Itaboraian

TheItaboraian(Portuguese:Itaboraiense) age is a period within theEarly Eocene geologic time(53.0–50.0Ma) epoch of thePaleogene,used more specifically withSouth American land mammal ages(SALMA). It follows theRiochicanand precedes theCasamayoranage.^[1]

Etymology

This age is named after theItaboraí Formationin theItaboraí BasininItaboraí,aGreater Riomunicipality in the state ofRio de JaneiroinBrazilnot very far away from Niterói.

Formations

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Locations of Itaboraian formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Itaboraí Formation	Brazil	Itaboraí Basin	^[2]
Bogotá Formation	Colombia	Altiplano Cundiboyacense	^[3]
Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	Cesar-Ranchería Basin	^[4]
Chota Formation	Peru	Bagua Basin	^[5]^[6]
Koluel Kaike Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	^[7]
Las Flores Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	^[8]
Maíz Gordo Formation	Argentina	Salta Basin	^[9]
Mogollón Formation	Peru	Talara&Tumbes Basins	^[10]
Muñani Formation	Peru	Altiplano Basin	^[11]

Fossils

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Asmithwoodwardia scotti,Austropediomys marshalli,Bergqvistherium primigenia,Bobbschaefferia fluminensis,Camargomendesia pristina,Carodnia vieirai,Carolocoutoia ferigoloi,Carolopaulacoutoia itaboraiensis,Colbertia magellanica,Derorhynchus singularis,Didelphopsis cabrerai,Eobrasilia coutoi,Epidolops ameghinoi,Gashternia carioca,Gaylordia macrocynodonta,Gaylordia mater,Guggenheimia brasiliensis,Guggenheimia crocheti,Homalostylops atavus,Itaboraidelphys camposi,Lamegoia conodonta,Marmosopsis juradoi,Miguelsoria parayirunhor,Minusculodelphis minimus,M. modicum,Mirandatherium alipioi,Monodelphopsis travassosi,Palaeocladosictis mosesi,Paranisolambda prodromus,Patene simpsoni,Periprotodidelphis bergqvistae,Procaroloameghinia pricei,Protodidelphis mastodontoides,P. vanzolinii,Protolipterna ellipsodontoides,Ricardocifellia protocenica,Riolestes capricornicus,Riostegotherium yanei,Tetragonostylops apthomasi,Victorlemoinea prototypica,Xenodelphis doelloi,Zeusdelphys complicatus,?Arminiheringia sp.,Henricosbornia sp.,Australidelphia indet.,Borhyaenidae indet.,Didelphidae indet.,Didolodontidae indet.,Herpetotheriidae indet.,Microbiotheriidae indet.,Notoungulata indet.,Paucituberculata indet.,Pediomyidae indet.,Peradectidae indet.,Polydolopidae indet.,Protodidelphidae indet.	Itaboraí	^[12] ^[13]^[14] ^[15] ^[2]^[16] ^[17]
