Jump to content

James Baker

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromJames Baker III)
This article is about the politician. For other uses, seeJames Baker (disambiguation),James A. Baker (disambiguation),andJames Addison Baker (disambiguation).

James Baker
Official portrait, 1989
10th and 16thWhite House Chief of Staff
In office
August 24, 1992 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
DeputyRobert Zoellick
Preceded bySamuel K. Skinner
Succeeded byMack McLarty
In office
January 20, 1981 – February 3, 1985
PresidentRonald Reagan
DeputyMichael Deaver
Preceded byJack Watson
Succeeded byDonald Regan
61stUnited States Secretary of State
In office
January 25, 1989 – August 23, 1992
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
DeputyLawrence Eagleburger
Preceded byGeorge Shultz
Succeeded byLawrence Eagleburger
67thUnited States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
February 4, 1985 – August 17, 1988
PresidentRonald Reagan
DeputyRichard G. Darman
M. Peter McPherson
Preceded byDonald Regan
Succeeded byNicholas F. Brady
United States Under Secretary of Commerce
In office
August 2, 1975 – May 7, 1976
PresidentGerald Ford
Preceded byJohn Tabor
Succeeded byEdward Vetter
Personal details
Born
James Addison Baker III

(1930-04-28)April 28, 1930(age 94)
Houston,Texas, U.S.
Political partyRepublican(since 1970)
Other political
affiliations		Democratic(before 1970)
Spouses
Mary Stuart McHenry
​
​
(m.1953; died 1970)​
Susan Garrett
​
(m.1973)​
Children5
RelativesRosebud Baker(granddaughter)
EducationPrinceton University(BA)
University of Texas at Austin(LLB)
Signature
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnited States Marine Corps
Years of service1952–1954 (active)
1954–1958 (reserve)
RankCaptain

James Addison Baker III[note 1](born April 28, 1930)[1]is an American attorney, diplomat and statesman. A member of theRepublican Party,he served as the 10thWhite House Chief of Staffand 67thUnited States Secretary of the Treasuryunder PresidentRonald Reaganand the 61stU.S. Secretary of Statebefore returning as the 16th White House Chief of Staff under PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush.

Born inHouston,Baker attended theHill SchoolandPrinceton Universitybefore serving in theUnited States Marine Corps.After graduating from theUniversity of Texas School of Law,he pursued a legal career. He became a close friend of George H. W. Bush and worked for Bush's unsuccessful1970 campaignfor theUnited States Senate.After the campaign, he served in various positions for PresidentRichard Nixon.In 1975, he was appointedUnder Secretary of CommerceforGerald Ford.He served until May 1976, ran Ford's 1976 presidential campaign, and unsuccessfully sought election as theAttorney General of Texas.

Baker ran Bush's unsuccessful campaign for the1980 Republican presidential nomination,but made a favorable impression on the Republican nominee, Ronald Reagan. Reagan appointed Baker as his White House Chief of Staff, and Baker remained in that position until 1985, when he became the Secretary of the Treasury. As Treasury Secretary, he arranged thePlaza Accordand theBaker Plan.He resigned as Treasury Secretary to manage Bush's successful1988 campaignfor president. After the election, Bush appointed Baker to the position of Secretary of State. As Secretary of State, he helped overseeU.S. foreign policyduring the end of theCold Waranddissolution of the Soviet Union,as well as during theGulf War.After the Gulf War, Baker served another stint as White House Chief of Staff from 1992 to 1993.

Baker remained active in business and public affairs after Bush's defeat in the1992 presidential election.He served as a United Nations envoy toWestern Saharaand as a consultant toEnron.During theFlorida recountfollowing the2000 presidential election,he managedGeorge W. Bush's legal team in the state. He served as the co-chairman of theIraq Study Group,which Congress formed in 2006 to studyIraqand the ongoingIraq War.He serves on theWorld Justice Projectand theClimate Leadership Council.Baker is the namesake of theJames A. Baker III Institute for Public PolicyatRice University.[2]Since the death ofHenry Kissingerin 2023, he is currently the oldest living formerUnited States secretary of state,as well as the earliest serving.

