Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria
Ivan Shishman Иван Шишман | |
---|---|
Tsar of Bulgaria | |
Reign | 17 February 1371 – 3 June 1395 |
Predecessor | Ivan Alexander |
Successor | Ivan Sratsimir |
Born | 1350/51 |
Died | 3 June 1395 Nikopol, Bulgaria |
Spouse | Kira Maria Dragana of Serbia |
Issue | see below |
House | Stratsimir |
Father | Ivan Alexander |
Mother | Sarah-Theodora |
Ivan Shishman(Bulgarian:Иван Шишман) ruled as emperor (tsar) ofBulgariainTarnovofrom 1371 to 3 June 1395. The authority of Ivan Shishman was limited to the central parts of theBulgarian Empire.
In the wake of the death ofIvan Alexander,the Bulgarian Empire was subdivided into three kingdoms among his sons, with Ivan Shishman taking the Tаrnovo Kingdom situated in central Bulgaria and his half brotherIvan Sratsimirholding the Vidin Tsardom. Although his struggle to repel the Ottomans differentiated him from the other rulers on the Balkans like the Serbian despot Stephan Lazarevic who became a loyal vassal to the Ottomans and paid annual tribute and participated in all of the Ottoman campaigns subsequent to the battle of Kosovo, contributing a 5,000 strong contingent of christian knights. Although Ivan Shishman has been categorized as indecisive and inconsistent in his policy in the past, this was done with little regard for an understanding of the context of the conditions and limited resources that this ruler had at his disposal. It is notable that Ivan Shishman is the only Balkan ruler for whom there is no evidence of tribute paid to theOttoman empireor any military aid provided. Based on historical evidence and the numerous folk songs of the region glorifying his struggle against the Ottoman invaders, the image of Ivan Shishman is one of fierce and concerted resistance to theOttomanincursions. Regardless, in 1393 theOttoman Turksseized the capital Tarnovo. Two years later, Sultan Bayezid I captured Nicopolis with a surprise approach from the north of the fortress after two failed campaigns in Hungary and Wallachia, summoning Ivan Shishman on the false pretense of a discussion and had him executed by beheading.
Despite the military and political weakness, during his rule Bulgaria remained a major cultural center and the ideas ofHesychasmdominated theBulgarian Orthodox Church.PatriarchEvtimiy of Tarnovobecame the most prominent cultural figure of the country. A number of texts were written or translated and an orthographic reform of the Bulgarian language was issued with synchronised rules. After the fall of Bulgaria, a number of scholars found refuge in the other Orthodox countries and brought the achievements of theBulgarian cultureto them.
His reign was inextricably connected to the fall of Bulgaria underOttoman domination.In Bulgarian folklore Ivan Shishman is portrayed as a legendary and heroic ruler who desperately fought against the overwhelming Ottoman forces. There are numerous sites, geographical features and fortresses named after him throughout Bulgaria.
Biography
[edit]Early life
[edit]Born in 1350 or 1351,[1]Ivan Shishman was the eldest son of emperorIvan Alexander(r. 1331–1371) and his second wifeSarah–Theodora,aJewconverted to theEastern Orthodox Church.[2]His birth brought up the issue of the succession to the Bulgarian throne. Ivan Shishman had two elder brothers by the Ivan Alexander's first wife,Theodora of Wallachia.The eldest one,Michael Asen,was proclaimed successor to the throne and co-emperor shortly after Ivan Alexander's accession to the throne. However, Michael Asen's early death in battle against theOttomansin 1355 put forward the question of succession once more.[1]It is likely that Sarah–Theodora pressured Ivan Alexander to select her own son as his successor, althoughIvan Sratsimirwould have come next under themajoratsystem.[1]The issue was decided in Ivan Shishman's favour because the latter wasborn in the purple(after his father was crowned), thus making him eligible as successor.[3]By the end of 1355, Ivan Shishman had been proclaimed heir to the throne and co-emperor.[1]
These events led to a conflict with Ivan Sratsimir, who was in turn given the rule ofVidin,probably as a compensation.[2]Another indirect piece of evidence for the feud is the fact that Ivan Sratsimir's portrait not included in theTetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander,where the whole family of the emperor was otherwise presented.[4]In 1356 Ivan Sratsimir proclaimed himselfemperor of Vidin.[5]Together with his father and younger brotherIvan Asen V,Ivan Shishman presided over thechurch synods at Tarnovoin the late 1360s.[6]
