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Interpol

Coordinates:45°46′56″N4°50′54″E/ 45.7822°N 4.8484°E/45.7822; 4.8484
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This article is about an international crime policing organization. For other uses, seeInterpol (disambiguation).

International Criminal Police Organization
  • Arabic:منظمة الشرطة الجنائية الدولية
    French:Organisation internationale de police criminelle
    Spanish:Organización Internacional de Policía Criminal
Common nameInterpol
AbbreviationICPO-INTERPOL
MottoConnecting police for a safer world
Agency overview
Formed7 September 1923;100 years ago(1923-09-07)
Preceding agencies
  • First International Criminal Police Congress (1914)
  • International Police Conference (1922)
  • International Criminal Police Commission (1923)
Employees1,050(2019)
Annual budget€142 million(2019)
Jurisdictional structure
International agency
Countries196 member states
Map of the member states of Interpol, 2023; blue: members, red: non-members
Governing bodyGeneral Assembly
Constituting instrument
  • ICPO-INTERPOL Constitution and General Regulations[1][2]
Operational structure
HeadquartersLyon,France
Multinational agency
Nationalities of personnel130(2024)
Agency executives
Facilities
National Central Bureaus196
Website
www.interpol.intEdit this at Wikidata
Languages (4)

TheInternational Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL(abbreviated asICPO–INTERPOL), commonly known asInterpol[3](UK:/ˈɪntərpɒl/IN-tər-pol,US:/-poʊl/-⁠pohl;[4]stylized in allcaps), is aninternational organizationthat facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control. It is the world's largest international police organization. It is headquartered inLyon,France, with seven regional bureaus worldwide, and a National Central Bureau in all 196 member states.[5]

The organization today known as Interpol was founded on 7 September 1923 at the close of a five-day 1923 International Police Congress inViennaas theInternational Criminal Police Commission(ICPC);[6]it adopted many of its current duties throughout the 1930s. After coming underNazicontrol in 1938,[7]the agency had its headquarters in the same building as theGestapo.[8]It was effectively stagnant until the end ofWorld War II.[7]In 1956, the ICPC adopted a new constitution and the name Interpol, derived from itstelegraphic addressused since 1946.[3]

Interpol provides investigative support, expertise and training to law enforcement worldwide, focusing on three major areas oftransnational crime:terrorism,cybercrimeandorganized crime.Its broad mandate covers virtually every kind of crime, includingcrimes against humanity,child pornography,drug traffickingand production,political corruption,intellectual property infringement,as well aswhite-collar crime.[9]The agency also facilitates cooperation among national law enforcement institutions through criminal databases and communications networks. Contrary to popular belief, Interpol is itself not alaw enforcement agency.

Interpol has an annual budget of €142 million ($155 million), most of which comes from annual contributions by member police forces in 181 countries. It is governed by a General Assembly composed of all member countries, which elects the executive committee and the President (currentlyAhmed Naser Al-Raisiof theUnited Arab Emirates) to supervise and implement Interpol's policies and administration. Day-to-day operations are carried out by theGeneral Secretariat,comprising around 1,000 personnel from over 100 countries, including both police and civilians. The Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General, currentlyJürgen Stock,the former deputy head of Germany'sFederal Criminal Police Office.Valdecy Urquizaof Brazil was appointed Stocks' successor by the Executive Committee on 25 June 2024.[10]

Pursuant to itscharter,Interpol seeks to remainpolitically neutralin fulfilling its mandate, and is thus barred from interventions or activities that are political, military, religious, or racial in nature and from involving itself in disputes over such matters.[11]The agency operates in four languages:Arabic,English,FrenchandSpanish.[5]

History

[edit]

Until the 19th century, cooperation among police in different national and political jurisdictions was organized largely on an “ad hoc” basis, focused on a specific goal or criminal enterprise.[12]The earliest attempt at a formal, permanent framework for international police coordination was thePolice Union of German States,formed in 1851 to bring together police from various German-speaking states. Its activities were centered mostly on political dissidents and criminals. A similar plan was launched by Italy in the1898 Anti-Anarchist Conference of Rome,which brought delegates from 21 European countries to create a formal structure for addressing the international anarchist movement. Neither the conference nor its follow up meeting in St. Petersburg in 1904 yielded results.