Early life, education, and pre-political career[edit]

James Addison Baker III was born inHoustonat 1216 Bissonnet St.,[3]the son ofJames A. Baker Jr.(1892–1973) and Ethel Bonner (née Means) Baker (August 6, 1894 – April 26, 1991). His father was a partner of Houston law firmBaker Botts.Baker has a sister, Bonner Baker Moffitt.[4]His grandfather was attorney and bankerCaptain James A. Baker,and his great-grandfather was jurist and politicianJudge James A. Baker.

Baker attendedthe Kinkaid Schoolin Houston, before graduating from theHill School,a boarding school inPottstown, Pennsylvania.He graduatedcum laudewith anA.B.in history fromPrinceton Universityin 1952 after completing a 188-page senior thesis, titled "Two Sides of the Conflict: Bevin vs. Bevan", under the supervision ofWalter P. Hall.[5]He was a member ofPhi Delta Theta.Baker was a member of theUnited States Marine Corpsfrom 1952 to 1954, attaining the rank offirst lieutenantas a naval gunfire officer serving in theMediterranean Seaaboard theUSSMonrovia.He remained in theMarine Corps Reserveuntil 1958, and rose to the rank ofcaptain.He earned aBachelor of Laws(1957) from theUniversity of Texas School of Lawand began to practice law in Texas.[6]

From 1957 to 1975, he practiced law atAndrews & Kurthafter the anti-nepotism policy of his family firm,Baker Botts,prevented him from being offered a job there.[7][8]

Early political career[edit]

Baker's first wife, the former Mary Stuart McHenry, was active in theRepublican Party,working on thecongressionalcampaigns ofGeorge H. W. Bush.Originally, Baker had been aDemocratbut too busy trying to succeed in a competitive law firm to worry about politics, and considered himself apolitical. His wife's influence led him to politics and the Republican Party.George H.W. Bushand Baker were regular tennis partners at theHouston Country Clubin the late 1950s and early 1960s, and when Bush decided to vacate hiscongressionalseat and run for theU.S. Senatein 1970, he supported Baker's decision to run in his place. However, Baker changed his mind about running for Congress when his wife was diagnosed with breast cancer; she died in February 1970.

Bush then encouraged Baker to become active in politics to help deal with the grief of his wife's death, something that Bush himself had done when his daughter,Pauline Robinson Bush(1949–1953), died ofleukemia.Baker became chairman of Bush's Senate campaign inHarris County, Texas.Though Bush lost toLloyd Bentsenin theelection,Baker continued in politics, becoming the finance chairman of theTexas Republican Partyin 1971. The following year, he was selected as Gulf Coast Regional Chairman for theRichard Nixonpresidential campaign.In 1973 and 1974, in the wake of the Nixon administration's implosion overWatergate,Baker returned to full-time law practice at Andrews & Kurth.[9][10]

Baker's time away from politics was brief, however. In August 1975, he was appointedUnder Secretary of Commerceby PresidentGerald Ford,succeeding John K. Tabor.[11]He served until May 1976, and was succeeded by Edward O. Vetter.[12]Baker resigned to serve as campaign manager of Ford's unsuccessful1976 election campaign.In 1978, withGeorge H. W. Bushas his campaign manager, Baker ran unsuccessfully forAttorney General of Texas,losing to futureTexas governorMark White.

Reagan administration[edit]

"The Troika"(from left to right) Chief of Staff James Baker, Counselor to the PresidentEd Meese,Deputy Chief of StaffMichael Deaverat the White House, December 2, 1981

White House Chief of Staff (1981–1985)[edit]

In 1981, Baker was namedWhite House Chief of Staffby PresidentRonald Reagan,in spite of the fact that Baker managed the presidential campaigns of Gerald Ford in1976and of George Bush in1980opposing Reagan.[13]He served in that capacity until 1985. Baker is considered to have had a high degree of influence over the first Reagan administration, particularly in domestic policy.