Emperor of Bulgaria
[edit]Reign before 1388
[edit]Ivan Shishman was proclaimed emperor after the death of his father on 17 February 1371, when he was in his early 20s. Ivan Shishman inherited only parts of his father's realm: he ruled the lands between theIskar Riverand Silistra, the valley ofSofia,parts of theRhodope mountainsand northernThrace.[7]To the west, the areas centred around Vidin recognised Ivan Sratsimir as emperor of Bulgaria, while to the east, thePrincipality of Karvuna,encompassing the coastal strip between theDanube DeltaandCape Emineand under the rule of despotDobrotitsa,did not recognise the authority of the emperor of Tarnovo either. Contemporary chroniclers such asJohann Schiltbergerspeak of three regions, all of which were called Bulgaria.[8][9]Thus, the country was divided on the eve of the Ottoman invasion, despite Ivan Shishman's claims in his royal charters. In these, he styled himself as a primary emperor in an attempt to emphasise the existence of a hierarchy among the rulers of the three Bulgarias.[10]However, that hierarchy remained only in paper; to further assert their independence from Tarnovo, both Ivan Sratsimir and Dobrotitsa separated their dioceses from theBulgarian Patriarchatein Tarnovo.[11]According to Fine, immediately after the death of Ivan Alexander, Ivan Sratsimir tried to conquer the whole of Bulgaria. He was able to captureSofiaand managed to hold the city for one or two years.[12]The rivalry between the two brothers for Sofia had a strong tradition in the Bulgarian historiography since the time ofKonstantin Jireček,[13]but it has been dismissed by many modern Bulgarian historians.[14][15]
Only a few months after the ascension of Ivan Shishman to the throne, on 26 September 1371, the Ottoman Turks defeated a large Christian army led by the Serbian brothersVukašin MrnjavčevićandJovan Uglješain theBattle of Chernomen.Although Uglješa had tried to create a broad coalition that would include Bulgaria, Ivan Shishman, who had to strengthen his own authority, did not join.[16]After their victory at Chernomen, the Turks immediately turned on Bulgaria.[17]Ottoman sultanMurad Iforced Ivan Shishman to retreat to the north of theBalkan Mountainsand conquered northern Thrace, the Rhodopes,Kostenets,IhtimanandSamokov.[10]Unable to resist the attacks, Ivan Shishman had to negotiate with the Ottomans in 1373. He was forced to become an Ottoman vassal and to allow his sisterKera Tamara,who was known for her beauty, to become a wife of Murad I.[18]Under this agreement, Bulgaria regained some of the conquered territories such as Ihtiman and Samokov, and began nearly ten years of uneasy peace with the Turks.[10][19]Despite the vassalage and the peace treaty, Ottoman raids were renewed in the beginning of the 1380s and culminated in 1385 with thefall of Sofia,the last stronghold of Ivan Shishman to the south of the Balkan Mountains.[20][a]
In the meantime, Ivan Shishman was engaged in a war against thevoivodeofWallachia,Dan I,between 1384 and 1386. There are few details about that war, only a brief note in theAnonymous Bulgarian Chroniclethat Dan I died 23 September 1386 after being poisoned.[21]The war was linked to the hostilities between Ivan Shishman and Ivan Sratsimir (Dan I's uncle), who had the support of the Wallachian rulers and was married toAnnaof theHouse of Basarab.[14]
Fall of Bulgaria
[edit]In 1387, the united forces of thePrincipality of Serbiaand theKingdom of Bosniamanaged to defeat the Ottomans in theBattle of Pločnik.Encouraged by the Christian success, Ivan Shishman immediately invalidated his vassalage to Murad I and refused to send troops in his support in 1388.[14][20]The Ottomans reacted by sending a 30,000-strong army,[22][23]under the command of theGrand VizierÇandarlızade Ali Pasha,to the north of the Balkan Mountains. The Ottoman troops seized the fortresses ofShumen,Madara,VenchanandOvech.Ivan Shishman left Tarnovo and headed toNikopol,where he was besieged and forced to ask for peace. The Ottomans requested that he reconfirm his vassalage in addition to surrenderingSilistra,at the time the most populous Bulgarian city along theDanube.[24][25]However, Ivan Shishman, reassured by his neighbours that he would receive support and the preparations of Serbia for war, not only refused to let the Ottomans in the city, but also strengthened its walls.[26]Ali Pasha crossed the Balkan Mountains for a second time to consecutively capture Shumen,Cherven,Svishtovand once again besiege Ivan Shishman in Nikopol.[27]Surprised by the swift Ottoman response and having not received the promised assistance, the Bulgarian emperor had to ask for peace. His pleas were accepted, but the terms were harsher than the original: not only Silistra was to be surrendered, but Ottoman garrisons were to be stationed in other Bulgarian cities, most notably Shumen and Ovech.[20][28]