Interpol headquarters in the6th arrondissement of Lyon,France

The early 20th century saw several more efforts to formalize international police cooperation, as growing international travel and commerce facilitated transnational criminal enterprises and fugitives of the law.[13]The earliest was the International Criminal Police Congress hosted byMonacoin 1914, which brought diplomats and legal officials from two dozen countries to discuss international cooperation in investigating crimes, sharing investigative techniques, and extradition procedures.[14]The Monaco Congress laid out twelve principles and priorities that would eventually become foundational to Interpol, including providing direct contact between police in different nations; creating an international standard for forensics and data collection; and facilitating the efficient processing of extradition requests. The idea of an international police organization remained dormant due to the First World War. The United States attempted to lead a similar effort in 1922 through the International Police Conference in New York City, but it failed to attract international attention.[15]

A year later, in 1923, a new initiative was undertaken at another International Criminal Police Congress inVienna,spearheaded byJohannes Schober,President of the Viennese Police Department. The 22 delegates agreed to found the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), the direct forerunner of Interpol, which would be based in Vienna. Founding members included police officials from Austria, Germany, Belgium, Poland, China, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Japan, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland andYugoslavia.[16]The same year, wanted person notices were first published in the ICPCs International Public Safety Journal. The United Kingdom joined in 1928.[17]The United States did not join Interpol until 1938, although a U.S. police officer unofficially attended the 1923 congress.[18]By 1934, the ICPC’s membership more than doubled to 58 nations.

Following theAnschlussin 1938, the Vienna-based organization fell under the control ofNazi Germany;on November 29, 1941, Interpol had offices atAm Kleinen Wannsee 16;[19]the commission’s headquarters were eventually moved toBerlinin 1942.[20]Most member states withdrew their support during this period.[16]From 1938 to 1945, the presidents of the ICPC includedOtto Steinhäusl,Reinhard Heydrich,Arthur NebeandErnst Kaltenbrunner.All were generals in theSchutzstaffel(SS); Kaltenbrunner was the highest-ranking SS officer executed following theNuremberg trials.

In 1946, after the end ofWorld War II,the organization was revived as the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO) by officials from Belgium, France,Scandinavia,the United States and the United Kingdom. Its new headquarters were established in Paris, then from 1967 inSaint-Cloud,a Parisian suburb. They remained there until 1989 when they were moved to their present location inLyon.

Until the 1980s, Interpol did not intervene in the prosecution ofNazi war criminalsin accordance with Article 3 of itsCharter,which prohibited intervention in "political" matters.[21]

In July 2010, former Interpol PresidentJackie Selebiwas found guilty of corruption by theSouth African High Courtin Johannesburg for accepting bribes worth €156,000 from a drug trafficker.[22]After being charged in January 2008, Selebi resigned as president of Interpol and was put on extended leave as National Police Commissioner of South Africa.[23]He was temporarily replaced byArturo Herrera Verdugo[es],the National Commissioner ofInvestigations Police of Chileand former vice president for the American Zone, who remained acting president until the appointment of SingaporeanKhoo Boon Huiin October 2008.[24]

On November 8, 2012, the 81st General Assembly closed with the election of Deputy Central Director of theFrench Judicial Police,Mireille Ballestrazzi,as the first female president of the organization.[25][26]

In November 2016,Meng Hongwei,a politician from thePeople’s Republic of China,was elected president during the 85th Interpol General Assembly, and was to serve in this capacity until 2020.[27]At the end of September 2018, Meng was reported missing during a trip to China, after being “taken away” for questioning by discipline authorities.[28][29][30]Chinese police later confirmed that Meng had been arrested on charges of bribery as part of a national anti-corruption campaign.[31]On October 7, 2018, INTERPOL announced that Meng had resigned his post with immediate effect and that the Presidency would be temporarily occupied by Interpol Senior Vice-president (Asia)Kim Jong Yangof South Korea. On November 21, 2018, Interpol’s General Assembly elected Kim to fill the remainder of Meng’s term,[32]in a controversial election which saw accusations that the other candidate, Vice PresidentAlexander Prokopchukof Russia, had used Interpol notices to target critics of the Russian government.[33] On November 25, 2021,Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi,inspector general of theUnited Arab Emirates’s interior ministry, was elected as president. The election was controversial due to the UAE’s human rights record, with concerns being raised by some human rights groups (e.g.Human Rights Watch) and some MEPs.

