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James MacGregor Burns

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James MacGregor Burns
Born(1918-08-03)August 3, 1918
Melrose, Massachusetts,U.S.
DiedJuly 15, 2014(2014-07-15)(aged 95)
Williamstown, Massachusetts,U.S.
Education
EmployerWilliams College (1947–1986)
Political partyDemocrat
Spouses
  • Janet Thompson (May 1942, div.)
  • Joan Simpson Meyers (1968–1990)
PartnerSusan Dunn
AwardsPulitzer Prize,1971
Military career
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branchU.S. Army
Years of service?–1945
RankEnlisted man
UnitCombat historian
ConflictsWorld War II,Pacific War,Battle of Saipan
AwardsBronze Star
Notes

James MacGregor Burns(August 3, 1918 – July 15, 2014)[4]was an American historian and political scientist, presidential biographer, and authority onleadership studies.He was the Woodrow Wilson Professor of Government Emeritus atWilliams Collegeand Distinguished Leadership Scholar at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership of the School of Public Policy at theUniversity of Maryland, College Park.In 1971 Burns received thePulitzer Prize[5]and theNational Book Awardin History and Biography[6]for his work on America's 32nd president,Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom.[7]

Burns shifted the focus of leadership studies from thetraitsand actions of great men to the interaction of leaders and their constituencies as collaborators working toward mutual benefit.[8]He was best known for his contributions to thetransactional,transformational,aspirational, and visionary schools ofleadership theory.

Biography[edit]

Military service[edit]

After graduating from Williams College, Burns spent a year as aninternin Washington forUtahCongressmanAbe Murdock.[9]He spent a year at Harvard, then six months inColoradoworking for theWar Labor Board.[3]

Burns wasdraftedto serve in thePacific theateras an enlisted U.S. Army combat historian,[3]and was awarded theBronze Starand fourBattle Stars.Throughout his military adventures, Burns noticed that when leadership was mentioned, it was in terms of the traits and qualities ofofficers,but not soldiers.[2]

Academic career[edit]

After earning his Ph.D. in political science from Harvard,[10]Burns joined the faculty of Williams College in 1947, and taught there for nearly 40 years, retiring in 1986.[1]A member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences,he served as president of theAmerican Political Science Associationand theInternational Society of Political Psychology.He was also an elected member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.[11]During the early 1990s he taught classes at theUniversity of Maryland,where he was inducted intoOmicron Delta Kappa(ODK) and was honored with the naming of the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership.[12]In 2004 he was also awarded the Laurel Crowned Circle Award, ODK's highest honor. In 2010 he won theArthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Award for Distinguished Writing in American History of Enduring Public Significancepresented jointly by theRoosevelt Instituteand theSociety of American Historians.[13]

Political career[edit]

A liberal, in 1958 Burns was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee inMassachusetts's 1st congressional district,meeting then-U.S. SenatorJohn F. Kennedyand helping him gain Protestant support to get re-elected, while Kennedy helped him gain Catholic support. Burns gained personal access that allowed him to write his biography of Kennedy, published in 1960, which calls JFK "casual as a cash register," "quiet, taut, efficient—sometimes, perhaps, even dull," and generally too cerebral and lacking in heart. This angered Kennedy's wifeJackie,who said Burns "underestimated" him.[4]

Personal[edit]

Burns and his two brothers were raised by their mother, Mildred Burns, in Burlington, Massachusetts.[14]Burns graduated fromLexington High SchoolinMassachusettsin 1935, and then received his Bachelor of Arts from Williams College and his Ph.D. from Harvard University.[15]He and his first wife, Janet Thompson, had four children, whom they raised in Williamstown after he joined the faculty at Williams College. In 1964, he met Joan Simpson Meyers, daughter of renowned paleontologistGeorge Gaylord Simpson,in New York City when she interviewed him for her best-selling book about President John Fitzgerald Kennedy; four years later Burns and Meyers were married at High Mowing, the family home in Williamstown, where they lived together for the next quarter century. At the end of his life, he lived with his collaborator and longtime companion, Professor Susan Dunn, and remained close friends with his first wife.[1]

Burns died inWilliamstown, Massachusetts,on July 15, 2014, at 95, after publishing more than 20 books.[1]

Views on government[edit]