After the defeat of the Serbs and Bosniaks in theBattle of Kosovoon 15 June 1389, Ivan Shishman had to seek help from Hungary. During the winter of 1391–1392, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of HungarySigismund,who was planning a campaign against the Turks.[29]The new Ottoman sultanBayezid Ipretended to have peaceful intentions in order to cut off Ivan Shishman from his alliance with the Hungarians. However, in the spring of 1393 Bayezid gathered a large army from his dominions in theBalkansandAsia Minorand attacked Bulgaria.[30][31]The Ottomans marched to the capital Tarnovo and besieged it. The defence of the capital was led by PatriarchEvtimiybecause Ivan Shishman was located in Nikopol, presumably for better communication with Sigismund.[30]After a three-month siege,Tarnovo fellon 17 July. According to the contemporary Bulgarian scholar and clericGregory Tsamblak,the city was not captured because of the Ottoman military strength but due to treason.[32]The Ottoman campaign of 1393 devastated Bulgaria; in the wake of that invasion, the lands of Ivan Shishman were limited to Nikopol and several towns along the Danube.[33]Upon his return from Wallachia after theBattle of Rovinein 1395, Bayezid I attacked and captured Nikopol and, according to theAnonymous Bulgarian Chronicle,murdered Ivan Shishman on 3 June 1395.[33][34]A Byzantine chronicle gives the date as 29 October.[34]However, some sources suggest that the Bulgarian ruler was captured and died in prison.[35]
Culture and religion
[edit]The cultural revival that made the historians call the reign of Ivan Alexander a "SecondGolden Ageof Bulgarian culture "[37]continued under his son. The most prominent figure in that field during the last quarter of the 14th century was PatriarchEvtimiy of Tarnovo(r. 1375–1393), a disciple ofTheodosius of Tarnovo.[38]In 1371 he established theMonastery of the Holy Trinity,a few kilometres to the north of Tarnovo,[39]and turned it into an important cultural center and a major hub of theTarnovo Literary School.[39][40]Evtimiy wrote a number of religious works, including hagiographies, praises and letters, but is most famous with the orthographic reform and the standardization of theBulgarian language,which had an impact in Serbia, Wallachia and theRussian principalities.[38]Evtimiy thought that many of the scholars were not sufficiently prepared, and that the translations of Greek texts in local dialects and peculiarities could lead to misinterpretation of the original and eventually to heretism. The texts regarding the reform did not survive, although its character has been partly recreated by the historians and linguists by analyzing the works of Evtimiy himself and his disciples. The orthography was inspired by the originalOld Church Slavonicduring the heyday of theFirst Bulgarian Empire;[38]the reform also included syntax changes and enrichment of the lexicon with a number of synonyms to avoid repetition. To ensure the success of the reform, all texts had to receive approval before publishing, a move that was supported by Ivan Shishman in his edicts.[41]The capital Tarnovo was the main cultural center at that time. Patriarch Evtimiy wrote about it:[42]
Радва се днес славният град Търнов |
|