On May 10, 2023,Operation Identify Mewas launched.[34]

Constitution

[edit]

The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.[1]

Article 2 states that its role is:

  1. To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.
  2. To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.

Article 3 states:

It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.

Methodology

[edit]

Contrary to the common idea due to frequent portrayals in popular media, Interpol is not asupranational lawenforcement agency and has no agents with arresting powers. Instead, it is an international organization that functions as a network of law enforcement agencies from different countries.[35][36]The organization thus functions as an administrative liaison among the law enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications and database assistance, mostly through its central headquarters in Lyon.[37]along with the assistance of smaller local bureaus in each of its member states.

Interpol's databases at the Lyon headquarters can assist law enforcement in fighting international crime.[38]While national agencies have their own extensive crime databases, the information rarely extends beyond one nation's borders. Interpol's databases can track criminals and crime trends around the world, specifically by means of authorized collections of fingerprints and face photos, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples, and travel documents. Interpol's lost and stolen travel document database alone contains more than 12 million records. Officials at the headquarters also analyze this data and release information on crime trends to the member countries.

An encrypted Internet-based worldwide communications network allows Interpol agents and member countries to contact each other at any time. Known as I-24/7, the network offers constant access to Interpol's databases.[38]While the National Central Bureaus are the primary access sites to the network, some member countries have expanded it to key areas such as airports and border access points. Member countries can also access each other's criminal databases via the I-24/7 system.

Interpol issues eight types ofInterpol notices,seven of which are: red, blue, green, yellow, black, orange, and purple. An eighth special notice is issued at the special request of theUnited Nations Security Council.[39]As of 2019,there are currently 62,448 valid Red and 12,234 Yellow notices in circulation.[40]

In the event of an international disaster, terrorist attack, or assassination, Interpol can send an Incident Response Team (IRT). IRTs can offer a range of expertise and database access to assist with victim identification, suspect identification, and the dissemination of information to other nations' law enforcement agencies. In addition, at the request of local authorities, they can act as a central command and logistics operation to coordinate other law enforcement agencies involved in a case. Such teams were deployed eight times in 2013. Interpol began issuingits own travel documentsin 2009 with hopes that nations would remove visa requirements for individuals travelling for Interpol business, thereby improving response times.[41]In September 2017, the organization voted to acceptPalestineand theSolomon Islandsas members.[42]

Finances

[edit]

In 2019, Interpol's operating income was €142 million, of which 41 percent were statutory contributions by member countries, 35 percent were voluntary cash contributions and 24 percent were in-kind contributions for the use of equipment, services and buildings.[40]With the goal of enhancing the collaboration between Interpol and the private sector to support Interpol's missions, the Interpol Foundation for a Safer World was created in 2013. Although legally independent of Interpol, the relationship between the two is close enough for Interpol's president to obtain in 2015 the departure ofHSBCCEO from the foundation board after theSwiss Leaksallegations.[43]

From 2004 to 2010, Interpol'sexternal auditorswas the FrenchCourt of Audit.[44][45]In November 2010, the Court of Audit was replaced by theOffice of the Auditor General of Norwayfor a three-year term with an option for a further three years.[46][47]

Offices

[edit]

In addition to its General Secretariat headquarters in Lyon, Interpol maintains seven regional bureaus and three special representative offices:[48]

Interpol's Command and Coordination Centres offer a 24-hour point of contact for national police forces seeking urgent information or facing a crisis. The original is in Lyon with a second in Buenos Aires added in September 2011. A third was opened in Singapore in September 2014.[49]

Interpol opened a Special Representative Office to the UN in New York City in 2004[50]and to the EU in Brussels in 2009.[51]

The organization has constructed the Interpol Global Complex for Innovation (IGCI) in Singapore to act as itsresearch and developmentfacility, and a place of cooperation on digital crimes investigations. It was officially opened in April 2015, but had already become active beforehand. Most notably, a worldwide takedown of the SIMDA botnet infrastructure was coordinated and executed from IGCI's Cyber Fusion Centre in the weeks before the opening, as was revealed at the launch event.[52]

Criticism

[edit]
Former Interpol PresidentMeng Hongweipleaded guilty for accepting bribes over 14.5 million yuan.[53]