	Ernestokokenia yirunhor,Gashternia ctalehor,Henricosbornia waitehor,Seudenius cteronc,Shecenia ctirneru,?Isotemnus ctalego,?Peripantostylops orehor,?Polydolops kamektsen,Kibenikhoria sp.,Archaeopithecidae indet.,Borhyaenidae indet.,?Litopterna indet.,?Notostylopidae indet.	Koluel Kaike	^[18]
	Anisolambda sp.,Antepithecus sp.,Asmithwoodwardia sp.,Bardalestes sp.,Bobbschaefferia sp.,Camargomendesia sp.,Carolopaulacoutoia sp.,Colbertia sp.,Derorhynchus sp.,Didelphopsis sp.,Epidolops sp.,Ernestokokenia sp.,Gashternia sp.,Guggenheimia crocheti,Henricosbornia sp.,Isotemnus sp.,Itaboraitherium sp.,Kibenikhoria sp.,Marmosopsis sp.,Mirandatherium sp.,Monodelphopsis sp.,Peripantostylops sp.,Polydolops sp.,Procaroloameghinia pricei,Protodidelphis sp.,Shecenia sp.,Trigonostylops sp.,Victorlemoinea sp.,Woodburnodon sp.,Ceratodontidae indet.,?Patene indet.	Las Flores	^[19]
	Carodnia inexpectans	Mogollón	^[20]^[21]
	Chulpasia mattaueri,Peradectes austrinum,Perutherium altiplanense,Sillustania quechuense,Umayodus raimondi,Didelphidae indet.,?Didolodontidae indet.,Notoungulata sp.,Pediomyidae indet.,Proteutheria indet.	Muñani	^[22] ^[23]^[24]
Birds	Diogenornis fragilis,Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis,Itaboravis elaphrocnemoides,Paleopsilopterus itaboraiensis	Itaboraí	^[16]^[25] ^[26]^[27]
Birds	Latidae indet.,Siluriformes indet.,Tetragonopterinae indet.	Muñani	^[24]
Reptiles & amphibians	Acherontisuchus guajiraensis,Anthracosuchus balrogus,Carbonemys cofrinii,Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki,Cerrejonisuchus improcerus,Pelomedusoides sp.,Puentemys mushaisaensis,Titanoboa cerrejonensis	Cerrejón	^[28]^[29]
	?Madtsoia sp.	Koluel Kaike	^[18]
	Notocaiman stromeri	Peñas Coloradas	^[30]
	Bretesuchus bonapartei	Maíz Gordo	^[31]
	Apodops pricei,Coniophis cf. precedens,Corallus priscus,Hechtophis austrinus,Hoffstetterella brasiliensis,Itaboraiophis depressus,Madtsoia camposi,Paraungaliophis pricei,Paulacoutophis perplexus,Sahitisuchus fluminensis,Waincophis cameratus,Waincophis pressulus,Xenopus romeri,?Russellophiidae indet.	Itaboraí	^[32]^[33]
	Lorosuchus nodosus,Pelomedusoides cf. argentinensis	Río Loro	^[34]
	cf. Coniophis sp.,?Roxochelys vilavilensis,Crocodylia indet.,?Leptodactylidae indet.	Muñani	^[24]
Fishes	Dipnoi sp.,Elopomorpha sp.	Cerrejón	^[28]
Fishes	Lepidosiren cf. paradoxa,Ceratodus sp.	Muñani	^[24]
Molluscs	Bulimulus fazendicus	Itaboraí	^[35]
Flora	Menispina evidens	Bogotá	^[36]
	Stephania palaeosudamericana	Bogotá,Cerrejón	^[37]
	Malvaciphyllum macondicus,Petrocardium cerrejonense,Petrocardium wayuuorum	Cerrejón	^[38]^[39]

