpeltasts,Balearic slingers,and Romanvelites,using open formations and greater manoeuvrability, took on most other combat roles:scouting,screeningthe army on the march,skirmishingto delay, disrupt, or weaken the enemy to prepare for the main forces' battlefield attack, protecting them fromflanking manoeuvers,and then afterwards either pursuing the fleeing enemy or covering their army's retreat.

After the fall of Rome, the quality of heavy infantry declined, and warfare was dominated byheavy cavalry,such asknights,forming small elite units for decisiveshock combat,supported by peasant infantrymilitiasand assorted light infantry from the lower classes. Towards the end of Middle Ages, this began to change, where more professional and better trained light infantry could be effective against knights, such as theEnglish longbowmenin theHundred Years' War.By the start of theRenaissance,the infantry began toreturnto a larger role, withSwiss pikemenand GermanLandsknechtsfilling the role of heavy infantry again, usingdense formations of pikesto drive off any cavalry.

Dense formations are vulnerable to ranged weapons. Technological developments allowed the raising of large numbers of light infantry units armed with ranged weapons, without the years of training expected for traditional high-skilled archers and slingers. This started slowly, first withcrossbowmen,thenhand cannoneersandarquebusiers,each with increasing effectiveness, marking the beginning ofearly modern warfare,whenfirearmsrendered the use of heavy infantry obsolete. The introduction ofmusketeersusingbayonetsin the mid 17th century began replacement of the pike with theinfantry squarereplacing the pike square.

French Army infantry in a line formation performing abayonet chargein 1913

To maximise their firepower, musketeer infantry were trained to fight in wide lines facing the enemy, creatingline infantry.These fulfilled the central battlefield role of earlier heavy infantry, using ranged weapons instead of melee weapons. To support these lines, smaller infantry formations using dispersedskirmish lineswere created, called light infantry, fulfilling the same multiple roles as earlier light infantry. Their arms were no lighter than line infantry; they were distinguished by their skirmish formation and flexible tactics.

The modernriflemaninfantry became the primary force for taking and holding ground on battlefields as an element ofcombined arms.As firepower continued to increase, use of infantry lines diminished, until all infantry became light infantry in practice. Modern classifications of infantry have since expanded to reflect modern equipment and tactics, such asmotorised infantry,mechanised or armoured infantry,mountain infantry,marine infantry,andairborne infantry.

Equipment

Swiss Armyinfantry kits arrayed in front of afield kitchenin Spitalacker,Bernduring a workers' strike,c. 1918

Beyond main arms and armour, an infantryman's "military kit" generally includescombat boots,battledressor combatuniform,camping gear,heavy weather gear,survival gear,secondary weapons andammunition,weapon service and repair kits, health and hygiene items,mess kit,rations,filledwater canteen,and all other consumables each infantryman needs for the expected duration of time operating away from their unit's base, plus any special mission-specific equipment. One of the most valuable pieces of gear is theentrenching tool—basically a foldingspade—which can be employed not only to dig important defences, but also in a variety of other daily tasks, and even sometimes as a weapon.Infantry typically have shared equipment on top of this, like tents or heavy weapons, where the carrying burden is spread across several infantrymen. In all, this can reach 25–45 kg (60–100 lb) for each soldier on the march.Such heavy infantry burdens have changed little over centuries of warfare; in the late Roman Republic, legionaries were nicknamed "Marius' mules"as their main activity seemed to be carrying the weight of their legion around on their backs, a practice that predates the eponymousGaius Marius.

Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forcesinfantry "packing light" during apatrolin 2013

When combat is expected, infantry typically switch to "packing light", meaning reducing their equipment to weapons, ammunition, and other basic essentials, and leaving other items deemed unnecessary with their transport orbaggage train,at camp or rally point, in temporary hidden caches, or even (in emergencies) simply discarding the items if the present situation.Additional specialised equipment may be required, depending on the mission or to the particular terrain or environment, includingsatchel charges,demolitiontools,mines,orbarbed wire,carried by the infantry or attached specialists.

Historically, infantry have suffered high casualty rates fromdisease,exposure, exhaustion and privation — often in excess of the casualties suffered from enemy attacks.Better infantry equipment to support their health, energy, and protect from environmental factors greatly reduces these rates of loss, and increase their level of effective action. Health, energy, and morale are greatly influenced by how the soldier is fed, so militaries issue standardisedfield rationsthat provide palatable meals and enough calories to keep a soldier well-fed and combat-ready.

Communications gear has become a necessity, as it allows effective command of infantry units over greater distances, and communication with artillery and other support units. Modern infantry can haveGPS,encrypted individual communications equipment, surveillance and night vision equipment, advanced intelligence and other high-tech mission-unique aids.

Armies have sought to improve and standardise infantry gear to reduce fatigue for extended carrying, increase freedom of movement, accessibility, and compatibility with other carried gear, such as the AmericanAll-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment(ALICE).

Weapons

Russian weapons from the 13th to 17th centuries

Infantrymen are defined by their primary arms – thepersonal weaponsandbody armourfor their own individual use. The available technology, resources, history, and society can produce quite different weapons for each military and era, but common infantry weapons can be distinguished in a few basic categories.