Abusive requests for Interpol arrests

[edit]
See also:Police misconduct,Transnational repression,andLawfare

Despite its politically neutral stance, some have criticized the agency for its role in arrests that critics contend were politically motivated.[54]In their declaration, adopted in Oslo (2010),[55]Monaco (2012),[56]Istanbul (2013),[57]and Baku (2014),[58]theOSCE Parliamentary Assembly(PACE) criticized some OSCE member States for their abuse of mechanisms of the international investigation and urged them to support the reform of Interpol in order to avoid politically motivatedprosecution.The resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe of 31 January 2014 criticizes the mechanisms of operation of the Commission for the Control of Interpol's files, in particular, non-adversarial procedures and unjust decisions.[59][60]In 2014, PACE adopted a decision to thoroughly analyse the problem of the abuse of Interpol and to compile a special report on this matter.[61]In May 2015, within the framework of the preparation of the report, the PACE Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights organized a hearing inYerevan,during which both representatives of NGOs and Interpol had the opportunity to speak.[62]According toFreedom House,Russia is responsible for 38% of Interpol's public Red Notices.[63]There currently are "approximately 66,370 valid Red Notices, of which some 7,669 are public."[64]

Refugees who are included in the list of Interpol can be arrested when crossing the border.[65]In the year 2008, the office of theUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugeespointed to the problem of arrests of refugees on the request of INTERPOL[66]in connection with politically motivated charges.

In 2021, Turkey,[67]China, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Russia, and Venezuela were accused of abusing Interpol by using it to target political opponents.[68]China used Interpol against theUyghurs,where the government issued a Red Notice against activists and other members of the ethnic minority group living abroad.[69]Since 1997, 1,546 cases from 28 countries of detention and deportation of the Uyghurs were recorded.[70]In the case of Turkey, Interpol had to turn down 800 requests,[71]including one forNBAbasketball playerEnes Kanter Freedom.[72]The UAE was also accused as one of the countries attempting to buy influence in Interpol. Using the Interpol Foundation for a Safer World, the Arab nation gave donations of $54 million. The amount was estimated as equal to the statutory contributions together made by the rest 194 members.[73]It was asserted that the Emirates' growing influence over Interpol gave it the opportunity to host the General Assembly in 2018 and in 2020 (that was postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic).[69]

World

[edit]

Organizations such asDetained in Dubai,Open Dialog Foundation,[74]Fair Trials International,[65]Centre for Peace Studies,[75]andInternational Consortium of Investigative Journalists,[76]indicate that non-democratic states use Interpol to harass opposition politicians, journalists, human rights activists, and businessmen. The countries accused of abusing the agency include China, Russia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Iran, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Venezuela, and Tunisia.[74][65][76][77]

TheOpen Dialog Foundation's report analysed 44 high-profile political cases which went through the Interpol system.[74]A number of persons who have been granted refugee status in theEuropean Union(EU) and the US—including Russian businessmanAndrey Borodin,[78]Chechen Arbi Bugaev,[79]Kazakh opposition politicianMukhtar Ablyazov[80]and his associate Artur Trofimov,[81]and Sri Lankan journalist Chandima Withana[82]—continue to remain on the public INTERPOL list. Some of the refugees remain on the list even after courts have refused to extradite them to a non-democratic state (for example, Pavel Zabelin,[83]a witness in the case ofMikhail Khodorkovsky,and Alexandr Pavlov,[84]former security chief of the Kazakh oppositionistAblyazov). Another case isManuel Rosales,a politician who opposedHugo Chavezand fled toPeruin 2009 and was subject to a red alert on charges of corruption for two weeks. Interpol deleted the request for prosecution immediately.[85]Interpol has also been criticized for mistaking people on yellow alerts. One case was Alondra Díaz-Nuñez, who in April 2015 was apprehended inGuanajuato City,Mexico being mistaken forthe daughter of another paternal mother[clarify].Interpol came under heavy criticism from Mexican news and media for helping outPolicia Federal Ministerial,Mexican Federal Police,and the U.S. Embassy and Consulate in Mexico, in what was believed to be akidnapping.