In 1982, conservative activistsHoward Phillips(founder ofthe Conservative Caucus) andClymer Wrightof Houston joined in an unsuccessful effort to convince Reagan to dismiss Baker as chief of staff. They claimed that Baker, a former Democrat and a Bush political intimate, was undermining conservative initiatives in the administration. Reagan rejected the Phillips-Wright request. Around 1983 Baker became heavily dispirited and tired due to the weight of his job; he attempted to becomeNational Security Advisor,a change to which Reagan initially agreed, but some of Reagan's other advisers dissuaded him from naming Baker to the position. According to his wife, Baker was "so anxious to get out of [his job]" that he gave some consideration to the prospect of becomingCommissioner of Baseball,but he ultimately did not pursue that.[14]

Baker managed Reagan's1984 re-election campaignin which Reagan polled a record 525 electoral votes total (of a possible 538), and received 58.8% of the popular vote toWalter Mondale's 40.6%.[15]

Secretary of the Treasury[edit]

PresidentRonald Reaganannouncing the nomination of James Baker to beSecretary of the Treasuryand the appointment ofDonald ReganasWhite House Chief of Staffon January 8, 1985. A job-swap that both Baker and Regan agreed to swap with.

In 1985, Reagan named Baker asUnited States Secretary of the Treasury,in a job-swap with then-SecretaryDonald Regan,a formerMerrill Lynchofficer who became chief of staff. Reagan rebuked Phillips and Wright for having waged a "campaign of sabotage" against Baker.[16]

In 1985, Baker received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually byJefferson Awards.[17]

Secretary of the TreasuryJames Baker with U.S. PresidentRonald ReaganandFederal Reserve ChairmanPaul Volckerat theWhite House Press Roomduring President Reagan's announcement ofAllan Greenspannomination to be the newChairman of theFederal Reserve Bankon June 2, 1987.

During the Reagan administration, Baker also served on the Economic Policy Council, where he played an instrumental role in achieving the passage of the administration's tax and budget reform package in 1981. He also played a role in the development of theAmerican Silver EagleandAmerican Gold Eaglecoins, which both were released in 1986.

Baker also served on Reagan'sNational Security Council,and remained Treasury Secretary until 1988, during which time he also served as campaign chairman for George H. W. Bush's successful presidential bid.

Bush administration[edit]

See also:Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration

Secretary of State[edit]

Baker with PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushat aConference on Security and Co-operation in Europe(CSCE) on November 9, 1990

PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushappointed BakerSecretary of Statein 1989. Baker served in this role through 1992. From 1992 to 1993, he served as Bush'sWhite House Chief of Staff,the same position that he had held from 1981 to 1985 during the first Reagan administration.

State DepartmentPortrait of James Baker byNed Bittinger

In May 1990,Soviet Union's reformist leaderMikhail Gorbachevvisited the U.S. for talks with President Bush; there, he agreed to allow areunified Germanyto be a part ofNATO.[18]He later revealed that he had agreed to do so because James Baker promised that NATO troops would not be posted to eastern Germany and that the military alliance would not expand into Eastern Europe.[18]On February 9, 1990, Baker, as the US Secretary of State, assured Gorbachev: "There would be no extension of… NATO one inch to the east". [19][20]But Bush ignored his assurances and later pushed forNATO's eastwards expansion.[18]In the Bush administration, Baker was a proponent of the notion that the USSR should be kept territorially intact, arguing that it would be destabilizing to have the USSR's nuclear arsenal in multiple new states.[21]Bush and US defence secretary Dick Cheney were proponents for Soviet dissolution.[21]Soviet states forced action by holding referendums on independence.[21]

When Ukraine became independent, Baker sought to ensure that Ukraine would give up its nuclear weapons.[21]

On January 9, 1991, during theGeneva Peace ConferencewithTariq Azizin Geneva, Baker declared that "If there is any user of (chemical or biological weapons), our objectives won't just be theliberation of Kuwait,but the elimination of the current Iraqi regime.... "[22]Baker later acknowledged that the intent of this statement was to threaten a retaliatorynuclear strikeon Iraq,[23]and the Iraqis received his message.[24] Baker helped to construct the 34-nation alliance that fought alongside the United States in theGulf War.[25]

Baker also spent considerable time negotiating one-on-one with the parties in order to organize theMadrid Conferenceof October 30 – November 1, 1991, in an attempt to revive theIsraeli–Palestinian peace processthrough negotiations involving Israel and thePalestinians,as well asArab countries,includingJordan,Lebanon,andSyria.[26]

Baker was awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomin 1991.