Correlations

Itaboraian correlations inSouth America
Formation	Itaboraí	Las Flores	Koluel Kaike	Maíz Gordo	Muñani	Mogollón	Bogotá	Cerrejón	Ypresian(IUCS) •Wasatchian(NALMA) Bumbanian(ALMA) •Mangaorapan(NZ)
Basin	Itaboraí	Golfo San Jorge		Salta	Altiplano Basin	Talara& Tumbes	Altiplano Cundiboyacense	Cesar-Ranchería	Itaboraian (South America)
Country	Brazil	Argentina			Peru		Colombia
Carodnia
Gashternia
Henricosbornia
Victorlemoinea
Polydolopimorphia
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
Flora
Environments	Alluvial-lacustrine	Alluvial-fluvial		Fluvio-lacustrine	Lacustrine	Fluvial	Fluvio-deltaic		Itaboraian volcanoclastics Itaboraian fauna Itaboraian flora
Volcanic			Yes

References

^Paleo Database: Itaboraian
^^a ^bOliveira & Goin, 2011
^Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
^Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
^Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
^Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
^Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
^Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
^Narváez, 2009, p.24
^Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
^Gelfo & Goin, 2011
^Oliveira et al., 2016
^Carneiro et al., 2018
^Carneiro, 2018
^De Oliveira & Goin, 2015
^^a ^bSão José de ItaboraíatFossilworks.org
^São José 700 matFossilworks.org
^^a ^bCañadón HondoatFossilworks.org
^Las FloresatFossilworks.org
^Antoine et al., 2015
^Carodnia inexpectansatFossilworks.org
^Gelfo & Sigé, 2011
^Laguna UmayoatFossilworks.org
^^a ^b ^c ^dLURMUatFossilworks.org
^DiagenornisatFossilworks.org
^ItaboravisatFossilworks.org
^PaleopsilopterusatFossilworks.org
^^a ^bLa Puente PitatFossilworks.org
^AnthracosuchusatFossilworks.org
^Notocaiman stromeriatFossilworks.org
^BretesuchusatFossilworks.org
^Itaboraí snakesatFossilworks.org
^Portland QuarryatFossilworks.org
^El CadillalatFossilworks.org
^Salvador & Simone, 2013, p.7
^Menispina evidensatFossilworks.org
^Stephania palaeosudamericanaatFossilworks.org
^Cerrejón 0315atFossilworks.org
^Coalbeds 100atFossilworks.org

Bibliography

Itaboraí Formation

Carneiro, Leonardo M.; Oliveira, Édison V.;Goin, Francisco J.(2018),"Austropediomys marshalligen. et sp. nov., a new Pediomyoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the Paleogene of Brazil: paleobiogeographic implications "(PDF),Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia,21(2): 120–131,doi:10.4072/rbp.2018.2.03,retrieved2018-10-01
Carneiro, Leonardo M. (2018),"A new protodidelphid (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia) from the Itaboraí Basin and its implications for the evolution of the Protodidelphidae"(PDF),Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências,91(Suppl. 2): e20180440,doi:10.1590/0001-3765201820180440,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2019-02-12,retrieved2019-02-11
Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Zimicz, Natalia;Goin, Francisco J.(2016),"Taxonomy, affinities, and paleobiology of the tiny metatherian mammalMinusculodelphis,from the early Eocene of South America ",The Science of Nature,103(1–2): 1–6,Bibcode:2016SciNa.103....6O,doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1331-2,PMID 26743194,retrieved2019-02-12
De Oliveira, Édison Vicente;Goin, Francisco J.(2015),"A new species ofGaylordiaPaula Couto (Mammalia, Metatheria) from Itaboraí, Brazil ",Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia,18(1): 97–108,doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.1.07,retrieved2019-02-13
Oliveira, Édison V.;Goin, Francisco J.(2011),"A reassessment of Bunodont Metatherians from the Paleogene of Itaboraí (Brazil): systematics and age of the Itaboraian SALMA"(PDF),Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia,14(2): 105–136,doi:10.4072/rbp.2011.2.01,retrieved2017-08-15
Salvador, R.B.; Simone, L.R.L. (2013),"Taxonomic revision of the fossil pulmonate mollusks of Itaboraí Basin (Paleocene), Brazil"(PDF),Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia,53(2): 5–46,retrieved2017-10-01

Bogotá Formation

Bloch, Jonathan Ivan;Cadena, Edwin;Hastings, Alexander; Rincón, Aldo F.;Jaramillo, Carlos(2008),"Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract)",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting: _,retrieved2017-03-29
Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992),Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana,Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20
Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005),Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá,INGEOMINAS,pp. 1–104