As an admirer of a strong leader in the White House, Burns was critical of the U.S. governmental system ofchecks and balances,which he viewed as an obstacle to progress in times of a divided or oppositional Congress. InThe Deadlock of Democracy(1963) andPacking the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court(2009) he called for systemic changes, arguing for term limits for Supreme Court justices, an end to midterm elections, and a population-based Senate.[16]Burns also advocated repeal of theTwenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitutionto allow effective U.S. presidents to serve three or more terms of office.[17]

Theory of leadership[edit]

Burns'sLeadership(1978) founded the field ofleadership studies,introducing two types of leadership:transactional leadership,in which leaders focus on the relationship between the leader and follower, andtransformational leadership,in which leaders focus on the beliefs, needs, and values of their followers.[18]

Excerpts:

  • Leadership over human beings is exercised when persons with certain motives and purposes mobilize, in competition or conflict with others, institutional, political, psychological, and other resources so as to arouse, engage, and satisfy the motives of followers... in order to realize goals mutually held by both leaders and followers....
  • Transformational leadership occurs when one or more persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality.
  • That people can be lifted into their better selves is the secret of transforming leadership and the moral and practical theme of this work.

James MacGregor Burns was interested in the pursuit of a general theory for leadership. According to Burns "others argue that we must construct a general theory of leadership in order that we grasp the role of individual leaders and their traits."[19]Beginning with the Kellogg Leadership Studies Project (KLSP), a 4-year (1994–1998) initiative, to meetings with over 25 scholars over the early stages, sought that general theory, that would encompass all of leadership. The group led by James MacGregor Burns, a leadership scholar, presidential biographer, and Pulitzer Prize winner, contributed much, but admittedly did not attain that goal.[20]A 3-year exploratory sequential mixed methods study byKenneth-Maxwell Nanceprovides support for Burn's earlier assertion, that leadership "is a moral undertaking" and formed a basis for leadership's grand theory.[21][22]

His work has influenced other transformational leadership theorists such asBernard Bass,Bruce Avolio,andKenneth Leithwood[citation needed],and inspired Georgia Jones Sorenson[23]to found the Center for Political Leadership and Participation at theUniversity of Maryland,which Burns joined in 1993, causing the center to be renamed in his honor in 1997 as the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership.[16]

Books[edit]