Eastern Europe

[edit]

The 2013 PACE's Istanbul Declaration of the OSCE cited specific cases of such prosecution, including those of the Russian activist Petr Silaev, financierWilliam Browder,businessman Ilya Katsnelson, Belarusian politicianAles Michalevic,and Ukrainian politicianBohdan Danylyshyn.[citation needed]

On 25 July 2014, despite Interpol's Constitution prohibiting them from undertaking any intervention or activities of a political or military nature,[86]the Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary leaderDmytro Yaroshwas placed on Interpol's international wanted list at the request of Russian authorities,[87]which made him the only person wanted internationally after the beginning of theconflict between Ukraine and Russiain 2014. For a long time, Interpol refused to place formerPresident of UkraineViktor Yanukovychon the wanted list as a suspect by the newUkrainian governmentfor the mass killing of protesters duringEuromaidan.[88][89]Yanukovych was eventually placed on the wanted list on 12 January 2015.[90]However, on 16 July 2015, after an intervention of Joseph Hage Aaronson, the British law firm hired by Yanukovych, the international arrest warrant against the former president of Ukraine was suspended pending further review.[91]In December 2014, theSecurity Service of Ukraine(SBU) liquidated[clarification needed]a sabotage and reconnaissance group that was led by a former agent of the Ukrainian Bureau of INTERPOL that also has family relations in the Ukrainian counter-intelligence agencies.[92]In 2014, Russia made attempts to place Ukrainian politicianIhor Kolomoyskyiand Ukrainian civic activistPavel Ushevets,subject to criminal persecution in Russia following his pro-Ukrainian art performance in Moscow, on the Interpol wanted list.[93]

Middle East

[edit]

According to a report by theStockholm Center for Freedomthat was issued in September 2017, Turkey has weaponized Interpol mechanisms to hunt down legitimate critics and opponents in violation of Interpol's own constitution. The report lists abuse cases where not only arrest warrants but also revocation of travel documents and passports were used by Turkey aspersecution tools against critics and opponents.The harassment campaign targeted foreign companies as well.[94]Syrian-KurdSalih Muslimwas briefly detained at Turkey's request on 25 February 2018 inPrague,the capital of theCzech Republic,[95]but was released 2 days later, drawing angry protests from Turkey.[96]On 17 March 2018, the Czech authorities dismissed Turkey's request as lacking merit.[citation needed]

After a senior UAE government official, Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi became the President, Interpol ignored an injunction by theEuropean Court of Human Rights(ECHR), and cooperated with Serbian authorities to extradite a Bahraini activist. Ahmed Jaafar Mohamed Ali was extradited to Bahrain in a charter aircraft ofRoyal Jet,a private Emirati airline headed by an Abu Dhabi royal family member. Critics raised concerns that it was just first example of how "red lines will be crossed" under the presidency of Al-Raisi. Besides, a warning was raised that after its decision, Interpol will be complicit in any abuse that Ali will face.[97]In 2021 it was reported that Ahmed Naser had also allegedly tortured a number of people in the UAE before.[98]

Appeals and requests withdrawals

[edit]

The procedure for filing an appeal with Interpol is a long and complex one. For example, the Venezuelan journalistPatricia Poleoand a colleague of Kazakh activist Ablyazov, and Tatiana Paraskevich, who were granted refugee status, sought to overturn the politically motivated request for as long as one and a half years, and six months, respectively.[99][100][101]

Interpol has previously recognized some requests to include persons on the wanted list as politically motivated, e.g., Indonesian activistBenny Wenda,Georgian politicianGivi Targamadze,[102]ex-president of GeorgiaMikheil Saakashvili,[103]ex-mayor ofMaracaiboand2006 Venezuelan presidential electioncandidateManuel Rosalesand ex-president of HondurasManuel Zelaya Rosales;[104]these persons have subsequently been removed. However, in most cases, Interpol removes a Red Notice against refugees only after anauthoritarianstate closes a criminal case or declaresamnesty(for example, the cases of Russian activists and political refugees Petr Silaev, Denis Solopov, and Aleksey Makarov, as well as the Turkish sociologist and feministPinar Selek).[105][106][107][108]

Diplomacy

[edit]

In 2016,Taiwancriticized Interpol for turning down their application to join the General Assembly as an observer.[109]The United States supported Taiwan's participation, and theUS Congresspassed legislation directing the Secretary of State to develop a strategy to obtain observer status for Taiwan.[110]

The election of Meng Hongwei, a Chinese national, as president andAlexander Prokopchuk,a Russian, as vice president of Interpol for Europe drew criticism in anglophone media and raised fears of Interpol accepting politically motivated requests from China and Russia.[111][112][113]

Business

[edit]

In 2013, Interpol was criticized over its multimillion-dollar deals with such private sector bodies asFIFA,Philip Morris,and the pharmaceutical industry. The criticism was mainly about the lack of transparency and potential conflicts of interest, such asCodentify.[clarification needed][114][115][116][117][118][119]After the2015 FIFA scandal,the organization has severed ties with all the private-sector bodies that evoked such criticism, and has adopted a new and transparent financing framework.

