Jack Lawson

For the TV character, seeJack Lawson (Blue Heelers).

The Right Honourable The Lord Lawson PC
Secretary of State for War
In office 3 August 1945 – 4 October 1946
Monarch	George VI
Prime Minister	Clement Attlee
Preceded by	Sir P. J. Grigg
Succeeded by	Frederick Bellenger
Financial Secretary to the War Office
In office 23 January 1924 – 11 November 1924
Prime Minister	Ramsay MacDonald
Preceded by	Rupert Gwynne
Succeeded by	Douglas King
Member of Parliament forChester-le-Street
In office 13 November 1919 – 19 December 1949
Preceded by	John Wilkinson Taylor
Succeeded by	Patrick Bartley
Personal details
Born	(1881-10-16)16 October 1881 Whitehaven,Cumberland
Died	3 August 1965(1965-08-03)(aged 83)
Nationality	British
Political party	Labour
Alma mater	Ruskin College, Oxford

John James Lawson, 1st Baron Lawson,PC(16 October 1881 – 3 August 1965) was a British trade unionist and aLabour Partypolitician. Aminerand later Member of Parliament in County Durham, he served in the governments ofRamsay MacDonaldandClement Attlee.In 1950 he was ennobled as Baron Lawson, ofBeamishin theCounty of Durham,and is sometimes referred to asLord Lawson of Beamish.

Background

Lawson was born in the port town ofWhitehaven,Cumberland,and grew up in the nearby village ofKells.His father John Lawson was a sailor and miner who had begun working in a colliery by the age of nine, sailed round the world by eleven, and later served in theRoyal Naval Reserve.His mother, Lisbeth Savage, was a strict disciplinarian. Both parents were illiterate and the family lived in extremes of poverty common at the time. At the age of three, Lawson was sent to the localNational School,Glass House School. Here, he learned to read, developing an avid interest in popular fiction as a boy, and moving on to literary fiction and poetry in later years. When he was six his family moved to the village ofFlimby,near the towns ofMaryportandWorkington.The family now included ten children: five boys and five girls. Two of his elder brothers worked with his father at the local colliery and the family was no longer on the breadline. A year later, they moved toCounty Durham,where the working members were employed atBoldon Colliery.The family joined theCo-operativeSociety, and were committed trade unionists, active in the Durham miners' strike of 1892. Outside of school, Jack Lawson's time was consumed with chores and he often looked after his youngest brother, Will, born in 1890.

Lawson eagerly began work in the colliery the day after he turned twelve. He started as a trapper, opening and shutting doors for the drivers, working a ten-hour day. He was paid ten pence per day, and his life greatly improved – he was treated as an adult now. After a few months he became a driver, with his own pony. After a couple more years, he began off-hand work, braking inclines and attending to the signalling bells. He began attending union meetings, including the annualDurham Miners' Gala,where in later years he met the likes ofWill Crooks,Ellen Wilkinson,Ernest BevinandGeorge Lansbury.At eighteen he became a putter and began speaking and working for the union. With five members of the family now working at the colliery, the Lawsons had a higher status and moved into a house closer to the pit, with a front room. Throughout this period he gambled frequently and read a lot: Eventually, reading won over gambling. He had read nothing of economics or politics yet, but had developed a strong sense of injustice, firmly believing that manual workers were under-paid and under-valued. These ideas generally seemed strange to his colleagues and family and he kept them to himself. He joined theMethodistSociety, and found his ideas more accepted there. Through reading theLabour LeaderandThe Clarion,Lawson realised he was a socialist. At the age of 21 he met Isabella Graham Scott, a domestic servant fromSunderlandwho was staying with friends at Boldon.They were married in February 1906.

Trade Unionist

In 1904, Lawson joined the newly founded branch of theIndependent Labour Partyat Boldon. He was invited to be a speaker, but initially refused, unsure of his own ability. He discovered a socialist bookshop inNewcastle,where he met many like-minded people, and read books on economics and society, including those ofThomas CarlyleandJohn Ruskin.He became a hewer that year, working at the coal-face, and within a few months was elected as an assistantcheckweighman.He had no ambition for work beyond being a hewer, but he did want to continue his education. He began teaching boys who worked at the colliery and then helped to set up a school for adults in two disused colliery houses.