Policies on the Israeli-Arab conflict[edit]

Baker arriving in Kuwait, 1991

Before the 1988 election, he and a team of some Middle Eastern policies experts created a report detailing the Palestine-Israel interactions. His team includedDennis Rossand many others who were soon appointed to the new Bush administration.

Baker blocked the recognition of Palestine by threatening to cut funding to agencies in the United Nations.[27]As far back as 1988, thePalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) issued a "declaration of statehood" and changed the name of its observer delegation to the United Nations from the PLO to Palestine.

Baker warned publicly, "I will recommend to the President that the United States make no further contributions, voluntary or assessed, to any international organization which makes any changes in the PLO's status as an observer organization."

In May 1989, he gave a speech at the annual conference of theAmerican Israel Public Affairs Committee.He called for Israel to "lay aside once and for all, the unrealistic vision of agreater Israel",cease the construction ofIsraeli settlementsinWest BankandGaza,forswear annexation of more territory, and to treatPalestinians"as neighbors who deserve political rights". Israeli officials and public were highly offended due to the tone of his speech, though his address called for little more than his predecessors.[28]

Secretary of StateJames Baker with PresidentGeorge H.W. Bushin theOval Officeof theWhite Houseon January 4, 1991.

Baker soon decided thatAaron David MillerandDaniel Kurtzerwould be his principal aides in Middle Eastern policies. All three have been reported as leaning toward the policies of theIsraeli Labor Party.[28]

Baker was notable for making little and slow efforts towards improving the state of Israeli-Palestinian relations. When Bush was elected, he only received 29% ofJewishvoters' support, and his reelection was thought to be imminent, so there was little pressure on the administration to make bold moves in diplomatic relations with Israel. Israeli leaders initially thought that Baker had a poor grasp of Middle Eastern issues – a perception exacerbated by his use of the term "Greater Israel"– and viewed Israel as a" problem for the United States "according toMoshe Arens.[29]Baker proved willing to confront Israeli officials on statements they made contrary to American interests. After Israeli Deputy Foreign MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuaccused the United States of "building its policy on a foundation of distortion and lies," Baker banned Netanyahu from entering theState Department building,and refused to meet with him personally for the remainder of his tenure as secretary.[29]

Secretary of StateJames Baker with U.S. PresidentGeorge H.W. Bushand Secretary of theSmithsonian InstitutionRobert McCormick Adamsduring a visit to Samuel P. Langley Theater at theNational Air and Space Museumon January 15, 1992.

During his first eight months under the Bush administration, there were five meetings with the PLO, which is far less than his predecessors. All serious issues that Palestine sought to discuss, such as elections and representation in the Israeli government, were delegated toEgyptfor decisions to be made.[28]

More tensions rose in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict with a massive influx ofJewish people from the Soviet Unionmoved to Israel. The Israeli government decided to expand the population further into Palestinian territories. Amidst the growing support ofSaddam Husseinin Palestine, due to hisopposition toward Israel,and hisinvasion of Kuwait,and the beginning of theGulf War,Baker decided that he would make some moves towards developing communications between Israel and Palestine.[28]

Baker became the first American statesman to negotiate directly and officially with Palestinians in theMadrid Conference of 1991,which was the first comprehensive peace conference that involved every party involved in theArab-Israeli conflictand the conference was designed to address all outstanding issues.[28]

After this landmark event, he did not work to further improve Arab-Israeli relations. The administration forced Israel to halt the development of the 6,000 planned housing units, but the 11,000 housing units already under construction were permitted to be completed and inhabited with no penalty.[28]In the meantime, Baker also tried to negotiate with the Syrian PresidentHafez al-Assad,in order to achieve a lasting peace between Israel and Syria.[30]

