Intermediate Area
 | This article includes a list of generalreferences,butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations.(July 2015) |
TheIntermediate Areais anarchaeologicalgeographical areaofthe Americasthat was defined in its clearest form byGordon R. Willeyin his 1971 bookAn Introduction to American Archaeology, Vol. 2: South America(Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ). It comprises the geographical region betweenMesoamericato the north and the CentralAndesto the south, including portions ofColombiaand most of the territory of the republics ofNicaragua,Costa Rica,andPanama.As an archaeological concept, the Intermediate Area has always been somewhat poorly defined.
Because it was not home to ancientstate societiesbut was predominated by earlychiefdomsat the time of theSpanish conquest,it was sometimes regarded as a kind of cultural backwater that contributed little to the emergence ofPre-Columbiancivilization in theNew World.However, recent archaeological research has demonstrated that this part of the Americas had some of the earliest agriculture, pottery, and metallurgy in the hemisphere.[1]
Given new findings, it is likely to have played a critical role in the transmission of culture both to and between neighboring regions to the north and south. Recently, concepts such as that of theIsthmo-Colombian Areahave been offered as an alternative to the Intermediate Area with the intention of creating a neutral term.
References
[edit]- ^Peregrine, Peter N; Ember, Melvin (2002).Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America.Boston, MA: Springer US.doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0525-9.ISBN978-1-4615-0525-9.OCLC858882346.
- Cooke, Richard (2001). "Gran Coclé". InEmber, Melvin;Peregrine, Peter Neal(eds.).Encyclopedia of Prehistory.Vol. 5: Middle America. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,in conjunction with theHuman Relations Area Filesat Yale University. pp. 239–256.ISBN0-306-46259-1.OCLC84088734.
- Corrales Ulloa, Francisco (2001). "Chiriqui". InEmber, Melvin;Peregrine, Peter Neal(eds.).Encyclopedia of Prehistory.Vol. 5: Middle America. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,in conjunction with theHuman Relations Area Filesat Yale University. pp. 54–68.ISBN0-306-46259-1.OCLC84088734.
- Hoopes, John W. (2001a). "Early Chibcha". InEmber, Melvin;Peregrine, Peter Neal(eds.).Encyclopedia of Prehistory.Vol. 5: Middle America. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,in conjunction with theHuman Relations Area Filesat Yale University. pp. 100–115.ISBN0-306-46259-1.OCLC84088734.
- Hoopes, John W. (2001b). "Late Chibcha". InEmber, Melvin;Peregrine, Peter Neal(eds.).Encyclopedia of Prehistory.Vol. 5: Middle America. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,in conjunction with theHuman Relations Area Filesat Yale University. pp. 239–256.ISBN0-306-46259-1.OCLC84088734.
- Hoopes, John W.; Oscar M. Fonseca Z. (2003)."Goldwork and Chibchan Identity: Endogenous Change and Diffuse Unity in the Isthmo-Colombian Area"(PDF).In Jeffrey Quilter; John W. Hoopes (eds.).Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1999(online e-text reproduction ed.). Washington, DC:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.pp.49–90.ISBN0-88402-294-3.OCLC54110115.
- Quilter, Jeffrey (2003)."Introduction: The Golden Bridge of the Daríen"(PDF).In Jeffrey Quilter; John W. Hoopes (eds.).Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1999(online e-text reproduction ed.). Washington, DC:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.pp.1–14.ISBN0-88402-294-3.OCLC54110115.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 June 2010.Retrieved18 December2019.