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Izmail

Coordinates:45°21′6″N28°50′11″E/ 45.35167°N 28.83639°E/45.35167; 28.83639
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For the class of Russian warships, seeIzmail-class battlecruiser.
Izmail
Ізмаїл
City
Russian Orthodox Intercession Cathedral
School No. 2
Lesser Mosque
Russian Orthodox Dormition Church
Military hospital
Railway station
From top, left to right: Intercession Cathedral, School No. 2, Lesser Mosque, Dormition Church, military hospital, railway station
Flag of Izmail
Flag
Coat of arms of Izmail
Coat of arms
Motto(s):
Faith, Freedom, Victory
Izmail is located in Odesa Oblast
Izmail
Izmail
Izmail is located in Ukraine
Izmail
Izmail
Coordinates:45°21′6″N28°50′11″E/ 45.35167°N 28.83639°E/45.35167; 28.83639
CountryUkraine
OblastOdesa Oblast
RaionIzmail Raion
HromadaIzmail urban hromada
Established1589[1]
City status1830
Area
• Total54 km2(21 sq mi)
Elevation
28 m (92 ft)
Population
(2021)[2]
• Total69,932
• Density1,300/km2(3,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
Postal code
68600-68633
Area code+380 4841
ClimateCfa
Websiteizmail-rada.gov.ua

Izmail(Ukrainian:Ізмаїл,pronounced[izmɐˈjil]ⓘ;Russian:Измаил;Romanian:Ismail,SmilorSmeilu;Bulgarian:Исмаил), is acityandmunicipalityon theDanuberiver inOdesa Oblastin south-westernUkraine.It serves as the administrative center ofIzmail Raion,one of seven districts of Odesa Oblast, and is the only locality which constitutesIzmail urban hromada,one of thehromadasof Ukraine.[3]

In Russian historiography, Izmail is associated with the 18th centurystorming of the Ottoman fortress of Izmailby Russian generalAlexander Suvorov.It was the capital ofIzmail Oblast,but it is no longer, asIzmail OblastjoinedOdesa Oblastin 1954.

It is the largest Ukrainianportin theDanube Delta,on itsChilia branch.It is also the largest city of the Ukrainian Budjak area. As such, Izmail is a center of thefood processingindustry and a popular regionaltourist destination.It is also a base of theUkrainian Navyand theUkrainian Sea Guardunits operating on the river. TheWorld Wildlife Fund'sIsles of Izmail Regional Landscape Parkis located nearby. Population:69,932 (2022 estimate).[2]

History

[edit]

The fortress of Izmail, then known asLicovrissi,was built byGenoesemerchants in the 12th century. It belonged for a short period of time toWallachia(14th century) – as the territory north of the Danube was one of the possessions of theBasarabs(later the land being named after them,Bessarabia). The town was first mentioned with the nameIsmailiye,derived from the name of theOttomangrand vizierAyaşlı Ismail Pasha.The city was founded by a decree of SultanMurad III,with a deed where he made the land around the crossing point, property ofHabeshi Mehmed Aghawhich was the head of his harem.[4]The city that Mehmed Agha founded was called after himMehmedabadand in its significance it was even compared toBaghdad- although the scale, of course, is not the same.

From the end of the 14th century, Izmail was under the rule ofMoldavia.In 1484, the Ottoman state conquered the territory, which became from that moment an Ottoman protectorate (under direct rule from 1538). Since the early 16th century it was the main Ottoman fortress in theBudjakregion. In 1569SultanSelim IIsettled Izmail with hisNogaisubjects, originally from theNorth Caucasus.

The 1790 siege of Izmail;
bySamuil Schiflar[ru].

AfterRussiangeneralNicholas Repnintook the fortress of Izmail in 1770, it was heavily refortified by the Turks, so as never to be captured again. The Sultan boasted that the fortress was impregnable, but during theRusso-Turkish War of 1787–1792theRussian ArmycommanderAlexander Suvorovsuccessfully stormed it on 22 December 1790.Ottoman forces inside the fortress had the orders to stand their ground to the end, haughtily declining the Russianultimatum.The defeat was seen as a catastrophe in the Ottoman Empire, while in Russia it was glorified in the country's firstnational anthem,Let the thunder of victory sound!.