However, Baker has been criticized for spending much of his tenure in a state of inaction regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which arguably led to further infringements on Palestinian rights and the growing radicalism of Arabs and Israelis.[28]

White House Chief of Staff (1992–1993)[edit]

The1992 electionwas complicated by theon-again-off-again candidacyofRoss Perot,who would end up taking 19% of the popular vote.[31]In August, following theDemocratic Convention,with Bush trailing Clinton in the polls by 24 points,[32]Bush announced that Baker would return to theWhite HouseasChief of Staffand as head of the re-election campaign.[33]However, despite having run two winning campaigns forRonald Reaganand one for Bush, Baker was unsuccessful in the second campaign for Bush, who lost to Clinton by 370 electoral votes to 168.[34]

Post-Cabinet career[edit]

1993–2000[edit]

External videos
video iconBooknotesinterview with Baker onThe Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992,December 3, 1995,C-SPAN

In 1993, Baker became the honorary chair of theJames A. Baker III Institute of Public PolicyatRice Universityin Houston, Texas.

Also in 1993, theEnron Corporationhired Baker as a consultant within a month of his departure from the White House, and Enron said that Baker would have an opportunity to invest in any projects he developed.[35]During his time at Enron, Baker tried to warn against the company's involvement with theDabhol Power Stationin India. Many of Baker's concerns proved correct, and the project became a key factor in the company'sdownfall.[36]

Also in 1993, Baker joinedBaker Bottsas a senior partner, as well as theCarlyle Group(with the title of senior counsel).[37]

In 1995, Baker published his memoirs of service as Secretary of State in a book entitledThe Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992(ISBN0-399-14087-5).

In March 1997, Baker became the Personal Envoy of theUN Secretary-GeneralforWestern Sahara.[38]In June 2004, he resigned from this position, frustrated over the lack of progress in reaching a complete settlement acceptable to both the government ofMoroccoand the pro-independencePolisario Front.[39]He left behind theBaker II plan,accepted as a suitable basis of negotiations by the Polisario and unanimously endorsed by theSecurity Council,but rejected by Morocco.[40]

In addition to the numerous recognitions received by Baker, he was presented with the prestigiousWoodrow Wilson Awardfor public service on September 13, 2000, in Washington, D.C.

2000 presidential election and recount[edit]

In 2000, Baker served as chief legal adviser forGeorge W. Bushduring the2000 presidential electioncampaign and oversaw theFlorida recount.The 2008 filmRecountcovers the days following the controversial election. Baker was interviewed during the making of the film, and British actorTom Wilkinsonportrayed him in it.

Roles during the Bush administration and Iraq War[edit]

Baker also advised George W. Bush onIraq.[41]When theU.S. occupation of Iraqbegan in 2003 he was one of the Bush administration's first choices to direct theCoalition Provisional Authority,but he was deemed too old.[42]In December 2003, PresidentGeorge W. Bushappointed Baker as his special envoy to ask various foreign creditor nations to forgive or restructure $100 billion in international debts owed by the Iraq government which had been incurred during the tenure ofSaddam Hussein.[43]

State of Denial,a book by investigative reporterBob Woodward,says thatWhite House Chief of StaffAndrew Cardurged President Bush to replaceSecretary of DefenseDonald Rumsfeldwith Baker following the2004 presidential election.Bush later confirmed that he made such an offer to Baker but that he declined.[44]Bush would appoint another G. H. W. Bush administration veteran,Robert Gates,instead, after the2006 midterm elections.Baker was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 2008.[45]

On March 15, 2006,Congressannounced the formation of theIraq Study Group,a high-level panel of prominent former officials charged by members of Congress with taking a fresh look atAmerica's policy on Iraq. Baker was the Republican co-chairman along with Democratic CongressmanLee H. Hamilton,to advise Congress onIraq.[46]The Iraq Study Group examined a number of ideas, including one that would create a newpower-sharing arrangementin Iraq that would give more autonomy to regional factions.[47]On October 9, 2006, theWashington Postquoted co-chairman Baker as saying "our commission believes that there are alternatives between the stated alternatives, the ones that are out there in the political debate, of 'stay the course' and 'cut and run'".