Hesychasmremained the main movement in theBulgarian Orthodox Churchduring the reign of Ivan Shishman and the Patriarch was its supporter. Bulgaria was a major center of hesychast ideas along with the Byzantine Empire.[43]Evtimiy was an active opponent to heresies, but it appears that since the mid 14th century the influence of theBogomils,the most prominent heretic movement in the Balkans at the time, had been greatly reduced in Bulgaria and no document mentions them after 1360.[38]Other sects, such as the Barlaamites, were also persecuted and repressed. Evtimiy had strict views on moral and took firm positions against divorce and third or fourth marriages for widowers and widows.[41]After the collapse of the Bulgarian Empire, many scholars emigrated to Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and the Russian principalities; they brought Bulgarian cultural achievements, books, and hesychastic ideas to these lands.[44][45]The Bulgarian influence was so great that is often referred to as a "Second South Slavic influence on Russia".[46]Some of the most prominent Bulgarian émigrés includedConstantine of Kostenets,who worked in Serbia, andCyprianandGregory Tsamblakin the Russian lands.[47]The economy was in decline since the loss of the major ports ofMessembriaandAnchialusto theSavoyard crusadea few years before Ivan Shishman was crowned. After the death of Ivan Alexander and the breakaway of Dobrotitsa's Principality of Karvuna, Tarnovo also lost its most important portVarna,leading to a reduction in commerce and tax revenues.[48]The persistent Ottoman raids brought devastation, hunger and depopulation which led to a sharp decline in the cultivated lands.[49]
Assessment and legacy
[edit]Bulgarian historians have had mostly negative assessments of Ivan Shishman.[50]He is often viewed as having intruded onto the throne due to the intrigues of his mother and thus taking the place of the rightful successor, his elder brother Ivan Sratsimir. This eventually resulted in the division of the country on the eve of the Ottoman invasion.[51]There are no direct historical sources to suggest any significant attempts by Ivan Shishman to fight off the Turks. The inconsistent policy of Ivan Shishman has been described as revealing his weakness and inability to cope with the situation.[52]His rule, however, was still remembered in the 16th century. In a treaty signed in 1519 between the Ottoman sultanSelim IandLouis II of Hungary,some of the lands in question were referred to asterra cesaris Sysman,"the land of emperor Shishman".[53]
The memory of Ivan Shishman remained during the first centuries of the Ottoman rule. During theFirst Tarnovo uprisingin 1598, one of the rebels' leaders, whose name is unknown, claimed to have been a descendant of Ivan Shishman and was proclaimed emperor under the nameShishman III.[54]Almost a century later, in 1686, asecond uprising in Tarnovowas headed byRostislav Stratimirovic,who also claimed to have belonged to theShishman dynastyand styled himself as Prince of Bulgaria.[55]
Ivan Shishman is now among the most popular and well-known rulers in the Third Bulgarian State. There are a number of works dedicated to him or his rule, including the 1969 filmTsar Ivan ShishmanbyYuri Arnaudov[56]and the song "Tsar Ivan Shishman" by the heavy metal bandEpizodin the 2004 album "Saint Patriarch Evtimiy".[57]Shishman PeakonLivingston Islandin theSouth Shetland Islands,Antarcticais also named after him.[58]
Legends
[edit]Ivan Shishman is the most prominent medieval ruler in Bulgarian folklore. His name is heard in a number of legends, myths, tales and songs.[59]He is represented as a heroic ruler who fought and died for his country, facing overwhelming enemy forces. There are a number of places throughout Bulgaria named after him, ranging from castles and ruins to rocks, caves and localities. That legendary "geography" is mainly concentrated in the region of Sofia,IhtimanandSamokov,[60][61]though it extends to theRhodope Mountains,Sredna Gora,Vratsa,Pleven,Prilep,Varna,etc.[62][63]Near Samokov are the ruins of "Shishman's Fortress" with the emperor's wells, which reputedly spouted from the ruler's seven wounds. Further north, along the cliffs and heights of theIskar Gorge,are "Shishman's Holes", the caves where he hid while fighting the Ottomans for seven years.[59]Other related toponyms usually associated with the emperor'slast standareKokalyane(derived fromkokal,meaning "bone" ), Cherepish (fromcherep,"skull" ) andLyutibrod( "Fierce Ford" ),[59]all thought to be hinting at the fate of the perished Bulgarian troops.[64]