Cerrejón Formation

Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina (2009),Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.)(PDF),Universidad Simón Bolívar,pp. 1–255, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2021-12-06,retrieved2017-06-14
Cadena, Edwin A.;Schweitzer, Mary H. (2014),"A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes",Journal of Herpetology,48(4): 461–465,doi:10.1670/13-046,retrieved2019-02-12
Cadena, Edwin A.;Ksepka, Daniel T.;Jaramillo, Carlos A.;Bloch, Jonathan I. (2012a),"New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution"(PDF),Journal of Systematic Palaeontology,10(2): 313–331,Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..313C,doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.569031,retrieved2017-06-14
Cadena, Edwin A.;Bloch, Jonathan I.;Jaramillo, Carlos A.(2012b),"New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia",Journal of Paleontology,86(4): 688–698,Bibcode:2012JPal...86..688C,doi:10.1666/11-128R1.1,retrieved2017-06-14
Cadena, Edwin A.;Bloch, Jonathan I.;Jaramillo, Carlos A.(2010),"New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,30(2): 367–382,Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..367C,doi:10.1080/02724631003621946,retrieved2017-06-14
Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.;Jaramillo, Carlos A.(2014),"A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia"(PDF),Historical Biology,27(8): 998–1020,Bibcode:2015HBio...27..998H,doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968,retrieved2017-06-14
Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.;Jaramillo, Carlos A.(2011),"A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae"(PDF),Palaeontology,54:1095–1116,doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x,retrieved2017-06-14
Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.;Cadena, E.A.;Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.;Jaramillo, C.A.(2009),"Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures",Nature,457(7230): 715–718,Bibcode:2009Natur.457..715H,doi:10.1038/nature07671,PMID 19194448,retrieved2017-06-14
Herrera, Fabiany A.;Jaramillo, Carlos A.;Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008),"Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia",American Journal of Botany,95(12): 1569–1583,doi:10.3732/ajb.0800172,PMID 21628164,retrieved2017-06-14^{[permanent dead link]}
Hernández, Marina (2003),Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000,INGEOMINAS,pp. 1–102
Jaramillo, Carlos A.;Bayona, Germán; Pardo Trujillo, Andres; Rueda, Milton; Torres, Vladimir; Harrington, Guy J.; Mora, Germán (2007),"The palynology of the Cerrejón Formation (Upper Paleocene) of northern Colombia"(PDF),Palynology,31(1): 153–189,Bibcode:2007Paly...31..153J,doi:10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.153,retrieved2017-08-15
Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina; Sánchez Quiñónez, Carlos Alberto (2013),"Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo"(PDF),Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander,35:67–80,retrieved2017-06-14
Wing, Scott L.; Herrera, Fabiany;Jaramillo, Carlos A.;Gómez Navarro, Carolina; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2009), "Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest",Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(44): 18627–18632,Bibcode:2009PNAS..10618627W,doi:10.1073/pnas.0905130106,PMC2762419,PMID 19833876

Chota Formation

Castro Medina, Walter Fidel (2010),Geología, informe temático. Proyecto Zonificación Ecológica y Económica del departamento de Amazonas(PDF),Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), pp. 1–76,retrieved2018-09-04
Chacaltana, César; Benites Cañote, Alexandra Lucytania; Valdivia, Waldir; Chumpitaz, Marco (2014),La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico,Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 1–4,retrieved2017-08-15

Las Flores Formation

Goin, F. J.;Candela, A.M.; Abello, M.A.; Oliveira, E.V. (2009),"Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of 'pseudodiprotodont' marsupial radiations",Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,155(4): 867–884,doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00471.x,retrieved2019-02-15
Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010),"Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut"(PDF),Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina,67:239–256,retrieved2017-10-18
Ugalde, Raúl; Bostelmann, Enrique; Oyarzún, José Luis (2013),Stratigraphic review of the Las Flores Formation, Sierra Baguales, Última Esperanza Province, Magallanes,GeoSur Conference IV Viña del Mar, pp. 355–358,retrieved2019-02-11

Koluel Kaike Formation

Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010),"Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut"(PDF),Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina,67:239–256,retrieved2017-08-15

Maíz Gordo Formation

Narváez, Paula Liliana (2009),Palinoestratigrafía, paleoambientes y cambios climáticos durante el Cretácico final y Paleógeno de la Cuenca del Grupo Salta, República Argentina (PhD thesis)(PDF),Universidad Nacional de Salta,pp. 1–229,retrieved2017-10-18