Donald Trump[edit]

Baker voted forDonald Trumpin the2016 election,and said prior to the2020 electionthat he would do so again.[48]During a 2016 memorial service forNancy Reagan,he commented to former Canadian Prime MinisterBrian Mulroneythat he believed there were parallels between the rise of Trump and the rise of Reagan. He later gave informal advice to Trump during his2016 presidential campaignand suggested the appointment ofRex Tillersonas Secretary of State.[49]

Other advisory positions[edit]

Baker arriving inRiyadh,Saudi Arabia,2015

Baker serves on the Honorary Council of Advisers for theU.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce.[50][51]

Baker also serves as an honorary director on the board of directors at theAtlantic Council.[52]

James Baker serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for theWorld Justice Project.The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen theRule of Lawfor the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

Baker is a leader of theClimate Leadership Council,along withHenry PaulsonandGeorge P. Shultz.[53]In 2017, this group of "Republican elder statesmen" proposed that conservatives embrace afee and dividendform ofcarbon tax(in which all revenue generated by the tax is rebated to the populace in the form of lump-sum dividends), as a policy to deal withanthropogenic climate change.The group also includedMartin S. FeldsteinandN. Gregory Mankiw.[54]

Baker began service on theRice Universityboard of trustees in 1993.[55]

Personal life[edit]

Baker met his first wife, the former Mary Stuart McHenry, ofDayton, Ohio,while onspring breakinBermudawith thePrinceton University rugby team.They married in 1953. Together they had four sons, including James Addison Baker IV (1954), a partner atBaker Botts[56]as well as Stuart McHenry Baker (1956), John Coalter Baker (1960), and Douglas Bland Baker (1961) of Baker Global Advisory.

Mary Stuart Baker died of breast cancer on February 18, 1970.[57]

In 1973, Baker and Susan Garrett Winston, a divorcée and a close friend of Mary Stuart, were married.[10]Winston had two sons and a daughter with her former husband. In September of 1977, she and Baker had a daughter, Mary Bonner Baker.[citation needed]

On June 15, 2002, Virginia Graeme Baker, the seven-year-old granddaughter of Baker, daughter of Nancy and James Baker IV, drowned due tosuction entrapmentin a spa.[58]To promote greater safety in pools and spas, Nancy Baker gave testimony to theConsumer Product Safety Commission,[59]and James Baker helped form an advocacy group,[60]which led to theVirginia Graeme Baker Pool And Spa Safety Act(15 USC 8001).[61]Another granddaughter,Rosebud Baker,is a stand-up comedian.[62]

Awards and honors[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^He is actually the fourth-generation successive James Addison Baker in his family, despite using the "III"generational suffix.See JudgeJames A. Baker,CaptainJames A. Baker,andJames A. Baker Jr.

References[edit]