Leadership

[edit]

After the disappearance ofMeng Hongwei,four American senators accused his presumptive successor,Alexander Prokopchuk,of abusing Red Notices, likening his election to "putting a fox in charge of the henhouse".[120]A statement posted by theUkrainian Helsinki Human Rights Unionand signed by other NGOs raised concerns about his ability to use his Interpol position to silence Russia's critics.[121]Russian politicians criticized the U.S. accusation as politically motivated interference.[122]

In June 2021, 35 French Parliamentarians, Members of Parliament and Senators, including from the majority and the opposition, urged PresidentEmmanuel Macronto oppose the candidacy of the UAE's General Ahmed Nasser Al-Raisi, citing the accusations of torture against him. It was the second appeal by the deputy of the Rhône,Hubert Julien-Laferrière,who had first written to Macron earlier in 2021. He questioned how a profile like Al-Raisi's, who was responsible for the torture of political opponentAhmed Mansoorand of a British academicMatthew Hedges,can become the president of a most respectable institution.[123][124]

While the UAE was arranging trips for Al-Raisi to Interpol's member countries, opposition against the Emirati candidate amplified. A number ofGermanMPs signed a petition to express "deep concern" and reject the candidacy of Al-Raisi for the post of Interpol director.[125][126]Rodney Dixon, the British lawyer of Matthew Hedges and Ali Ahmad, submitted a complaint and urged the Swedish authorities to arrest Al-Raisi upon his arrival inSweden.[127][128]The two Britons also raised a similar request to arrest al-Raisi with the Norwegian police authorities. Both Sweden andNorwayapply jurisdiction that allows them to open investigations of crime, irrespective of a person's nationality or the origin country of the crime.[129]

In October 2021, Al-Raisi had to face further opposition, as the lawyers submitted a complaint to the French Prosecutor in Paris. The claims cited Al-Raisi's role in the unlawful detention and torture of Ali Issa Ahmad and Matthew Hedges. Filed under the principle of universal jurisdiction, the complaint gave French officials the authority to investigate and arrest foreign nationals. As Raisi is not a head of state, French authorities had all the rights to arrest and question him on entering the French territory.[130]

As the General Assembly was approaching, the opposition was rising. In November 2021, a Turkish lawyer Gulden Sonmez filed a criminal complaint against Al-Raisi's nomination in Turkey, where the vote was to take place. Sonmez said the Emirates' attempt to cover its human rights records and to launder its reputation.[131]Besides, Hedges and Ahmad were also expected to file a lawsuit in Turkey against Al-Raisi, ahead of the General Assembly.[132]

Reform

[edit]

From 1 to 3 July 2015, Interpol organized a session of the Working Group on the Processing of Information, which was formed specifically in order to verify the mechanisms of information processing. The Working Group heard the recommendations of civil society as regards the reform of the international investigation system and promised to take them into account, in light of possible obstruction or refusal to file crime reports nationally.[133]

The Open Dialog Foundation, a human rights organization, recommended that Interpol, in particular: create a mechanism for the protection of rights of people having international refugee status; initiate closer cooperation of the Commission for the Control of Files with human rights NGOs and experts on asylum and extradition; enforce sanctions for violations of Interpol's rules; strengthen cooperation with NGOs, the UN, OSCE, the PACE, and the European Parliament.[134]

Fair Trials Internationalproposed to create effective remedies for individuals who are wanted under a Red Notice on unfair charges; to penalize nations which frequently abuse the Interpol system; to ensure more transparency of Interpol's work.[135]

TheCentre for Peace Studiesalso created recommendations for Interpol, in particular, to delete Red Notices and Diffusions for people who were granted refugee status according to1951 Refugee Conventionissued by their countries of origin, and to establish an independent body to review Red Notices on a regular basis.[75]

Emblem

[edit]
Interpol emblem

The current emblem of Interpol was adopted in 1950 and includes the following elements:[3]

  • the globe indicates worldwide activity
  • the olive branches represent peace
  • the sword represents police action
  • the scales signify justice
  • the acronyms "OIPC" and "ICPO", representing the full name of the organization in both French and English, respectively.

