Jahriyya revolt

Jahriyya revolt (1781) or Salar revolt
Date	1781
Location	Qinghai,Gansu
Result	Qingvictory
Belligerents
Qing Empire,Khafiya(Khufiyya) Sufi Muslims	RebelJahriyyaSufi Muslims
Commanders and leaders
Heshen,Agui,Fuk'anggan,Li Shiyao	Ma Mingxin,Su Sishisan
Strength
Loyalist Khufiyya Sufi Muslim and Gedimu MuslimHuitroops, HanGreen Standard Army,Tibetans, Manchu Mongol and HanEight Banners.	Rebel Jahriyya Sufi MuslimHui,Rebel Jahriyya Sufi MuslimSalars,Santa people,Han Chinese rebels,3,000 from Xunhua

TheJahriyya revolt(Chinese:Tô tứ thập tam khởi nghĩa) of 1781 was a revolt involving sectarian violence between two suborders of theNaqshbandiSufis, theJahriyyaSufi Muslims and their rivals, theKhafiyyaSufi Muslims, led toQingintervention to stop the fighting between the two, which in turn led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the Qing dynasty of China crushed with the help of the Khufiyya (Khafiyya) Sufi Muslims.^[11]^[12]

Due to street fighting and lawsuits between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya Sufi orders, Ma Mingxin was arrested to stop the sectarian violence between the Sufis.^[13]The Jahriyya then tried to violently jailbreak Ma Mingxin which led to his execution and the crushing of the Jahriyya rebels. The Qingused Xinjiang as a place to put deportedJahriyya rebels.^[14]

TheKhufiyyaSufis andGedimujoined together against theJahriyyaSufis whom they fiercely opposed and differed from in practices.^[9]^: 19–20Salar Jahriyyas were among those deported to Xinjiang.^[15]Some Han Chinese joined and fought alongside the Jahriyya Salar Muslim rebels in their revolt.^[9]^: 21Muslim loyalists fought for the Qing.^[16]

Jahriyya followers were also deported to Guizhou and Yunnan.^[17]The Jahriyya were labelled as the "New Teaching".^[18]

Corruption and embezzlement by officials was suggested as a contributing factor to the violence.^[19]

TheDungan Revolt (1895–96)broke out in the same place as the Jahriyya revolt for very similar reasons, sectarian violence^[20]and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve.^[21]

Ma Mingxin's descendant wasMa Yuanzhang.^[22]

In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) toChina properwhere they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou.^[23]In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing trương văn khánh was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu mã tiến lộc were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers.^[24]The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and to become slaves to Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper.^[25]

References

^Michael Dillon (1999).China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects.Psychology Press. p. 122.ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.
^Matthew S. Erie (September 2016).China and Islam.Cambridge University Press. p. 52.ISBN 978-1-107-05337-3.
^Glauco D'Agostino (2013-10-14).La lunga marcia dell'Islam politico.Gangemi Editore Spa. p. 46.ISBN 978-88-492-7725-8.
^Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter.Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 227.
^Dru C. Gladney (1 January 1991).Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic.Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 50.ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 101.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 102.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 108.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^^a ^b ^cArienne M. Dwyer (2007).Salar.Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
^Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (1987).Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987.p. 41.
^Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990).Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture.SUNY Press. p. 76.ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2.
^Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".Modern China.10(3): 285–316.doi:10.1177/009770048401000302.JSTOR 189017.S2CID 143843569.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 107.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^Michael Dillon (16 December 2013).China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects.Taylor & Francis. p. 123.ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8.
^Arienne M. Dwyer (2007).Salar.Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 130.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^Karen G. Turner; James V. Feinerman; R. Kent Guy (1 May 2015).The Limits of the Rule of Law in China.University of Washington Press. p. 123.ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 178.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 96.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".Modern China.10(3): 285–316.doi:10.1177/009770048401000302.JSTOR 189017.S2CID 143843569.
^Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".Modern China.10(3): 285–316.doi:10.1177/009770048401000302.JSTOR 189017.S2CID 143843569.
^Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011).Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China.University of Washington Press. p. 179.ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
^Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).
^Šande thiện đức, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).
^1789 Mongol Code (Ch. Mông  lí  Menggu lüli, Mo. Mongγol čaγaǰin-u bičig ), (Ch.  nam tỉnh, cấp trú phòng  vi , Mo. emün-e-tü muji-dur čölegüljü sergeyilen sakiγči quyaγ-ud-tur boγul bolγ-a ). Mongol Code mông  lệ (Beijing: Lifan yuan, 1789; reprinted Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968), p. 124. Batsukhin Bayarsaikhan, Mongol Code (Mongγol čaγaǰin - u bičig), Monumenta Mongolia IV (Ulaanbaatar: Centre for Mongol Studies, National University of Mongolia, 2004), p. 142.

References

See also