In 1905 Lawson became an active speaker for the ILP, expounding socialism and theLabour Representation Committeeto the miners of Durham, who had traditionally supported theLiberal Party.Later that year, Lawson joined a correspondence class withRuskin College, Oxford.The following spring, Lawson received a letter from the college offering him six months' scholarship if he could find the money to pay for the other six months. This was a significant expense that would be compounded by living costs, and as Lawson was determined that he would only ever work as a miner there was no obvious advantage to university study. CanonWilliam Moore Ede,a county councillor and laterDeanofWorcester,convinced him to go and helped raise some of the fees; Lawson and his wife sold their furniture and saved what they could, and the rest was paid by his parents. His wife moved toOxfordwith him, finding work and accommodation as a servant in a series of homes. Amongst his tutors,Hastings Lees-Smith,the vice-principal of Ruskin and a lecturer on economics, had a particular influence on Lawson.

At the end of the year, Lawson was offered a further six months scholarship on the same terms, and after working at Boldon over the winter to raise the money he began his second year of study in February 1908. Halfway through that year, he was told that the College Council had decided to extend his scholarship to cover the rest of the full year. It was suggested he should enterManchester College, Oxford,to study for a degree. He was grateful but refused, not wanting a professional career; three months later, he returned to Boldon. He became well known around the county, as a speaker for both the ILP and the union. He was a negotiator for his union lodge and a delegate to the Miner's Council at Durham.

In 1909, he was invited by the union to run for DurhamCounty Council,but he was not yet on the electoral register and was ineligible to stand.Pete Curran,Labour Member of Parliament (MP) forJarrow,had made Lawson his election agent: this was unpaid, hard work, and consumed all of Lawson's spare time during campaigns, as he travelled to and around Jarrow division. Curran was hit by ill health in theJanuary 1910 general electionand had trouble campaigning. He lost by less than 100 votes and died within a week. The Lawson's first daughter, Irene, was born later that year. Whilst campaigning in thegeneral election in December,Lawson was asked by friends inChester-le-Streetto stand for the position of checkweighman at Alma Colliery. Elected and paid by hewers, as a checkweighman he would be responsible for ensuring miners received the full amount due for the coal they dug and would act as their legal representative. Lawson was reluctant to leave manual work, but allowed his name to go forward. Labour lost Jarrow again; at the same time, the miners at Alma, elected him almost unanimously.

Member of Parliament

Two years after moving there, Lawson was elected to the County Council for the Chester-le-Street division. He wrote a pamphlet campaigning for minimum wage for miners and was a leading figure in Durham during the miners' strike of 1912 on this issue. He and his wife had a second daughter, Edna, while his brother Will, whom he had tutored, took a diploma in Economics and Political Science at Ruskin. In 1913 he was a delegate to the Miner's International inCarlsbad.Journeying throughLeipzigandDresden,he saw the growing Prussian army, and once in the Balkans witnessed some of the troubles that would spark thefirst World War.When war broke out in 1914, Will Lawson became an officer in theDurham Light Infantry.Jack Lawson followed his example, volunteering for service; experienced with horses, he was assigned as a driver with theRoyal Field Artillery,serving in France. Another brother, Tom, joined theBorder Regiment.Will Lawson was sent to Ypres in January 1915, and died in battle thirteen months later.

Following the end of the war, Jack Lawson was granted temporary leave to contest theSeaham division of Durhamin the1918 general election;he campaigned againstwar reparationsand won only a third of the votes against a coalition candidate. After that he was sent toClipstonein Derbyshire, where he was demobbed. Returning to work at Alma Colliery and as a county councillor, he started to have health problems and was sick during the council elections the following year. The Labour Party, which entered the election with around a dozen out of one hundred councillors, won control of the council.

Later in 1919,John Taylor,Labour MP forChester-le-Streetsince1906and a friend of Lawson's, resigned his seat due to ill health. Though reluctant to risk leaving Durham and the colliery for London and Parliament, Lawson was persuaded to stand for Labour in the by-election. He was sponsored by the Durham Miner's Association and won with a majority of eleven thousand, entering theHouse of Commonsin November 1919.

Ramsay MacDonaldappointed Lawson asFinancial Secretary to the War Officein the1924 Labour government.He worked alongsideClement Attlee,and the two came to enjoy a very firm friendship and mutual admiration. Both felt odd, controlling generals they'd served under a few years before, but the generals liked them, considering them less idle than their predecessors. He served as Parliamentary Secretary to theMinistry of Labourin the1929 Labour government,but refused MacDonald's invitation to join theNational Governmentfollowing the split in 1931.

