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Japanese people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withJapanese citizens.

Japanese people
Total population
c.125 million
Regions with significant populations
Japan 120.8 million[1]
SignificantJapanese diasporain:
Brazil2,000,000[2](2022)
United States1,550,875[3](2020)
Canada129,425[4](2021)
Philippines120,000[5][6][better source needed]
Peru103,182[7](2021)
China102,066[8](2022)note
Australia94,942[8](2022)note
Mexico86,143[9](2022)
Thailand78,431[8](2022)note
Argentina76,440[10](2020)
United Kingdom65,022[8](2022)note
Germany42,266[8](2022)note
South Korea41,717[8](2022)note
France36,104[8](2022)note
Singapore32,743[8](2022)note
Malaysia24,545[8](2022)note
Vietnam21,819[8](2022)note
Taiwan20,345[8](2022)note
Micronesia20,000[11][better source needed](2018)
Languages
Japanese
Religion
Primarily, in a traditional/cultural context, a mix ofShintoandBuddhism;minorities ascribe toChristianityand other religions[12][13][14]
Related ethnic groups
Ainu·Ryukyuan
^Note: For this country, only the number of residents withJapanese nationalityis shown, since the number of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown.

Japanese people(Japanese:Nhật bổn nhân,Hepburn:Nihonjin)are an East Asianethnic groupnative to theJapanese archipelago.[15][16]Japanese people constitute 97.4% of the population of the country ofJapan.[1]Worldwide, approximately 125 million people are of Japanese descent, making themone of the largest ethnic groups.Approximately 120.8 million Japanese people are residents of Japan,[1]and there are approximately 4 million members of theJapanese diaspora,known asNikkeijin(Nhật hệ nhân).[17]

In some contexts, the term "Japanese people" may be used to refer specifically to theYamato peoplefrommainland Japan;in other contexts the term may include other groups native to the Japanese archipelago, includingRyukyuan people,who share connections with the Yamato but are often regarded as distinct, andAinu people.[18]In recent decades, there has also been an increase in the number of people with both Japanese and non-Japanese roots, includinghalf Japanese people.

History

[edit]
Main article:History of Japan

Theories of origins

[edit]
Main article:Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people
Shakōki-dogū( già quang khí thổ ngẫu ) (1000–400 BC), "goggle-eyed type" figurine.Tokyo National Museum

Archaeologicalevidence indicates thatStone Agepeople lived in the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic period between 39,000 and 21,000 years ago.[19][20]Japan was then connected to mainlandAsiaby at least one land bridge, andnomadichunter-gathererscrossed to Japan.Flint toolsand bony implements of this era have been excavated in Japan.[21][22]

In the 18th century,Arai Hakusekisuggested that the ancientstone toolsin Japan were left behind by theShukushin.Later,Philipp Franz von Sieboldargued that theAinu peoplewereindigenousto northern Japan.[23]Iha Fuyūsuggested that Japanese andRyukyuan peoplehave the same ethnic origin, based on his 1906 research on theRyukyuan languages.[24]In theTaishō period,Torii Ryūzōclaimed thatYamato peopleused Yayoi pottery and Ainu used Jōmon pottery.[23]

AfterWorld War II,Kotondo Hasebe and Hisashi Suzuki claimed that the origin of Japanese people was not newcomers in theYayoi period(300 BCE – 300 CE) but the people in theJōmon period.[25]However, Kazuro Hanihara announced a newracial admixturetheory in 1984[25]and a "dual structure model" in 1991.[26]According to Hanihara, modern Japanese lineages began withJōmon people,who moved into theJapanese archipelagoduringPaleolithictimes, followed by a second wave of immigration, fromEast Asiato Japan during the Yayoi period (300 BC). Following a population expansion inNeolithictimes, these newcomers then found their way to the Japanese archipelago sometime during the Yayoi period. As a result, replacement of the hunter-gatherers was common in the island regions ofKyūshū,Shikoku,and southernHonshū,but did not prevail in the outlyingRyukyu IslandsandHokkaidō,and the Ryukyuan and Ainu people show mixed characteristics.Mark J. Hudsonclaims that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE.[25]Currently, the most well-regarded theory is that present-day Japanese people formed from both the Yayoi rice-agriculturalists and the various Jōmon period ethnicities.[27]However, some recent studies have argued that theJōmon peoplehad more ethnic diversity than originally suggested[28]or that the people of Japan bear significant genetic signatures from three ancient populations, rather than just two.[29][30]