• Ranged combat weapons:javelins,slings,blowguns,bows,crossbows,hand cannons,arquebuses,muskets,grenades,flamethrowers.
• Melee combat weapons:bludgeoning weapons likeclubs,flailsandmaces;bladed weaponslike swords,daggers,andaxes;pole weaponslike spears, halberds,naginata,and pikes.
• Both ranged and close weapons:the bayonet fixed to a firearm allows infantrymen to use the same weapon for both ranged combat and close combat. This started withmusketsand its use still continues with modernassault rifles.Use of the bayonet has declined with the introduction ofautomatic firearms,but are still generally kept as a weapon of last resort.

Infantrymen often carry secondary or back-up weapons, sometimes called asidearmorancillary weapons.Infantry with ranged or pole weapons often carried a sword or dagger for possible hand-to-hand combat.Thepilumwas a javelin the Roman legionaries threw just before drawing their primary weapon, thegladius(short sword), and closing with the enemy line.

Modern infantrymen now treat the bayonet as a backup weapon, but may also havehandgunsassidearms.They may also deploy anti-personnel mines, booby traps, incendiary, or explosive devices defensively before combat.

Protection

TheRomantestudoperformed during asiege,as shown onTrajan's Column.

Infantry have employed many different methods of protection from enemy attacks, including various kinds of armour and other gear, and tactical procedures.

The most basic ispersonal armour.This includesshields,helmetsand many types of armour –padded linen,leather,lamellar,mail,plate,andkevlar.Initially, armour was used to defend both from ranged and close combat; even a fairly light shield could help defend against most slings and javelins, though high-strength bows and crossbows might penetrate common armour at very close range. Infantry armour had to compromise between protection and coverage, as a full suit of attack-proof armour would be too heavy to wear in combat.

Two U.S. Army soldiers presenting thePersonnel Armor System for Ground Troopsbody armor, then regularly issued to American infantry, in 1996

As firearms improved, armour for ranged defence had to be made thicker and heavier, which hindered mobility. With the introduction of the heavy arquebus designed to pierce standard steel armour, it was proven easier to make heavier firearms than heavier armour; armour transitioned to be only for close combat purposes. Pikemen armour tended to be just steel helmets and breastplates, and gunners had very little or no armour at all. By the time of the musket, the dominance of firepower shifted militaries away from any close combat, and use of armour decreased, until infantry typically went without wearing any armour.

Helmets were added back during World War I as artillery began to dominate the battlefield, to protect against theirfragmentationand other blast effects beyond a direct hit. Modern developments in bullet-proof composite materials like kevlar have started a return to body armour for infantry, though the extra weight is a notable burden.

In modern times, infantrymen must also often carry protective measures againstchemicalandbiologicalattack, includingmilitary gas masks,counter-agents, and protective suits. All of these protective measures add to the weight an infantryman must carry, and may decrease combat efficiency.

Infantry-served weapons

Early crew-served weapons weresiege weapons,like theballista,trebuchet,andbattering ram.Modern versions includemachine guns,anti-tank missiles,and infantrymortars.

Formations

Main article:Tactical formation

Ancient depiction of infantry formations, from theStele of the Vultures,Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia),c. 2500 BC

Beginning with the development the first regular military forces, close-combat regular infantry fought less as unorganised groups of individuals and more in coordinated units, maintaining a definedtactical formationduring combat, for increased battlefield effectiveness; such infantry formations and the arms they used developed together, starting with the spear and the shield.

A spear has decent attack abilities with the additional advantage keeping opponents at distance; this advantage can be increased by using longer spears, but this could allow the opponent to side-step the point of the spear and close forhand-to-hand combatwhere the longer spear is near useless. This can be avoided when each spearman stays side by side with the others in close formation, each covering the ones next to him, presenting a solid wall of spears to the enemy that they cannot get around.

Similarly, a shield has decent defence abilities, but is literally hit-or-miss; an attack from an unexpected angle can bypass it completely. Larger shields can cover more, but are also heavier and less manoeuvrable, making unexpected attacks even more of a problem. This can be avoided by having shield-armed soldiers stand close together, side-by-side, each protecting both themselves and their immediate comrades, presenting a solidshield wallto the enemy.

The charge of the FrenchCuirassiersat theBattle of Waterlooagainst a Britishinfantry square

The opponents for these first formations, the close-combat infantry of moretribal societies,or any military without regular infantry (so called "barbarians") used arms that focused on the individual – weapons using personal strength and force, such as larger swinging swords, axes, and clubs. These take more room and individual freedom to swing and wield, necessitating a more loose organisation. While this may allow for a fierce running attack (an initial shock advantage) the tighter formation of the heavy spear and shield infantry gave them a local manpower advantage where several might be able to fight each opponent.

Thus tight formations heightened advantages of heavy arms, and gave greater local numbers in melee. To also increase their staying power, multiple rows of heavy infantrymen were added. This also increased their shock combat effect; individual opponents saw themselves literally lined-up against several heavy infantryman each, with seemingly no chance of defeating all of them.Heavy infantrydeveloped into huge solid block formations, up to a hundred meters wide and a dozen rows deep.