Mogollón Formation

Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia; Baby, Patrice; Brusset, Stéphane; Espurt, Nicolas (2015),"A NewCarodniaSimpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level ",Journal of Mammalian Evolution,22(2): 129–140,doi:10.1007/s10914-014-9278-1,retrieved2019-02-13
Quispe Alcalá, David Ricardo (2010),Evaluación Geológica de la Formación Mogollón en el Yacimiento Leones – Cuenca Talara (MSc. thesis)(PDF),Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería,pp. 1–87, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2021-12-06,retrieved2017-10-18

Muñani Formation

Gelfo, Javier N.; Sigé, Bernard (2011),"A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene–earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru"(PDF),Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,56(4): 665–678,doi:10.4202/app.2010.0067,retrieved2017-08-15

Peñas Coloradas Formation

Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Emily; Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, and María del Carmen Zamaloa, Brian T. (2014),"New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations"(PDF),GSA Bulletin,126(3–4): 289–306,Bibcode:2014GSAB..126..289C,doi:10.1130/B30915.1,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-08-10,retrieved2017-08-15{{citation}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010),"Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut"(PDF),Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina,67:239–256,retrieved2017-08-15

Río Loro Formation

Pol, Diego; Powell, Jaime E. (2011), "A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina",Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,163:S7–S36,doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00714.x

[1] Paleo Database: Itaboraian

[Oliveira2011-2] Oliveira & Goin, 2011

[Bayona_p103-3] Bayona et al., 2012, p.103

[Jaramillo2007_p168-4] Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168

[Chacaltana_p2-5] Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2

[CastroMedina2010_p53-6] Castro Medina, 2010, p.53

[Raigemborn2010_p251-7] Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251

[Raigemborn2010_p249-8] Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249

[Narvaez2009_p24-9] Narváez, 2009, p.24

[Quispe2010_p21-10] Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21

[GelfoGoin2011-11] Gelfo & Goin, 2011

[Oliveiraetal2016-12] Oliveira et al., 2016

[Carneiroetal2018-13] Carneiro et al., 2018

[Carneiro2018-14] Carneiro, 2018

[OliveiraGoin2015-15] De Oliveira & Goin, 2015

[FWSaoJose-16] São José de ItaboraíatFossilworks.org

[FWSaoJose700m-17] São José 700 matFossilworks.org

[FWCanadonHondo-18] Cañadón HondoatFossilworks.org

[FWLasFlores-19] Las FloresatFossilworks.org

[AntoineMogollon2015-20] Antoine et al., 2015

[FWCarodniaInexpectans-21] Carodnia inexpectansatFossilworks.org

[GelfoSige2011-22] Gelfo & Sigé, 2011

[FWLagunaUmayo-23] Laguna UmayoatFossilworks.org

[FWLURMU-24] LURMUatFossilworks.org

[FWDiagenornis-25] DiagenornisatFossilworks.org

[FWItaboravis-26] ItaboravisatFossilworks.org

[FWPaleopsilopterus-27] PaleopsilopterusatFossilworks.org

[FWLaPuentePit-28] La Puente PitatFossilworks.org

[FWAnthracosuchus-29] AnthracosuchusatFossilworks.org

[FWNotocaimanStromeri-30] Notocaiman stromeriatFossilworks.org

[FWBretesuchus-31] BretesuchusatFossilworks.org

[FWItaboraiSnakes-32] Itaboraí snakesatFossilworks.org

[FWPortlandQuarry-33] Portland QuarryatFossilworks.org

[FWElCadillal-34] El CadillalatFossilworks.org

[SalvadorSimone2013_p7-35] Salvador & Simone, 2013, p.7

[FWMenispinaEvidens-36] Menispina evidensatFossilworks.org

[FWStephaniaPalaeosudamericana-37] Stephania palaeosudamericanaatFossilworks.org

[FWCerrejon0315-38] Cerrejón 0315atFossilworks.org

[FWCoalbeds100-39] Coalbeds 100atFossilworks.org

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