Jōmon and Yayoi periods

[edit]
Main articles:Jōmon periodandYayoi period

Some of the world's oldest knownpotterypieces were developed by theJōmon peoplein theUpper Paleolithicperiod, dating back as far as 16,000 years. The name "Jōmon" (縄 vănJōmon) means "cord-impressed pattern", and comes from the characteristic markings found on the pottery. The Jōmon people were mostly hunter-gatherers, but also practicized early agriculture, such asAzuki beancultivation. At least one middle-to-late Jōmon site (Minami Mizote(Nam câu thủ),c. 1200–1000 BC) featured a primitive rice-growingagriculture,relying primarily on fish and nuts for protein. The ethnic roots of the Jōmon period population were heterogeneous, and can be traced back to ancientSoutheast Asia,theTibetan plateau,ancientTaiwan,andSiberia.[27][31][32]

Beginning around 300 BC, theYayoi peopleoriginating from Northeast Asia entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the Jōmon. The Yayoi broughtwet-rice farmingand advancedbronzeandirontechnology to Japan. The more productivepaddy fieldsystems allowed the communities to support larger populations and spread over time, in turn becoming the basis for more advancedinstitutionsand heralding the newcivilizationof the succeedingKofun period.

The estimated population of Japan in the late Jōmon period was about eight hundred thousand, compared to about three million by theNara period.Taking the growth rates of hunting and agricultural societies into account, it is calculated that about one-and-a-half million immigrants moved to Japan in the period. According to several studies, the Yayoi created the "Japanese-hierarchical society".[33][34]

Consolidation and feudal periods

[edit]
Main articles:History of Japan § Classical Japan,andHistory of Japan § Feudal Japan

Colonial period

[edit]
See also:Japanese colonial empireandGreater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Location of Imperial Japan

During theJapanese colonial periodof 1895 to 1945, the phrase "Japanese people" was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago, but also to people from colonies who held Japanesecitizenship,such asTaiwanese peopleandKorean people.The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period was "inland people"(Nội địa nhân,naichijin).Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forcedassimilationof colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity.[35]

After the end of World War II, theSoviet Unionclassified manyNivkh peopleandOrok peoplefrom southernSakhalin,who had been Japanese imperial subjects inKarafuto Prefecture,as Japanese people and repatriated them toHokkaidō.On the other hand, manySakhalin Koreanswho had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were leftstatelessby the Soviet occupation.[36]

Language

[edit]
Main article:Japanese language

The Japanese language is aJaponic languagethat is related to theRyukyuan languagesand was treated as alanguage isolatein the past. The earliest attested form of the language,Old Japanese,dates to the 8th century.Japanese phonologyis characterized by a relatively small number ofvowel phonemes,frequentgeminationand a distinctivepitch accentsystem. The modern Japanese language has a tripartitewriting systemusinghiragana,katakanaandkanji.The language includes native Japanese words and a large number ofwords derived from the Chinese language.In Japan the adult literacy rate in the Japanese language exceeds 99%.[37]Dozens ofJapanese dialectsare spoken in regions of Japan. For now, Japanese is classified as a member of the Japonic languages or as a language isolate with no known living relatives if Ryukyuan is counted as dialects.[38]

Religion

[edit]
Main article:Religion in Japan
A Shinto festival inMiki,Hyogo

Japanese religion has traditionally beensyncreticin nature, combining elements ofBuddhismandShinto(Shinbutsu-shūgō).[39]Shinto, apolytheisticreligion with no book of religious canon, is Japan's native religion. Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for the right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family and was codified as the state religion in 1868 (State Shinto), but was abolished by theAmerican occupationin 1945.Mahayana Buddhismcame to Japan in the sixth century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is theJōdo Shinshūsect founded byShinran.[40]

A large majority of Japanese people profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism.[41][42][43]Japanese people's religion functions mostly as a foundation formythology,traditionsand neighborhood activities, rather than as the single source of moral guidelines for one's life.[citation needed]

A significant proportion of members of theJapanese diasporapracticeChristianity;about 60% ofJapanese Braziliansand 90% ofJapanese MexicansareRoman Catholics,[44][45]while about 37% ofJapanese Americansare Christians (33%Protestantand 4%Catholic).[46]

Literature

[edit]
Main article:Japanese literature
Bisque dollofMomotarō,
a character fromJapanese literatureandfolklore

Certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include thehaiku,tanka,andI Novel,although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles. Historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Some of the most famous of these includeMurasaki Shikibu'sThe Tale of Genji(1021), aboutHeiancourt culture;Miyamoto Musashi'sThe Book of Five Rings(1645), concerning military strategy;Matsuo Bashō'sOku no Hosomichi(1691), atravelogue;andJun'ichirō Tanizaki's essay "In Praise of Shadows"(1933), which contrasts Eastern and Western cultures.

