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Jalawla

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Jalawla
گوڵاڵە
Gulale
Town
Jalawla is located in Iraq
Jalawla
Jalawla
Coordinates:34°16′19″N45°10′5″E/ 34.27194°N 45.16806°E/34.27194; 45.16806
CountryIraq(Disputed territories of Northern Iraq)[1]
GovernorateDiyala
DistrictKhanaqin
Population
(2015)[2]
• Total30,000

Jalawla(Arabic:جلولاء,[3]Kurdish:گوڵاڵە,romanized:Gulale[4][5]also known asJalula[6]) is a town inDiyala Governorate,Iraq.It is located on theDiyala River,8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north ofSadiyah.[7]The town is populated byArabs,KurdsandTurkmens.[8]

It experienced significantArabizationduring theSaddam era.The town had a Kurdish majority prior to the Arabization.[8][9]

History

Early history

Jalawla was the center of theSasanianŠāḏ Qobāḏ Province and theKhurasan Roadcrossed the town. The Sasanians ultimately lost control over the town after theBattle of Jalulain 637 to Muslim invaders.[6]

Modern history

Jalawla has been the center town of Jalawla District since its creation with a Republicandecreein 1958. Prior to the decree, Jalawla was part of Saadiya District.[10]Before the launch of theBa'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraqin the 1960s, the town had a Kurdish majority.[9][8][11]In the 1970s, Iraq deported a large portion of the Kurdish population of the town after havingdenaturalizedthem asArabswere encouraged to settle instead, to intensify theArabizationof the town.[12]Of the 28,822 people enumerated in the 1977 census, 77% were Arab, 19.8% were Kurdish and Turkmens constituted 2.5% of the population. In the 1987 census, the Arab population increased to 85.2%, while the Kurdish population decreased to 12.9% and the Turkmen to 1.7%. In the 1997 census, the Arab population stood at 83.7%, the Kurdish at 14.3% and the Turkmen at 1.9%.[13]

Kurdish rebels (Peshmerga) captured the town on 12 March 1991 during theuprisings.[14]ThePeople's Mujahedin of Iranare known to have supported the 1991 Kurdish uprising.[15][16]After the fall ofSaddam Husseinin 2003,Kurdistan Regionpressured Arab settlers inKhanaqinto settle in Jalawla which increased the Arab population further.[12]Moreover, many Kurds returned to the town but left again due to the lack of security.[9]Concurrently, the Arab al-Shuraifi tribe, which had settled in the area in the 1970s, was expelled from both Jalawla andKhanaqinafter direct order from Kurdish politicianJalal Talabani.[17]

ISIS and the aftermath

According to some estimates, 80% of the population was Arab whenISISentered the town in 2014, while more than 85% of the former Kurdish population lived inIDP campsand nearby towns. From August to November 2014 the city was mostly under the control of theIslamic State of Iraq and Syriaafter having seized the town from Peshmerga in August 2014.[18]On 23 November 2014, the PMF and Peshmerga jointly recaptured the city, under the command of Iranian GeneralQassem Soleimani.[19]The town was jointly controlled by PMF and Peshmerga until October 2017 when the Peshmerga withdrew from the area.[20]When Jalawla was captured from ISIS, a portion of the Kurdish population returned after encouragement from the federal government,[11]while Peshmerga stated that no member of the Arab Kerwi tribe would be allowed back after having supported ISIS.[21]Nonetheless, the tribe returned after Peshmerga withdrew in October 2017.[22]Moreover, the Arab animosity towards Kurds have made it possible forAsa'ib Ahl al-Haqto recruit a number of local Arabs into its ranks and marginalize the Kurdish population.[23]However, according to thePatriotic Union of Kurdistanand the local Sunni Arab leadership, many locals mainly support them due to fear and the exploitation of the right to return for Arabs.[24]

References

  1. ^Hanish, Shak (1 March 2010)."The Kirkuk Problem and Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution: The Kirkuk Problem".Digest of Middle East Studies:15–25.doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2010.00002.x.Retrieved15 November2019.
  2. ^"Iraq: Security situation and internally displaced people in Diyala, April 2015"(PDF).p. 8.Retrieved20 October2020.
  3. ^"مكتب حقوق الإنسان في يونامي يزور جلولاء في ديالى للوقوف مباشرة على حجم الدمار والجهود المبذولة من أجل المصالحة الدائمة".United Nations in Iraq(in Arabic). 15 November 2018.Retrieved20 October2020.
  4. ^"داعش هێرشی کردە سەر گوڵاڵە، ١٢ قوربانی لێکەوتەوە".ROJ News(in Kurdish).Retrieved19 December2019.
  5. ^"Celewla- DAIŞê êrîşî artêşa Iraqê kir, kuştî û birîndar hene"(in Kurdish). 24 November 2019.Retrieved19 December2019.
  6. ^abKlier, Klaus (2008)."Jalula".Iranica Online.Retrieved20 October2020.
  7. ^"Jalula's Map".Map Landia.Retrieved26 August2014.
  8. ^abc"In Disputed Iraqi Territory, Rebuilding A City Means Doing It Yourself".NPR.11 January 2017.Retrieved20 October2020.
  9. ^abc"Banished and dispossessed"(PDF).Amnesty International.2016. p. 13. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 October 2017.Retrieved20 October2020.
  10. ^Ihsan, Mohammad,Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003,p. 44
  11. ^ab"Lack of services, security hinder return of Diyala IDPs six years after ISIS liberation".Rûdaw.23 August 2018.
  12. ^ab"Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq's Disputed Internal Boundaries".International Crisis Group.14 December 2008.Retrieved20 October2020.
  13. ^Ihsan, Mohammad,Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003,pp. 46–49
  14. ^"Azar a ku di Adarê de bidawî bû"(PDF).BasNûçe(in Kurdish): 14. 14–20 March 2016.ISSN2148-5305.
  15. ^Milani, Mohsen (1994).The Making Of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy To Islamic Republic, Second Edition 2nd Edition.Routledge; 2nd edition. p. 187.ISBN978-0813384764.
  16. ^Abrahamian, Ervand (1989).Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin.I.B. Tauris. p. 208.ISBN1-85043-077-2.
  17. ^"Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq".Human Rights Watch.2 August 2004.Retrieved20 October2020.
  18. ^"ISIS drives Kurds out of Jalawla in Iraq".The Daily Star.11 August 2014.Retrieved20 October2020.
  19. ^"Quds Force Chief Suleimani Reportedly Helped Peshmerga Defeat IS In Diyala".RFERL.25 November 2014.Retrieved20 October2020.
  20. ^"Iraqi forces, Shiite militia control series of Peshmerga-held areas".Rûdaw.17 October 2017.Retrieved21 November2019.
  21. ^Knights, Michael; Mello, Alex (2016)."Losing Mosul, Regenerating in Diyala: How the Islamic State Could Exploit Iraq's Sectarian Tinderbox"(PDF).CTC Sentinel.9(10 ed.): 6.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 22, 2020.
  22. ^"Northern Iraq".Department of Justice.p. 73.Retrieved20 October2020.
  23. ^"Iraq - Security situation"(PDF).EASO:94. 2019.
  24. ^Skelton, Mac; Saleem, Zmkan Ali (2019)."Iraq's disputed internal boundaries after ISIS: heterogeneous actors vying for influence"(PDF).Middle East Centre:14–5.
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