Iyo dialect
| Iyo dialect | |
|---|---|
| Iyo-ben | |
| Native to | Japan |
| Region | Ehime |
Japonic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | iyob1237 |
| IETF | ja-u-sd-jp38 |
TheIyo dialect(Y dư biện,Iyo-ben)ofJapaneseis spoken by people fromEhime PrefectureinJapan.The name is a remnant of the Ehime area's historical name,Iyo Province.
Accents vary somewhat by geography within the prefecture. The southern area is particularly influenced by theKyūshū dialect,while the central and eastern districts have accents similar toKansai dialect.
Characteristics
[edit]The Iyo dialect has numerous characteristics that differentiate it from standard Japanese grammar.
- ya(や) replacesda(だ) as the casualcopula
- ken(けん) replaceskara(から) as in "because"
- yaken(やけん) is used instead ofdakara(だから)
- oru(おる) replacesiru(いる) as the verb "to be" for animate objects
- This leads to two alternate conjugations of the continuative form (～ている-te iru):
- -toru(～とる) is a contraction of-te oru
- V-stem +-yoru(～よる) is a slurring oforu
- Example:"What are you doing?" ( hà してるの?nani shiteru no?in standard Japanese) becomes either
- nani shitoru no?( hà しとるの? ) or
- nani shiyoru no?( hà しよるの? )
- n(ん) as a contraction of sentence-finalno(の)
- Example:The second "What are you doing?" above,nani shiyoru no?is often contracted tonani shiyon?( hà しよん? ) ornani shon?( hà しょん? )
- yaandwai(わい) can be emphatic sentence-final particles, likeyo(よ)
- Negative potential forms ( "can'tX") are sometimes expressed asyō+ V-neg. (yōis anonbinof lương くyoku,so literally, "not wellXed ")
- Example:"Can't do" (できないdekinaiin standard Japanese) becomesyō sen(ようせん )
- "Can't go" ( hành けないikenaiin standard Japanese) becomesyō ikan( よう hành かん)
- Especially among the elderly,kogai(こがい),sogai(そがい), anddogai(どがい) are used for "this (kind of~)", "that (kind of~)", and "which (kind of~)", respectively (konnaこんな,sonnaそんな,donnaどんな in standard Japanese).
- zonamoshi(ぞなもし) is the most famous sentence-final particle of Iyo dialect due to being used inBotchan,a famous novel byNatsume Sōseki,but the usage is now obsolete.
Regional variations
[edit]These patterns are found mostly in the Nanyo (southern) region:
- ga(が) replacesno(の) in some contexts:
- "Explanatory/inquisitiveno"—" What are you doing? "( hà してるの?nani shiteru no?in standard Japanese) becomesnani shiteru ga?( hà してるが? )
- In combination with the alternate form of the continuative mentioned above, this is usually rendered asnani shiyoru ga?( hà しよるが? )
- "Although-noni"(～のに) —" But that's what you said! "(そう ngôn ったのに!sō itta noni!in standard Japanese) becomessō itta gani!(そう ngôn ったがに! )
- Especially inYawatahama,-teya(てや) is an emphatic suffix, usually seen insōteya(そうてや), which is equivalent tosōdayo(そうだよ)
- This is thought to be a contraction along the lines ofsō ya to itta ya→sō yatte ya→sōteya
Vocabulary
[edit]Some of the vocabulary in the dialect is readily understandable by speakers of standard Japanese, but many items are so different as to cause significant confusion. An example often proffered by locals iskakuかく, "to move/carry". For instance, it might be used in the context of a classroom— "Move your desk" ( cơ をかいてtsukue o kaite). This would be incomprehensible to a non-local; a speaker of standard Japanese would interpret this as either "draw a desk" or "scratch your desk".
| Iyo dialect | Standard Japanese | English |
|---|---|---|
| いぬ (inu) | Khứ る | to go away |
| かく (kaku) | Đam ぐ | to carry/to shoulder |
| おらぶ (orabu) | Khiếu ぶ | to shout |
| Hành きし | Hành く đồ trung | currently going/en route |
| Quy りし | Quy る đồ trung | currently returning |
| Quy ってこーわい | Quy ります | to go back/go home |
| Hành ってこーわい | Hành ってきます | "I'm leaving" |
| かまん (kaman) | Lương い/ cấu わない | good |
| もげる(mogeru) | はずれる (hazureru) | to be disconnected |
| つい (tsui) | Đồng じ/いっしょ (issho) | the same |
| たいぎぃ (taigii) | しんどい/ diện đảo くさい (shindoi) | tiring/bothersome |
| ぬくい (nukui) | あたたかい (atatakai) | warm, mild |
| むぐ (mugu) | むく (muku) | to peel, to skin |
References
[edit]- Takao Kitō, Atsushi Shimizu (2002). Kyō no Iyo-ben: Iyo gogaku no tame ni. Aoba tosho Publishing.ISBN4-900024-59-7
External links
[edit]- IkataWiki: Iyo dialect- Analysis of Iyo dialect grammar
- Iyo dialect dictionary(Japanese)
- Vocabulary list(Japanese)