Membership

[edit]

Members

[edit]

Interpol currently has 196 member countries:[136]

Interpol members

Subnational-bureaus

[edit]

Exclusions

[edit]

Twomember states of the United Nationsand three partially-recognized states are currently not members of Interpol:North KoreaNorth KoreaandTuvaluTuvalu,as well asKosovoKosovo,TaiwanTaiwan,andWestern SaharaWestern Sahara.

In the case of the Republic of China (Taiwan), it joined Interpol in September 1961. After the People's Republic of China wasseated as "China"in the UN, Interpol transferred its recognition from the ROC to the PRC in September 1984.[140]

In 2023, over 60 Interpol member states voiced their support for Taiwan's bid to join the organization. Specifically, representatives from Taiwan's diplomatic alliesEswatini,Palau,Paraguay,Belize,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,theMarshall Islands,andSaint Kitts and Nevisspoke up for Taiwan during the assembly.[141]

Secretaries-general and presidents

[edit]

Secretary General

[edit]
Main article:Secretary General of Interpol

Presidents

[edit]
Main article:President of Interpol

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^Interpol also maintains a liaison office to theUnited Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeinVienna

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Constitution of the International Criminal Police Organization"(PDF).INTERPOL. 1956. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 February 2016.Retrieved12 March2016.
  2. ^"General Regulations of the International Criminal Police Organization"(PDF).Interpol, Office of Legal Affairs.1956. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 February 2016.Retrieved12 March2016.
  3. ^abc"Who we are | Name and logo".INTERPOL.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2023.Retrieved30 January2024.
  4. ^Wells, John(2007) [2000].Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(New / Paperback (9th impression) ed.).Harlow:Pearson Longman.p. 398.ISBN978-0-582-36467-7.Retrieved30 January2024– viaInternet Archive Book Reader.
  5. ^ab"General Secretariat".www.interpol.int.Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2020.Retrieved19 March2020.
  6. ^Mathieu Deflem,Policing World Society: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation(Oxford University Press, 2004) p. 125
  7. ^ab"7. September 1923 – Interpol wird gegründet"[September 7, 1923 - Interpol is founded].Westdeutscher Rundfunk(in German). 7 September 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 7 September 2022.Retrieved7 September2022.
  8. ^Posner, Gerald(6 March 1990)."Opinion | Interpol's Nazi Affiliations Continued After War".The New York Times.p. A-22.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 7 September 2022.Retrieved7 September2022.
  9. ^Sweet O.C., David (September 2010). "INTERPOL DVI best-practice standards—An overview".Forensic Science International.201(1–3): 18–21.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.031.PMID20303223.ProQuest1034458337.
  10. ^"INTERPOL Executive Committee selects Brazil's Valdecy Urquiza as its candidate for next Secretary General".interpol.int.25 June 2024.
  11. ^"Neutrality (Article 3 of the Constitution)".INTERPOL. Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2017.Retrieved31 March2017.
  12. ^Gerspacher, Nadia (2008)."The history of international police cooperation: a 150-year evolution in trends and approaches".Global Crime.9(1–2): 169–184.doi:10.1080/17440570701862892.ISSN1744-0572.S2CID154119454.
  13. ^Deflem, M. (2000)."Bureaucratization and Social Control: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation".Law & Society Review.34(3): 739–778.doi:10.2307/3115142.JSTOR3115142.Archivedfrom the original on 29 April 2021.Retrieved29 April2021.
  14. ^"12 wishes: then and now".www.interpol.int.Archivedfrom the original on 19 March 2020.Retrieved20 March2020.
  15. ^Deflem, M. (2000)."Bureaucratization and Social Control: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation".Law & Society Review.34(3): 739–778.doi:10.2307/3115142.JSTOR3115142.Archivedfrom the original on 29 April 2021.Retrieved29 April2021.
  16. ^ab"Interpol: Frequently Asked Questions"(PDF).Fair Trials International.November 2011.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 March 2017.Retrieved31 March2017.
  17. ^"Interpol Member States: The United Kingdom".Interpol. Archived fromthe originalon 4 October 2011.Retrieved17 August2012.
  18. ^"Interpol Member States: The United States".Interpol. Archived fromthe originalon 17 December 2011.Retrieved5 January2012.
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Further reading

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