Suvorov "announced the capture of Ismail in 1791 to theTsarina Catherinein adoggerelcouplet, after the assault had been pressed from house to house, room to room, and nearly every Muslim man, woman and child in the city had been killed in three days of uncontrolled massacre, 40,000 Turks dead, a few hundred taken into captivity. For all his bluffness, Suvorov later told anEnglishtraveler that when the massacre was over he went back to his tent and wept. "[5]

At the end of the war, Izmail was returned to the Ottoman Empire, but Russian forces took it for the third time on 14 September 1809. After it was ceded to Russia with the rest ofBessarabiaby the 1812Treaty of Bucharest,the town was rebuilt thoroughly. The Intercession Cathedral (1822–36), the churches of Nativity (1823),St. Nicholas(1833) and several others date back to that time. Izmail's oldest building is the small Turkishmosque,erected either in the 15th or 16th centuries, converted into a church in 1810[6]and currently housing a museum dedicated to the 1790 storm of Izmail.

The entrance to the territory of the Izmail Fortress
Suvorov Museum, Izmail
Small Mosque in Izmail
Port of Izmail
Danube River
Izmail city garden

After Russia lost theCrimean War,the town returned to thePrincipality of Moldavia,which would soon become part of theRomanian Principalities.Russia gained control of Izmail again after theRusso-Turkish War of 1877–1878.With the breakup of theRussian Empirein 1917 and in the aftermath ofWorld War I,the city was occupied by theRomanian Armyon 22 January 1918, after a skirmish with troops of the Danube flotilla. Later that year, theSfatul ȚăriiofChișinău,which claimed to be the representative of the whole ofBessarabia,voted to formallyunite the region with Romania.This union was recognized by the United Kingdom, France and Italy in theTreaty of Paris,but not by theSoviet Unionwhich had territorial claims over Bessarabia.

In 1940, and again duringWorld War II,it was occupied by the SovietRed Armyand included (August 1940, as a result ofMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact) in theUkrainian SSR;the region was occupied in 1941 by theRomanian Armyparticipating inOperation Barbarossa.During theSoviet periodfollowingWorld War II,manyRussiansandUkrainiansmigrated to the town, gradually changing its ethnic composition.[citation needed]Izmail Oblastwas formed in 1940 and the town remained its administrative center until the oblast was merged toOdesa Oblastin 1954. Since 24 August 1991, Izmail has been part of independentUkraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Izmail was incorporated as acity of oblast significanceand served as the administrative center of Izmail Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven, the city of Izmail was merged into Izmail Raion.[7][8]

The monument to Alexander Suvorov in Izmail's city centre was placed in temporary storage on 12 November 2022, until city deputies decide where it will be kept permanently.[9]

Geography

[edit]
Danube Delta

Location

[edit]

The city is located in theDanube Deltaon the right-bank of itsChilia branch.On the opposite side of the river belongs toRomania.The city is surrounded by several lakes among which areYalpuh,Kuhurluy,Kotlabuhand many smaller ones.

The city is located in area known as theBudjak steppewhich is a southern portion ofBessarabia.The opposite bank of Danube elevates as theTulcea Hills.

Climate

[edit]

Under theKöppen climate classification,Izmail falls within either ahot-summer humid continental climate(Dfa) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used or ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Izmail experiences four distinct seasons and generous precipitation year-round, typical for the inlandSouth.Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures somewhat moderated by the city's elevation[dubious–discuss].Winters are cool but variable, with an average of 48 freezing days per year.

Climate data for Izmail (1991–2020, extremes 1886–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		31.2
(88.2) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.7
(98.1) 		40.7
(105.3) 		39.1
(102.4) 		35.9
(96.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		19.9
(67.8) 		40.7
(105.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		17.5
(63.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		17.0
(62.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		1.2
(34.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		11.7
(53.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		5.8
(42.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		7.3
(45.1) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F) −25.4
(−13.7) 		−24.1
(−11.4) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		−20.8
(−5.4) 		−25.4
(−13.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 28.6
(1.13) 		28.4
(1.12) 		33.3
(1.31) 		33.2
(1.31) 		39.5
(1.56) 		59.3
(2.33) 		44.0
(1.73) 		34.4
(1.35) 		40.9
(1.61) 		31.5
(1.24) 		34.9
(1.37) 		36.2
(1.43) 		444.2
(17.49)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 5.7 6.6 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.9 5.2 6.0 64.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 81.1 73.5 70.8 67.2 61.7 60.9 58.9 60.7 70.5 74.1 81.7 79.1 70.0
Mean monthlysunshine hours 83.2 107.2 151.6 199.5 283.4 298.6 324.5 299.3 230.4 174.2 94.8 77.4 2,324.1
Source 1: Pogoda.ru[10]
Source 2:World Meteorological Organization(precipitation, humidity, and sun 1981–2010)[11]

Demographics

[edit]

Before 1920, the population of Izmail was estimated at 37,000. During that time, approximately 11,000 of the population wereJewish,8,000Romaniansand 6,000Germans.Additional members of the population were Russians,Bulgarians,Turks andCossacks.[12]