The1931 general electionwas disastrous for Labour, and Lawson was one of only two Durham Labour MPs to keep their seats, out of seventeen who won there in the1929 election.During the 1930s, Lawson supplemented his income as an MP by writing. He published his autobiography,A Man's Life,in 1932, intended as a record of the family life of miners. He followed this with a novel about miners,Under the Wheels,and biographies ofPeter LeeandHerbert Smith.He also wrote for newspapers and periodicals.

Elder Statesman

When Attlee became leader of the Labour Party in 1935, he created a new Defence Committee for the party, appointing Lawson along withA. V. AlexanderandManny Shinwell.In April 1936, Lawson wrote a column in theSunday Suncriticising the National Government's policy ofappeasement:Entitled "Watch Winston", it predicted the government's policy of appeasement would result in war, and thatWinston Churchill,at that time a marginal figure, would return to become Prime Minister. In April 1939, during the build-up to theSecond World War,SirJohn Anderson,the Home Secretary, appointed Lawson as Deputy Commissioner for Civil Defence in the Northern Region. This region covered Durham,Northumberlandand theNorth Riding;Lawson oversaw preparations for aerial bombardment and possible invasion, and the organisation of shelter and relief when bombing began. Lawson later refused the offer of a position in government to continue his work in civil defence. His third daughter, Alma, was a gunner in theATS;his son Clive, born in 1932, was killed by a bomb in 1942.

With Labour's victory in thegeneral election of July 1945,Lawson was appointedSecretary of State for War,with a seat in Attlee's Cabinet. During the closing months of the war, he travelled thousands of miles, visiting troops in India and the Far East, and speaking at military functions and mass meetings. His refusal to stick to the scheduled, whitewashed routes on official visits, insistence on seeing everything for himself, and willingness to stop and listen to everyone he met, made him unpopular with senior officers. However, he was very popular with soldiers, who were glad that one of their own was now in the War Office. Lawson oversaw planning for post-war operations, including the occupation of Germany, and for the mass demobilisation, ensuring it happened quickly and smoothly. He also served as one of Attlee's key allies in the Cabinet, particularly during early conflicts withHerbert Morrison.However, from the summer of 1946, Lawson found his job increasingly difficult: he suffered severe health problems and had to go into hospital, retiring from the front bench in October.Alan Brookethe wartime Army CIGS found Lawson charming and a religious man of high principles; but hehad not the faintest ideaof what his job required, and did not read papers sent to him.

In 1949, on Attlee's recommendation, the King appointed Jack Lawson asLord Lieutenant of Durham.He resigned from parliament in December 1949 on appointment as vice-chairman of theNational Parks Commission,he was made a hereditary peer asBaron Lawson,ofBeamishin the County of Durham, in March 1950.

Whitehall, March 21, 1950.

The KING has been pleased, by Letters Patent
under the Great Seal of the Realm, bearing date the
17th instant, to confer the dignity of a Barony of
the United Kingdom upon The Right Honourable
John James Lawson, and the heirs male of his body
lawfully begotten, by the name, style and title of

BARON LAWSON, of Beamish in the County of Durham.

The extract fromThe London Gazette,TUESDAY, 21 MARCH, 1950.

Lords Lieutenant are unpaid, and Lawson, one of the first working-class men to hold such a position, receivedincome support.He attended theHouse of Lordsbut did not take a front-bench position. Still a close friend of Attlee, he provided moral support during struggle to hold the Labour Party together during the 1950s. His protégé,Sam Watson,became General Secretary of the Durham Miners and one of the most influential trade unionists in the party.

Lawson's grave in St Paul's Churchyard,West Pelton

Lawson retired as Lord Lieutenant in 1958 and died in 1965, at the age of 83. His hereditary peerage became extinct on his death.

TheLord Lawson of Beamish Community Schoolis named in his honour. He was for years on friendly terms with the historianSir Arthur Bryant,despite the latter's more right-wing outlook.

Books

• John James Lawson (1944).A man's life.Hodder & Stoughton, 1944

His personal papers, including correspondace political, official, and personal, including a file of constituency correspondence for 1926–7, appointments diaries, journals, accounts and recollections by Lawson of politicians, politics, and travels abroad on official missions, fragments of an autobiography continuingA man's life,drafts of publications, speeches, broadcasts, sermon notes, cuttings and photographs - are held at the Durham University Library, Archives and Special Collections. Related collections also can be found at Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College, London: Bryant Papers D/4, letters from Jack Lawson, early 1940s. Little of significance seems to have survived, however, from his periods of ministerial office.

External links

• Media related toJohn James Lawson, 1st Baron Lawsonat Wikimedia Commons
• Hansard1803–2005:contributions in Parliament by Jack Lawson