James T. Shotwell

James T. Shotwell
James T. Shotwell (1920)
Born	August 6, 1874 Strathroy, Ontario,Canada
Died	July 15, 1965(1965-07-15)(aged 90) Manhattan,New York City,New York,United States
Education	University of Toronto Columbia University
Known for	International Labour Organization,inclusion of declaration ofhuman rightsinUN Charter
Spouse	Margaret Harvey
Children	Helen Harvey Shotwell Margaret Grace Shotwell Summers

James Thomson Shotwell(August 6, 1874 – July 15, 1965) was a Canadian-bornAmerican historyprofessor. He played an instrumental role in the creation of theInternational Labour Organization(ILO) in 1919, as well as for his influence in promoting inclusion of a declaration ofhuman rightsin theUN Charter.

Career

Background

Shotwell was born inStrathroy,Ontario,to AmericanQuakerparents.

He obtained a B.A. from theUniversity of Torontoin 1898. He obtained hisdoctoratefromColumbia Universityin 1903, where he studied underJames Harvey Robinson.

Columbia University's alumni magazine records:

At Columbia he encountered a lively intellectual community, seized with debates about the "New History." He quickly adopted his adviser’s view that the increasingly influential "scientific" methods of studying society might be applied to the practice of history and he applied them in his dissertation in medieval history, "A Study of the History of the Eucharist." He would later observe that although he took "a semester on the history of international law, by the distinguished jurist John Basset Moore, later a judge on the World Court... this was the only course that had any bearing on international relations in the faculty of Political Science, a subject... on which most of my later life was spent."

Academics

At Columbia, Shotwell became a lecturer in history in 1900, an instructor in 1903, and adjunct professor in 1905.

To underwrite studies overseas, he began writing articles for theEncyclopædia Britannica;soon, he became managing editor of its eleventh edition. This work provided a good salary, honed his organizational skills, and led to his meeting people likeBertrand RussellandHenry Ford.Eventually, he wrote some 250 articles.

In 1908, he became full professor. His interest lay in particular with the influence of science and technology on historical change and international relations.

In 1917, he became director of research at theCarnegie Endowment for International Peace,where Columbia's president,Nicholas Murray Butlerwho was also president.

In 1927, he became the first chair of the advisory committee on international relations of the newly formedSocial Science Research Council.He then became director of planning and research in international relations.

In 1930, he returned to Columbia full-time. In 1937, he was appointed Bryce Professor of the History of International Relations at Columbia University. He retired from full-time teaching at Columbia in 1942. During his time at Columbia, he was elected a member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.

All in all, he studied and taught at Columbia for nearly 50 years, where his closest friends were fellow professors Robinson andCharles A. Beard.

Political contributions

Shotwell attended theParis Peace Conferenceas a member of "The Inquiry"(a study group established by Woodrow Wilson to prepare materials for the peace negotiations), historian of the American delegation, and author of the provisions establishing theInternational Labour Organization(ILO). He then he worked to counter U.S. isolationism and to promote U.S. entry into theLeague of Nations.

He met with theFrench Minister of Foreign AffairsAristide BriandinParisand suggested that a bilateral treaty be negotiated that would outlaw war between the U.S. and France. Their work led to theKellogg-Briand Pactbeing signed on August 27, 1928.

In 1932, he met SenatorCordell Hullat the Democratic national convention; Hull went on to become Roosevelt's Secretary of State the following year. In 1934, Shotwell campaigned for Congress to authorize U.S. membership in the ILO. In 1935, he became president of the League of Nations Association, whose executive director had beenClark Eichelbergersince 1933.

In 1939,William Allen White,editor of theGazetteof Emporia, Kansas, along with Eichelberger and Shotwell, established the Non-Partisan Committee for Peace Through Revision of the Neutrality Acts. They formed an Eichelberger-White Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, founded in May 1940. Eichelberger and Shotwell created aCommission to Study the Organization of Peace(CSOP), whichVirginia Gildersleevesupported. The CSOP conducted studies, held popular radio discussion shows and through national and local affiliates became a powerful engine of mass education on behalf of collective security. The CSOP applauded the MoscowFour Power Declarationof November 1, 1943, and issued a report on "Fundamentals of the International Organization." UnderEdward Stettinius,the State Department used this report for its Dumbarton Oaks proposals. Shotwell worked closely with Under Secretary of StateSumner Welles.