The city of Izmail, the largest city of Ukrainian southern Bessarabia, which was also the same as theIzmail urban hromada,had 85,098 inhabitants in 2001, including 32,500 who identified themselves as ethnic Ukrainians (38.2%), 37,166 as ethnic Russians (43.67%), 8,609 as Bulgarians (10.1%), 3,670 asMoldovans(4.31%), 788 as Gagauz (2.42%) and 31 as Romanians (0.04%).[15]In 2001, the population of the city of Izmail included 15,353 Ukrainian-speakers (18.04%), 1,538 Romanian-speakers (1.81%), 3,898 Bulgarian-speakers (4.58%), 63,180 Russian-speakers (74.24%), and 327 Gagauz-speakers (0.38%). Most ethnic Moldovans, Ukrainians, Bulgarians and Gagauz in the city were Russian-speakers in 2001.[16]Izmail Raion,in its boundaries at that time, and excluding the city of Izmail, had 54,692 inhabitants in 2001, including 15,798 who identified themselves as ethnic Ukrainians (28.89%), 15,083 as Moldovans (27.58%), 14,072 as Bulgarians (25.73%), 8,870 as Russians (16.22%), 230 as Gagauz (0.42%) and 34 as Romanians (0.06%).[17]Izmail Raion,within its boundaries at that time, had 54,692 inhabitants in 2001, including 26.34% Ukrainian-speakers, 26.21% Romanian-speakers, 21.56% Russian-speakers, 24.88% Bulgarian-speaking and 0.26% Gagauz-speaking.[18][19]The population also consists of many other nationalities: Greeks, Jews, Armenians, etc. - 75 nationalities in total.

Notable people

[edit]
[edit]
  • Immaculate Conception church in Izmail
    Immaculate Conception church in Izmail
  • Old lycaeum building
    Old lycaeum building
  • Old-believers St. Nicholas church
    Old-believers St. Nicholas church
  • Old dwelling house
    Old dwelling house
  • Tulchianov House
    Tulchianov House
  • Old hospital
    Old hospital
  • Sailors' inn
    Sailors' inn
  • Old city hall building
    Old city hall building
  • Eparchial office building
    Eparchial office building
  • Old trade gallery
    Old trade gallery
  • Shevchenko palace of culture
    Shevchenko palace of culture

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Українські та нідерландські вчені вивчатимуть ранню історію Ізмаїла на півдні Одещини
  2. ^abЧисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022[Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022](PDF)(in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv:State Statistics Service of Ukraine.Archived(PDF)from the original on 4 July 2022.
  3. ^"Измаильская городская громада"(in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
  4. ^NEW BOOK ANNOUNCEMENT: OTTOMAN CITY OF IZMAIL (Ismail) ON THE DANUBE.networks.h-net.org. 16 January 2020
  5. ^J. Goodwin,Lords of the Horizons,p. 244, 1998, Henry Holt and Company,ISBN0-8050-6342-0
  6. ^Весніна, Олена (15 June 2018).""Измаил для нас всегда был и будет священным местом": Генконсул Греции в Одессе посетила столицу Придунавья ".Бессарабия ИНФОРМ(in Ukrainian).Retrieved7 December2023.
  7. ^"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ".Голос України(in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020.Retrieved3 October2020.
  8. ^"Нові райони: карти + склад"(in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
  9. ^"The monument to Suvorov from the center of Ishmael will be removed".Ukrayinska Pravda(in Ukrainian). 12 November 2022.Retrieved12 November2022.
  10. ^Погода и Климат – Климат Измаил[Weather and Climate – The Climate of Izmail] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат).Retrieved29 October2021.
  11. ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010".World Meteorological Organization. Archived fromthe originalon 17 July 2021.Retrieved17 July2021.
  12. ^Kaba, John (1919).Politico-economic Review of Basarabia.United States: American Relief Administration. p. 16.
  13. ^"О городе. История Измаила. Краткая информация о Измаиле. - Интернет Портал города Измаил".izmail-city.org(in Russian).Retrieved7 November2017.
  14. ^Государственный комитет статистики Украины. Сборник: Численность наличного населения Украины на 1 января 2011. Киев 2011. Ответственная за выпуск Тимошенко Г. В. (doc)Archived2012-10-10 at theWayback Machine
  15. ^The Ukrainian census of 2001, ethnicity/nationality data by localities, athttp://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  16. ^"Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України".
  17. ^The Ukrainian census of 2001, ethnicity/nationality data by localities, athttp://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  18. ^"Мовний склад районів".
  19. ^"Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України".
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