One of the most famous legends is about Shishman's final battle. The Ottomans camped atKostenets,near the origins of theMaritsariver, while the Bulgarians were near Samokov, on a hill. After a fierce battle, Ivan Shishman was wounded seven times and retreated to the fortress, where he died; on the battlefield seven springs appeared, one for each of the emperor's wounds.[65]He is also said to have fought in theBalkan mountainsatShishkin grad( "Shishman's town" ), betweenSlivenandKazanlak,where he killed 10,000janissariesin a huge battle.[61]The 18th century Bulgarian enlightener[c]Paisius of Hilendarwrote in hisIstoriya Slavyanobolgarskayathat during thesiege of TarnovoIvan Shishman managed to reach Sofia with hisboyars.He hid his treasury in the Iskar gorge and fought against the Turks for seven years before dying in battle.[61]Some versions suggest thatKokalyanski Urvichremained the last fortress to fall and before Shishman died he buried treasure under the castle and tried to escape by cutting a passage through the mountain.[60]The repeating motif of the treasure is a sacral symbol of the Bulgarian statehood and the usual locations of the imperial jewellery are monasteries, lakes or hideouts under rivers. Being undiscovered by the invaders, the treasure symbolises the sovereignty and power of the Bulgarian Empire and its inevitable resurrection.[60]There are also a number of parallels between the legends about Ivan Shishman and the hagiography of saints, especiallyJohn of Rila,including the almost identical route of the emperor, Tarnovo-Sofia-Samokov in Rila, and the route of the return of the relics of Saint John of Rila to theRila Monasteryin 15th century – Tarnovo-Sofia-Rila, and also the motif of the immortal rulers who foresees the restoration of the country.[60]
Откак се е, мила моя майко ле, зора зазорила, |
|
Extract of a folklore song, collected by theMiladinov Brothers.[65]
Ivan Shishman is one of the few rulers to be mentioned in the Bulgarian folklore songs and, as in the legends, is a subject of mystification. His figure can even be seen inChristmas carols,where he is presented either as a saint in the role of protector or as a hero fightingdragonsand oppressors, usually presented as Tatars because of the resemblance with theTartarus.[63]The songs about Ivan Shishman contain many parallels with nature and collocations which are typical of Bulgarian folklore. In a song from the region of Sliven, the death of the emperor brings chaos to nature and rivers of "black blood" (typical folklore collocation) start flowing.[63]
The place of Ivan Shishman in the Bulgarian legends and folklore is most likely attributed to the fact that he was the last Bulgarian emperor in Tarnovo. There are many similarities with his contemporaryKing Marko,the ruler of Prilep, who did little to resist the Ottoman invasion but later became the most popular character in the Bulgarian folklore.[66]The people desired to berhyme the image of the "ideal emperor", a defender and protector, whose strength they needed to survive under Ottoman domination, and not the actual historical personality.[66]As time passed the mystification deepened and the legends became more distant from the actual events during his rule.[67]During theBulgarian National Revivalthe tales about Ivan Shishman began to increasingly include patriotic elements.[63]
Family
[edit]Ivan Shishman was married first to a Bulgarian namedKira Maria,who died in the early 1380s. His second wife wasDragana Lazarević,a daughter of PrinceLazar of SerbiaandMilica Nemanjićand kin to the previous Serbian dynasty. His eldest sonAlexanderconverted toIslamunder the name Iskender, and died as governor ofSmyrnain 1418, while his second sonFruzhinparticipated in revolts and campaigns against the Ottomans, trying to liberate his father's realm, and died inHungaryafter 1444.[68]It has been speculated by historians, such as Plamen Pavlov, thatPatriarch Joseph II of Constantinoplewas an illegitimate son of Ivan Shishman. The claim is based on a Byzantine text which says "They said that he [Jozeph II] was an illegitimate son of the emperor Shishman."[69]
Shishman married to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Michael Shishman (r. 1323–1330)married to 1.Anna Neda2.Theodora Palaiologina | Belaur | Keratsa Petritsa,married to despot Sratsimir | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.Ivan Stephen (r. 1330–1331) | 1.Shishman | 1. Michael, married to unknown | 1. Ludovik | 2. Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ivan Alexander (r. 1331–1371)married to 1.Theodora Besarab2.Sarah-Theodora | John Komnenos Asenmarried to 1. Unknown2. Anna Palaiologina | Michael married to unknown | Helena married toStefan Dushan(r. 1331–1355) | Theodora | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alexander Komnenos Asen,Xenia Ivanina Komnena | Shishman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.Michael IV Asenmarried to Irina Palaiologina | 1.Ivan Sratsimir (r. 1356–1396)married to Anna | 1.Ivan Asen IV | 1.Kera Tamaramarried to ConstantineMurad I(r. 1362–1389) | 2.Keratsa-Mariamarried toAndronikos IV Palaiologos(r. 1376–1379) | 2.Ivan Shishman (r. 1371–1395)married to 1.Kira Maria2. Dragana | 2.Ivan Asen V | 2.Desislava | 2. Vasilisa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Constantine II (r. 1397–1422) | Dorotheamarried toTvrtko I(r. 1353–1391) | Unknown daughter | John VII Palaiologos(r. 1390) | 2 unknown daughters | Alexander | Fruzhinmarried to unknown | Keratsa | 4 unknown;Patriarch Joseph IIpossible illegitimate son | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shishman | 2 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Timeline
[edit]- 1350 or 1351 – Ivan Shishman was born
- By 1355 – Proclaimed heir to the throne and co-emperor
- 17 February 1371 – Succeeds his father as Emperor of Bulgaria in Tarnovo
- 1373 – Becomes Ottoman vassal in return for some previously conquered lands
- 1378 – Issues the Rila Charter
- 1385 – Fall of Sofia
- 1384 to 1386 – War against Wallachia
- 1388 – The Ottomans invade eastern Bulgaria and conquer a number of towns
- 17 July 1393 – Fall of Tarnovo
- 3 June 1395 – The Ottomans capture Nikopol and Ivan Shishman is executed
Footnotes
[edit]Notes
[edit]^a:The exact year of the fall of Sofia is uncertain. Some modern historians suggest 1382 while others – 1385.[70]
^b:The numbers designate which wife each child was born to.
^c:The people who participated in theBulgarian National Revivalduring the Ottoman rule were called enlighteners.
Citations
[edit]- ^abcdАндреев & Лалков 1996,p. 281
- ^abFine 1987,p. 366
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,pp. 612–613
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 612
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,p. 292
- ^Златарски 2005,pp. 144–148
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,pp. 281–282
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 614
- ^Делев 1996
- ^abcАндреев & Лалков 1996,p. 282
- ^Fine 1987,p. 367
- ^Fine 1987,p. 368
- ^Иречек 1978,p. 387
- ^abcАндреев & Лалков 1996,p. 283
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 651
- ^Fine 1987,pp. 378–379
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 655
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,pp. 655–656
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 656
- ^abcFine 1987,p. 407
- ^Bogdan 1966,p. 266
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 662
- ^Иречек 1978,p. 391
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,pp. 283–284
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,pp. 662–663
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,p. 284
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 663
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,pp. 284–285
- ^Fine 1987,p. 422
- ^abАндреев & Лалков 1996,p. 285
- ^Иречек 1978,p. 396
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 665
- ^abАндреев & Лалков 1996,p. 286
- ^abБожилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 666
- ^Иречек 1978,pp. 399–400
- ^Матеев, Михаил (4 April 2002)."Рилски хрисовул"[Rila Charter] (in Bulgarian). Archived fromthe originalon 29 May 2007.Retrieved28 July2011.
- ^Kǎnev, Petǎr (2002)."Religion in Bulgaria after 1989".South-East Europe Review(1): 81. Archived fromthe originalon 29 July 2012.Retrieved29 July2011.
- ^abcdFine 1987,p. 442
- ^abМиновски, Валентин (15 June 2008)."Патриаршески манастир" Света Троица ", известен още като Асенов или Шишманов манастир"[Patiarchal Monastery of the Holy Trinity, also known as Asen's or Shishman's Monastery] (in Bulgarian). Двери на Православието.Retrieved28 July2011.
- ^Kay, Annie (2008).Bulgaria: The Bradt Travel Guide.Bradt Travel Guides. p. 169.ISBN978-1-84162-155-5.
- ^abFine 1987,p. 443
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 621
- ^Fine 1987,p. 439
- ^Kazhdan 1991,pp. 334, 337
- ^Иречек 1978,pp. 398
- ^Fine 1987,pp. 443–444
- ^Fine 1987,p. 444
- ^Fine 1987,pp. 367–368
- ^Божилов & Гюзелев 1999,p. 654
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,pp. 288–291
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,p. 288
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,pp. 288–289
- ^Иречек 1978,p. 402
- ^Георгиева & Генчев 1999,p. 250
- ^Георгиева & Генчев 1999,p. 254
- ^""Tzar Ivan Shishman" in IMDb movie date base ".IMDb.Retrieved29 July2011.