  1. ^"Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Addison Baker III".U.S. Department of State,Office of the Historian.RetrievedNovember 17,2015.
  2. ^"About the Baker Institute".James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy.Archived fromthe originalon September 13, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 5,2011.
  3. ^City of Houston: Procedures for Historic District DesignationArchivedJune 1, 2010, at theWayback Machine.City of Houston. (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document). Retrieved: July 11, 2008.
  4. ^"Mother of Secretary of State Baker dies here at 96".Houston Chronicle.April 26, 1991. Retrieved: July 11, 2008.
  5. ^Baker, James Addison III (1952).Two Sides of the Conflict: Bevin vs. Bevan(Senior thesis). Princeton University.
  6. ^Emmis Communications (October 24, 1991)."The Alcalde".Emmis Communications – via Google Books.
  7. ^"Biography".Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy. August 30, 2013.RetrievedJune 22,2021.
  8. ^Baker, Peter; Glasser, Susan (2020).The Man Who Ran Washington.Doubleday.ISBN978-0-385-54055-1.
  9. ^Newhouse, John. "Profiles: The Tactician".The New Yorker.May 7, 1990. pp. 50–82. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  10. ^ab"James A. Baker III Papers, 1957-2011, bulk 1972/1992".Princeton University Library.RetrievedMay 11,2017.
  11. ^"Pittsburgh Businessman Ford Treasury Nominee".The Leader-Times.Kittanning, PA.United Press International.July 23, 1975. p. 1 – viaNewspapers.com.
  12. ^"President Ford Wednesday Nominated Edward O. Vetter of Dallas, Tex., to be undersecretary of commerce".Santa Ana Register.Santa Ana, CA. June 24, 1976. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^James A. Baker III,Work Hard, Study... and Keep Out of Politics!(New York, 2006), 122.
  14. ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"James Baker: President Maker [documentary]".YouTube.July 4, 2020.
  15. ^1984 National ResultsU.S. Election Atlas.
  16. ^"Phil Gailey and Warren Weaver, Jr.," Briefing "".The New York Times.June 5, 1982.RetrievedJanuary 27,2011.
  17. ^"National Winners | public service awards | Jefferson Awards.org".jeffersonawards.org. Archived fromthe originalon November 24, 2010.RetrievedJanuary 25,2014.
  18. ^abcTaubman, William (2017).Gorbachev: His Life and Times.New York City:Simon & Schuster.pp. 546–552.ISBN978-1-4711-4796-8.
  19. ^Memorandum of conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and James Baker in Moscow,nsarchive.gwu.edu
  20. ^The U.S. Should Be a Force for Peace in the World,eisenhowermedianetwork.org
  21. ^abcd"Russia, Ukraine and the doomed 30-year quest for a post-Soviet order".Financial Times.February 25, 2022. Archived fromthe originalon December 10, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 27,2022.
  22. ^Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh,The Gulf conflict: diplomacy and war in the new world order(New Jersey, 1993), p. 257.
  23. ^Plague war: Interviews: James Baker.Frontline.PBS.1995.
  24. ^2000."Sadam's Toxic Arsenal".Planning the Unthinkable.ISBN0801437768
  25. ^James Baker: The Man Who Made Washington WorkArchivedSeptember 17, 2017, at theWayback Machine.PBS.2015.
  26. ^Id., at pp. 430-454.
  27. ^Bolton, John (June 3, 2011)."How to Block the Palestine Statehood Ploy".The Wall Street Journal.
  28. ^abcdefgChristison, Kathleen (Autumn 1994)."Splitting the Difference: The Palestinian-Israeli Policy of James Baker"(PDF).Journal of Palestine Studies.24(1): 39–50.doi:10.2307/2537981.JSTOR2537981.
  29. ^abBaker, Peter (2020).The Man Who Ran Washington: The Life and Times of James A. Baker III.Susan Glasser (First ed.). New York: Doubleday. pp. Chapter 24.ISBN978-0-385-54055-1.OCLC1112904067.
  30. ^"AFTER THE WAR: DIPLOMACY; Baker and Syrian Chief Call Time Ripe for Peace Effort".The New York Times.March 15, 1991.
  31. ^Baker, Peter, and Glasser, Susan, The Man Who Ran Washington Doubleday, 2020, at pp. 492, 505.
  32. ^Id., at p. 493,
  33. ^Id., at p. 494
  34. ^Id., at p. 505
  35. ^"Baker and Mosbacher Are Hired by Enron".The New York Times.Bloomberg Business News.February 23, 1993.RetrievedOctober 14,2019.
  36. ^Eichenwald, Kurt (2005).Conspiracy of fools: a true story(1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books.ISBN0-7679-1178-4.OCLC57192973.
  37. ^Vise, David A.. "Former Secretary of State Baker Joins Carlyle Group",The Washington Post,March 11, 1993.
  38. ^"U.N. ENVOY: Asking Baker to resolve dispute is good choice".Houston Chronicle.March 20, 1997. p. 38.(subscription required)
  39. ^Theofilopoulou, Anna (July 1, 2006).The United Nations and Western Sahara: A Never-ending Affair.Special Report 166.United States Institute of Peace.RetrievedOctober 14,2019.