Maintaining the advantages of heavy infantry meant maintaining formation; this became even more important when two forces with heavy infantry met in battle; the solidity of the formation became the deciding factor. Intense discipline and training became paramount. Empires formed around their military.

Organization

Main article:Military organization

Republic of Korea Armyinfantry of the6th Infantry Division,Reconnaissance Battalionduring an exercise in 2014

The organization of military forces into regular military units is first noted in Egyptian records of theBattle of Kadesh(c. 1274 BC). Soldiers were grouped into units of 50, which were in turn grouped into larger units of 250, then 1,000, and finally into units of up to 5,000 – the largest independent command. Several of these Egyptian "divisions" made up an army, but operated independently, both on the march and tactically, demonstrating sufficient militarycommand and controlorganisation for basic battlefield manoeuvres. Similar hierarchical organizations have been noted in other ancient armies, typically with approximately 10 to 100 to 1,000 ratios (even wherebase 10was not common), similar to modernsections (squads),companies,andregiments.

Training

Canadian ArmyPrimary Reserveinfantry duringurban warfaretraining in 2004

The training of the infantry has differed drastically over time and from place to place. The cost of maintaining an army in fighting order and the seasonal nature of warfare precluded large permanent armies.

The antiquity saw everything from the well-trained and motivated citizen armies of Greece and Rome, the tribal host assembled from farmers and hunters with only passing acquaintance with warfare and masses of lightly armed and ill-trained militia put up as a last ditch effort.KushitekingTaharqaenjoyed military success in theNear Eastas a result of his efforts to strengthen the army through daily training in long-distance running.

In medieval times the foot soldiers varied from peasant levies to semi-permanent companies of mercenaries, foremost among them the Swiss, English,Aragoneseand German, to men-at-arms who went into battle as well-armoured as knights, the latter of which at times also fought on foot.

The creation ofstanding armies—permanently assembled for war or defence—saw increase in training and experience. The increased use of firearms and the need for drill to handle them efficiently.

The introduction of national and mass armies saw an establishment of minimum requirements and the introduction of special troops (first of them the engineers going back to medieval times, but also different kinds of infantry adopted to specific terrain, bicycle, motorcycle, motorised and mechanised troops) culminating with the introduction of highly trained special forces during the first and second World War.

Air force and naval infantry

NATO Map Symbol
Naval Infantry Company
Air Force Infantry Company

Naval infantry, commonly known asmarines,are primarily a category of infantry that form part of the naval forces of states and perform roles on land and at sea, includingamphibious operations,as well as other, naval roles. They also perform other tasks, including land warfare, separate from naval operations.

Air force infantryand base defense forces, such as theUnited States Air Force Security Forces,Royal Air Force Regiment,Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Defence Guards,andIndonesian Air Force Paskhas Corpsare used primarily for ground-based defense of air bases and other air force facilities. They also have a number of other, specialist roles. These include, among others,Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) defenceand training other airmen in basic ground defense tactics.

See also

• Air assault troops/Airborne forces
• Ashigaru
• Combined arms
• Foot guards
• Fusiliers
• Glider infantry/Paratrooper
• Grenadiers
• Indonesian Army infantry battalions
• Infantry Branch (United States)
• Infantry of the British Army
• Infantry tactics
• Line infantry
• Marines
• United States Army Rangers
• Riflemen
• Royal Canadian Infantry Corps
• School of Infantry
• Special forces/Commando
• Pathfinder (military)

References

Citations

Infentory

Sources

• English, John A., Gudmundsson, Bruce I.,On Infantry,(Revised edition), The Military Profession series, Praeger Publishers, London, 1994.ISBN0-275-94972-9.
• The Times,Earl Wavell, Thursday, 19 April 1945In Praise of InfantryArchived16 March 2021 at theWayback Machine.
• Tobin, James,Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II,Free Press, 1997.
• Mauldin, Bill, Ambrose, Stephen E.,Up Front,W. W. Norton, 2000.
• Trogdon, Robert W.,Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Reference,Da Capo Press, 2002.
• The New York Times,Maj Gen C T Shortis, British Director of Infantry, 4 February 1985.
• Heinl, Robert Debs,Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations,Plautus inThe Braggart Captain(3rd century AD), Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1978.
• Nafziger, George,Napoleon's Invasion of Russia,Presidio Press, 1998.
• McManus, John C.Grunts: inside the American infantry combat experience, World War II through IraqNew York, NY: NAL Caliber. 2010ISBN978-0-451-22790-4plusWebcast Author Lectureat thePritzker Military Libraryon 29 September 2010.

External links

• Historic films and photos showing Infantries in World War I ateuropeanfilmgateway.eu
• In Praise of Infantry,by Field-Marshal Earl Wavell; First published in "The Times", Thursday, 19 April 1945.
• The Lagunari "Serenissima" RegimentKFOR: KFOR Chronicle.
• Web Version of U.S. Army Field Manual 3–21.8– The Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad.
• "Infantry".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 517–533.— includes several drawings