- ^"Lyrics of" Tsar Ivan Shishman ""(in Bulgarian). Archived fromthe originalon 28 March 2012.Retrieved29 July2011.
- ^Ivanov, L. L. (2009).Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation.ISBN978-954-92032-6-4.
- ^abcАндреев & Лалков 1996,p. 287
- ^abcdДимитрова
- ^abcИречек 1978,p. 401
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,pp. 287–288
- ^abcdКалоянов
- ^Андреев, Йордан; Иван Лазаров; Пламен Павлов (1999).Кой кой е в средновековна България[Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). p. 215.[permanent dead link]
- ^abИречек 1978,p. 400
- ^abАндреев & Лалков 1996,p. 289
- ^Андреев & Лалков 1996,pp. 289–290
- ^Георгиева & Генчев 1999,p. 29
- ^Павлов, Пламен."Щрихи към портрета на Вселенския патриарх Йосиф ІІ"[Remarks to the portrait of the Ecumenical Patriarch Joseph II] (in Bulgarian). Archived fromthe originalon 22 March 2012.Retrieved20 September2011.
- ^Георгиева & Генчев 1999,p. 27
Sources
[edit]References
[edit]- Андреев, Йордан (Jordan Andreev); Лалков, Милчо (Milcho Lalkov) (1996).Българските ханове и царе[The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars] (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Абагар (Abagar).ISBN954-427-216-X.
- Bogdan, Ioan (1966).Contribuţii la istoriografia bulgară şi sârbă în Scrieri alese[Contributions from the Bulgarian and Serbian Historiography in Selected Writings] (in Romanian).Bucharest:Anubis.
- Божилов, Иван (Ivan Bozhilov); Гюзелев, Васил (Vasil Gyuzelev) (1999).История на средновековна България VII-XIV век (History of Medieval Bulgaria 7th–14th Centuries)(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis).ISBN954-426-204-0.
- Делев, Петър (Petar Delev); et al. (1996). "19. България при цар Иван Александър (Bulgaria under Emperor Ivan Alexander)".История и цивилизация за 11 клас[History and Civilization for 11th Grade] (in Bulgarian). Труд, Сирма (Trud, Sirma).ISBN954-439-701-9.Archived fromthe originalon 5 December 2012.
- Fine, J. (1987).The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest.The University of Michigan Press.ISBN0-472-10079-3.
- Георгиева, Цветана (Tsvetana Georgieva); Генчев, Николай (Nikolay Genchev) (1999).История на България XV-XIX век (History of Bulgaria 15th-19th Centuries)(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis).ISBN954-426-205-9.
- Kazhdan, A.; et al. (1991). "Volume I".The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.New York,Oxford:Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-504652-8.
- Иречек, Константин (Konstantin Jireček)(1978). "XXIII Завладяване на България от турците (Conquest of Bulgaria by the Turks)". In Петър Петров (Petar Petrov) (ed.).История на българите с поправки и добавки от самия автор (History of the Bulgarians with corrections and additions by the author)(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Издателство Наука и изкуство.
- Златарски, Васил (Vasil Zlatarski)(2005).България през XIV-XV век (Bulgaria during the 14th and 15th Centuries)(in Bulgarian). Изток–Запад (Anubis).ISBN954-321-172-8.
External links
[edit]- Mladjov, Ian."Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers"(PDF).Retrieved14 April2011.
- Димитрова, Цветелина."Предания за гибелта на цар Иван Шишман в самоковско в контекста на средновековната владетелска идеология и книжнина (Legends about the Death of Emperor Ivan Shishman in the Area of Samokov in the Context of the Medieval Ruler's Ideology and Literature)"(in Bulgarian).Retrieved14 April2011.
- Калоянов, Анчо (1994)."Българските народни песни за цар Иван Шишман (The Bulgarian Folklore Songs about Emperor Ivan Shishman)".Публикация в сб. "Алманах VI клас"(in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Слово.Retrieved19 May2011.
- Огнянова, Елена (1984)."Легенди – Урвичката крепост край София (Legends – The Urvich Fortress near Sofia)".Достигнало до нас. Предания и легенди(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): издателство "Отечество". Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2010.Retrieved14 April2011.
- Brothers – Marko and Shishman,Dusko Lopandic, No 3122, 2011.(in Serbian)
- Who was Duke Momcilo?,Dusko Lopandic, No 3114, 2011(in Serbian)
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