  40. ^"Baker resigns as UN mediator after seven years".IRIN.June 14, 2004.RetrievedSeptember 26,2017.
  41. ^"Baker surfaces as key adviser to Bush on Iraq".Insight Magazine.September 12, 2006.
  42. ^Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (2007).Imperial life in the emerald city: inside Iraq's green zone.Internet Archive. New York: Vintage Books.ISBN978-0-307-27883-8.
  43. ^King, John."Bush appoints Baker envoy on Iraqi debt","CNN.com", December 3, 2003, retrieved August 11, 2009.
  44. ^Bush, George W. (2010).Decision Points.p. 92.
  45. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"(PDF).American Academy of Arts and Sciences.RetrievedApril 14,2011.
  46. ^Paley, Amit R."U.S. and Iraqi Forces Clash With Sadr Militia in South".Washington Post.October 9, 2006.
  47. ^Sanger, David E. "G.O.P.'s Baker Hints Iraq Plan Needs Change".New York Times.October 9, 2006.
  48. ^Glasser, Susan B."The Private Trump Angst of a Republican Icon".The New Yorker.RetrievedOctober 29,2020.
  49. ^"The Private Trump Angst of a Republican Icon".The New Yorker.September 27, 2020.RetrievedNovember 28,2021.
  50. ^"Honorary Council of Advisers".Archived fromthe originalon December 15, 2007.
  51. ^"USACC".www.usacc.org.
  52. ^"Board of Directors".Atlantic Council.RetrievedFebruary 12,2020.
  53. ^John Schwartz (February 7, 2017)."'A Conservative Climate Solution': Republican Group Calls for Carbon Tax ".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 17,2017.The group, led by former Secretary of State James A. Baker III, with former Secretary of State George P. Shultz and Henry M. Paulson Jr., a former secretary of the Treasury, says that taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels is "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles.
  54. ^"The Conservative Case for Carbon Dividends"(PDF).Climate Leadership Council.February 2017.
  55. ^"Guide to the Baker Family papers, 1853-1971 MS 040".Texas Archival Resources Online.RetrievedAugust 18,2018.
  56. ^"James A. Baker, IV,"Baker Bottswebsite.
  57. ^Baker and Glasser, Peter and Susan (September 29, 2020).The Man Who Ran Washington, The Life and Times of James A. Baker III.Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (published 2020).ISBN9781101912164.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  58. ^Dumas, Bob (October 2003)."Troubled Waters".Pool & Spa News.Archived fromthe originalon December 21, 2012.The victim in this case was Graeme Baker, the granddaughter of James Baker III, former secretary of state under President George Bush.
  59. ^Chow, Shern-Min."Former Secretary of state pushes for hot tub safety standards".Vac-Alert. June 29, 2007.
  60. ^Press Releases:"Former Secretary of State James Baker speaks in support of legislation intended to prevent accidental drowning"ArchivedAugust 11, 2009, at theWayback Machine.Safe Kids Worldwide. May 2, 2006.
  61. ^"Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act"ArchivedMay 29, 2008, at theWayback Machine.Consumer Product Safety Commission.at Vac-AlertArchivedSeptember 10, 2008, at theWayback Machine.(Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document)
  62. ^Sadie Dingfelder:During lockdown, comics Rosebud Baker and Andy Haynes have gotten sick and engaged, plus hosted a surreal podcast.Washington Post, May 18, 2020.
  63. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".www.achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.
  64. ^"Gen. Colin L. Powell Biography and Interview".Awards Council member and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA presents the Golden Plate Award to former Secretary of State James A. Baker III at the 1998 Summit in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.

Further reading[edit]

Works by[edit]

  • 1995:The Politics of Diplomacy.with Thomas M. DeFrank. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.ISBN9780399140877.
  • 2006:"Work Hard, Study... And Keep Out of Politics!": Adventures and Lessons from an Unexpected Public Life.with Steve Fiffer. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.ISBN9780399153778.

Works about[edit]

External links[edit]

Political offices
Preceded by White House Chief of Staff
1981–1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Secretary of the Treasury
1985–1988 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Secretary of State
1989–1992 		Succeeded by
Preceded by White House Chief of Staff
1992–1993 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence(ceremonial)
Preceded by Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Secretary of State 		Succeeded byas Former US Secretary of State
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Baker&oldid=1228473694"