  • Congress on Trial: The Legislative Process and the Administrative State(Harper,1949).[24]
  • Government by the People(textbook) (1952; 20th ed. 2003),Prentice-Hall.[25]
  • Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, 1882–1940(first volume of two-volume set) (Harcourt, Brace,1956).[26](1957 Woodrow Wilson Foundation award[27]and 1957 finalistNational Book Award[28])
  • John Kennedy: A Political Profile(Harcourt, Brace,1960).[29]
  • The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America(Prentice Hall,1963).[30]
  • Government by the People: The Dynamics of American National Government(1963).[31]
  • Presidential Government: The Crucible of Leadership(Houghton-Mifflin,1965).[32]
  • Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945(second volume of two-volume set) (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1970) (1971Pulitzer Prize for History,1971Francis Parkman Prize).(ISBN978-0-15-602757-1).[33]
  • Uncommon Sense(1972).[34]
  • Edward Kennedy and the Camelot Legacy(1976).[35]
  • Leadership(HarperCollins,1978) (ISBN978-0-06-010588-4).[36]
  • The Vineyard of Liberty, 1787–1863(The American Experiment Book 1 of 3) (Alfred A. Knopf,1982) (ISBN978-0-394-50546-6).[37]
  • The Power to Lead: The Crisis of the American Presidency(Touchstone Books,1984).[38]
  • The Workshop of Democracy, 1863–1932(The American Experiment Book 2 of 3) (Alfred A. Knopf,1985) (ISBN978-0-394-50546-6).[39]
  • The Crosswinds of Freedom, 1932–1988(The American Experiment Book 3 of 3) (Alfred A. Knopf,1989) (ISBN978-0-394-51276-1).[40]
  • Cobblestone Leadership: Majority Rule, Minority Power(University of Oklahoma Press,1990).[41]
  • A People's Charter: The Pursuit of Rights in America(withStewart Burns) (Knopf, 1991).[42]
  • The Democrats Must Lead: The Case for a Progressive Democratic Party(withWilliam Crotty) (1992).[43]
  • Dead Center: Clinton-Gore Leadership and the Perils of Moderation(withGeorgia Jones Sorenson) (1999).[44]
  • The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America,with Susan Dunn (Atlantic Monthly Press,2001) (ISBN978-0-8021-3872-9).[45]
  • Transforming Leadership: A New Pursuit of Happiness(Atlantic Monthly Press,2003) (ISBN978-0-87113-866-8).[46]
  • George Washington(withSusan Dunn) (ed.Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.) (Times Books, 2004).[47]
  • Encyclopedia of Leadership(withGeorgia Jones SorensonandGeorge R. Goethals) (2004).[48]
  • Running Alone: Presidential Leadership – JFK to Bush II: Why It Has Failed and How We Can Fix It(Basic Books, 2006).[49]
  • Packing the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court(Penguin Press,2009) (ISBN978-1-59420-219-3).[50]
  • Fire and Light: How the Enlightenment Transformed Our World(St. Martin's Press,2013) (ISBN978-1-250-02489-3).[51]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdTony Dobrowolski (July 15, 2014)."James MacGregor Burns, historian and FDR biographer, dies at age 95".The Berkshire Eagle.Archived fromthe originalon March 4, 2016.RetrievedJuly 15,2014.
  2. ^abWeber, Bruce (July 15, 2014)."James MacGregor Burns, Scholar of Presidents and Leadership, Dies at 95".The New York Times.
  3. ^abcScarpino, Philip (June 24, 2009)."James MacGregor Burns Oral History Interview: Audio & Transcripts".Tobias Leadership Center: Indiana University.RetrievedJuly 8,2018.
  4. ^ab"James MacGregor Burns dies at 95".Politico.July 15, 2014.
  5. ^"History".Past winners & finalists by category.The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  6. ^"National Book Awards – 1971".National Book Foundation.Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  7. ^Burns, James MacGregor.Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–45.New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970
  8. ^Burns, James MacGregor.Transforming Leadership: A New Pursuit of Happiness.New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003.
  9. ^Lamb, Brian(June 4, 1989)."James MacGregor Burns: The Crosswinds of Freedom".C-SPAN Booknotes.RetrievedJuly 8,2018.
  10. ^"James MacGregor Burns".
  11. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org.RetrievedAugust 30,2022.
  12. ^Matt Schudel (July 17, 2014). "Historian won Pulitzer for biography on FDR".The Baltimore Sun.p. 6.
  13. ^"James MacGregor Burns Wins History Award | Roosevelt Institute".March 10, 2015. Archived fromthe originalon March 10, 2015.RetrievedFebruary 3,2018.
  14. ^RWF (November 14, 2021)."Kent Cottage: the video".Burlington Retro.RetrievedJuly 6,2023.
  15. ^Lexington High School yearbook
  16. ^ab"James MacGregor Burns, Scholar of Presidents and Leadership, Dies at 95".The New York Times.July 16, 2014.