In May 1944, he joined a group that published a "Design for the Charter of the General International Organization" to succeed the ruined League of Nations. The United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China all issued proposals after theDumbarton Oaks Conferencein October 1944 of that year that closely paralleled those of the "Shotwell Commission". He organized an educational campaign to support theUnited Nations.He attended the first UN meeting in San Francisco in April 1945 (whereAlger Hisswas serving as acting secretary general) as a consultant representing Carnegie, then elected by 42 U.S. consultants there to lead their delegation. He helped draft theCharter of the United Nationsas a private consultant to theU.S. State Department.

From 1949 to 1950, he served as the Director of Economics and History (1942–49) then president of theCarnegie Endowment for International Peace– succeeding Alger Hiss, who was indicted in the wake of allegations byWhittaker Chambersthat became the "Hiss Case."

Nobel nomination

In 1952, Shotwell was nominated for the 1952Nobel Peace Prize,which went un-awarded until the following year, whenAlbert Schweizerreceived it.

Private life

Marriage

Shotwell married Margaret Harvey in 1901 and they had two daughters, Helen Harvey and Margaret Grace. In 1937, their daughter Margaret married Llewelyn L. B. Summers, the son ofLeland L. SummersandEve Brodlique Summers.

Woodstock

He maintained a home inWoodstock, New Yorkand was instrumentalin getting American artistAnita Miller Smithto become a writer and to publish the service record of all Woodstock people who had fought in the war as part of Smith's 1959 book on the town's official history.

Death

Shotwell died of a stroke at his apartment at 257 West 86th Street in Manhattan at age 90.

Legacy

The James T. Shotwell Professor of International Relations chair at Columbia University was named in his honor.

In summarizing his career,Lisa Anderson(then dean of Columbia University’sSchool of International and Public Affairs) wrote:

James T. Shotwell represented the first generation of genuinely cosmopolitan American policy intellectuals. His obituary in the New York Times observed that he was "among the most respected and dedicated protagonists of internationalism in the United States," a man who saw "the world as a whole." In many respects, this vision was to remain a minority view in the United States, particularly as the Cold War consumed the second half of the twentieth century, and Shotwell was well aware of the obstacles to its realization. Reflecting on the impact of what he called "the great communist controversy" on the United Nations, he wrote that "the full and adequate implementation of the revolutionary concept in the Charter may be long delayed." He was, however, at heart an irredeemable optimist: "The success or failure of that organization is a measure of civilization itself. There can be no surer guarantee of its ultimate success."

Shotwell's combination of scholarly enthusiasm, pragmatic engagement in the world, and abiding optimism, his conviction that social scientists should deploy their learning to public purposes, his faith that human intervention might improve the human condition, and his ability to "see the world as a whole" became hallmarks of Columbia's study of international relations.

Works

In addition to his many books, Shotwell was co-author of several studies on international relations and was the editor of a series of 150 volumes of theEconomic and Social History of the World Waras well as a series of 25 studies on Canadian-American relations, both sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He also contributed nearly 250 articles to the 11th edition of theEncyclopædia Britannica.He co-authoredThe Diplomatic History of the Canadian Boundary, 1749-1763withMax Savelle.

His books include:

• The Religious Revolution of To-day(1913)
• An Introduction to the History of History(1922)
• Plans and Protocols to End War(1925)
• War as an Instrument of National Policy(1929)
• The Origins of the International Labor Organization(1934)
• On the Rim of the Abyss(1936)
• At the Paris Peace Conference(1937)
• The Great Decision(1944)
• The Life of Woodrow Wilson: An Outline for a Course of Study(1944) [Distributed in movie theaters showingDarryl F. Zanuck'smovie, Wilson.]
• The Long Way to Freedom(1960)

External sources

• Anderson, Lisa (Winter 2005)."James T. Shotwell: A Life Devoted to Organizing Peace".Living Legacies (alumni magazine of Columbia University).Retrieved5 May2013.
• Josephson, Harold (1974).James T. Shotwell and the Rise of Internationalism in America.Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.ISBN0-8386-1524-4.
• Killough, Patrick (21 February 2009) [26 July 1991]."James Thomson Shotwell: Leader of the Private American Consultants at San Francisco, Nominated in 1952 for the Nobel Peace Prize".Patrick Killough (retired diplomat of the Foreign Service of the United States of America). Archived fromthe originalon 21 June 2013.Retrieved5 May2013.
• Korey, William (1998).NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Curious Grapevine.New York: St Martin's Press.