  17. ^Burns, James MacGregor.Running Alone: Presidential Leadership—JFK to Bush II: Why It Has Failed and How We Can Fix It.New York: Basic Books, 2006.
  18. ^Turan, S. & Sny, C. (1996). An exploration of transformational leadership and its role in strategic planning: A conceptual framework.
  19. ^Burns, J. M. (2003). Transforming Leadership: The Pursuit of Happiness (1st ed.). Atlantic Monthly Press.
  20. ^Goethals, G., & Sorenson, G. (2006). The quest for a general theory of leadership. Edward Elgar Publishing.https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847202932
  21. ^Burns, J. M. (2004).Transforming leadership: A new pursuit of happiness(Reprint edition). Grove Press.
  22. ^Nance, K.-M. (2022). Phenomenon of leadership failure: An exploration to determine the significance of moral action for a sustainable leadership – JOFDT (Reg:1948–5859).Journal of Disruptive Technology,13(1), 1–103.https://www.jofdt.com/phenomenon-of-leadership-failure-an-exploration-to-determine-the-significance-of-moral-action-for-a-sustainable-leadership-3/
  23. ^"Sorenson, Georgia – SAGE Publications Inc".May 29, 2021.
  24. ^Burns, James Macgregor (1949)."Congress on Trial, by James Macgregor Burns".
  25. ^"Amazon.com: James MacGregor Burns: Books, Biography, Blog, Audiobooks, Kindle".Amazon.
  26. ^Burns, James Macgregor (1956).Roosevelt: the lion and the fox.Harcourt, Brace.ISBN978-0-15-178869-9.
  27. ^"Merze Tate - Elinor Ostrom Outstanding Book Award | Awards and Honors | LibraryThing".
  28. ^"James MacGregor Burns".
  29. ^Burns, James Macgregor (1960)."John Kennedy".
  30. ^Burns, James Macgregor; Quin, G. G. (1963).The Deadlock of Democracy.Prentice-Hall.ISBN978-0-7145-0188-8.
  31. ^Government By the People; the Dynamics of American National Government: J et al MacGregor Burns: Amazon.com: Books.Prentice-Hall. January 1963.
  32. ^Burns, James Macgregor (1965)."Presidental [sic] Government ".
  33. ^Burns, James Macgregor (1970).Roosevelt, the Soldier of Freedom.Konecky & Konecky.ISBN978-1-56852-091-9.
  34. ^Burns, James Macgregor (1972).Uncommon sense.Harper & Row.ISBN978-0-06-010584-6.
  35. ^Burns, James Macgregor (April 1976).Edward Kennedy and the Camelot Legacy.W. W. Norton, Incorporated.ISBN978-0-393-33184-4.
  36. ^Burns, James Macgregor (April 10, 2012).Leadership.Open Road Media.ISBN978-1-4532-4517-0.
  37. ^Burns, James Macgregor (April 10, 2012).The Vineyard of Liberty.Open Road Media.ISBN978-1-4532-4518-7.
  38. ^Burns, James Mcgregor (September 23, 1985).Power to Lead.Touchstone.ISBN978-0-671-60462-2.
  39. ^The Workshop of Democracy.Open Road Media. April 10, 2012.ISBN978-1-4532-4519-4.
  40. ^Burns, James Macgregor (April 10, 2012).The Crosswinds of Freedom.Open Road Media.ISBN978-1-4532-4520-0.
  41. ^Burns, James Macgregor; Marvin Overby, L. (1990).Cobblestone Leadership: Majority Rule, Minority Power (Julian J Rothbaum Distinguished Lecture Series): James MacGregor Burns: 9780806123141: Amazon.com: Books.ISBN0-8061-2314-1.
  42. ^Burns, James Macgregor; Burns, Stewart (1991).A People's Charter: The Pursuit of Rights in America: James MacGregor Burns, Stewart Burns: 9780394577630: Amazon.com: Books.Knopf.ISBN0-394-57763-9.
  43. ^Burns, James Macgregor; Crotty, William J.; Duke, Lois Lovelace; Longley, Lawrence D. (June 7, 1992).The Democrats Must Lead: The Case for a Progressive Democratic Party.Avalon.ISBN0-8133-1570-0.
  44. ^Burns, James Macgregor; Hermes; Sorenson, Georgia Jones; Gerber, Robin; Burns; Webster, Scott W. (1999).Dead Center: Clinton-Gore Leadership and the Perils of Moderation: James Macgregor Burns, Georgia Jones Sorenson: 9780684837789: Amazon.com: Books.Scribner.ISBN0-684-83778-1.
  45. ^Burns, James Macgregor; Dunn, Susan (October 2000).The Three Roosevelts.Atlantic Monthly Press.ISBN978-0-7567-6579-8.
  46. ^Burns, James Macgregor (2003).Transforming Leadership.Atlantic Monthly Press.ISBN978-1-84354-168-4.
  47. ^MacGregor, James; Burns, James Macgregor; Dunn, Susan (January 7, 2004).Amazon.com: George Washington (The American Presidents Series) (9780805069365): James MacGregor Burns, Susan Dunn, Arthur M. Schlesinger: Books.Macmillan.ISBN0-8050-6936-4.
  48. ^Goethals, George R.; Sorenson, Georgia (March 19, 2004).Encyclopedia of Leadership 4 vol. set: George R. (EDT)/ Sorenson, Georgia Jones (EDT)/ Burns, James MacGregor (EDT) Goethals: 9780761925972: Amazon.com: Books.ISBN0-7619-2597-X.
  49. ^Burns, James Macgregor (June 16, 2009).Running Alone.Basic Books.ISBN978-0-7867-4857-0.
  50. ^Burns, James Macgregor (June 25, 2009).Packing the Court.ISBN978-1-101-08190-7.
  51. ^"Fire and Light".

External links[edit]

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