Following theopening of Japanto the West in 1854, some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan; they includeBushido: The Soul of JapanbyNitobe Inazō(1900), concerningsamuraiethics, andThe Book of TeabyOkakura Kakuzō(1906), which deals with the philosophical implications of theJapanese tea ceremony.Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well, to varying degrees of success; one of the most well-known and controversial works resulting from this isRuth Benedict'sThe Chrysanthemum and the Sword(1946).

Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works. Some of the most notable authors includedNatsume Sōseki,Jun'ichirō Tanizaki,Osamu Dazai,Fumiko Enchi,Akiko Yosano,Yukio Mishima,andRyōtarō Shiba.Popular contemporary authors such asRyū Murakami,Haruki Murakami,andBanana Yoshimotohave been translated into many languages and enjoy international followings, andYasunari KawabataandKenzaburō Ōewere awarded theNobel Prize in Literature.

Arts

[edit]
Main articles:Japanese artandJapanese architecture
The printRed FujifromKatsushika Hokusai's series,Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji

Decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times.Jōmon potteryincludes examples with elaborate ornamentation. In theYayoi period,artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known asdōtaku.Later burial mounds, orkofun,preserve characteristic clay figures known ashaniwa,as well as wall paintings.

Beginning in theNara period,painting,calligraphy,andsculptureflourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences fromChina.Among the architectural achievements of this period are theHōryū-jiand theYakushi-ji,twoBuddhisttemples inNara Prefecture.After the cessation of official relations with theTang dynastyin the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China. Extravagant art and clothing were commissioned by nobles to decorate their court, and although the aristocracy was quite limited in size and power, many of these pieces are still extant. After theTōdai-jiwas attacked and burned during theGenpei War,a special office of restoration was founded, and the Tōdai-ji became an important artistic center. The leading masters of the time wereUnkeiandKaikei.[citation needed]

Painting advanced in theMuromachi periodin the form ofink wash paintingunder the influence ofZen Buddhismas practiced by such masters asSesshū Tōyō.Zen Buddhist tenets were also incorporated into thetea ceremonyduring theSengoku period.During theEdo period,the polychrome painting screens of theKanō schoolwere influential thanks to their powerful patrons (including theTokugawa clan). Popular artists createdukiyo-e,woodblock prints for sale to commoners in the flourishing cities. Pottery such asImari warewas highly valued as far away as Europe.

In theater,Nohis a traditional, spare dramatic form that developed in tandem withkyōgenfarce. In stark contrast to the restrained refinement of noh,kabuki,an "explosion of color", uses every possible stage trick for dramatic effect. Plays include sensational events such as suicides, and many such works were performed both in kabuki and inbunrakupuppet theater.[citation needed]

Since theMeiji Restoration,Japanese art has been influenced by many elements of Western culture. Contemporary decorative, practical, and performing arts works range from traditional forms to purely modern modes. Products of popular culture, includingJ-pop,J-rock,manga,andanimehave found audiences around the world.

Citizenship

[edit]

Article 10 of theConstitution of Japandefines the term "Japanese" based uponJapanese nationality(citizenship) alone, without regard for ethnicity.[47]TheGovernment of Japanconsiders all naturalized and native-born Japanese nationals with a multi-ethnic background "Japanese", and in the national census the Japanese Statistics Bureau asks only about nationality, so there is no official census data on the variety ofethnic groups in Japan.While this has contributed to or reinforced the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous, as shown in the claim of former Japanese Prime MinisterTarō Asōthat Japan is a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture",[48]some scholars have argued that it is more accurate to describe the country of Japan as a multiethnic society.[49][50]

Children born to international couples receive Japanese nationality when one parent is a Japanese national. However, Japanese law states that children who aredual citizensmust choose one nationality before the age of 20.[51][52]Studies estimate that 1 in 30 children born in Japan are born tointerracial couples,and these children are sometimes referred to ashāfu(half Japanese).[53]

Diaspora

[edit]
Main article:Japanese diaspora
The Japantown Peace Plaza during the Northern CaliforniaCherry BlossomFestival

The termNikkeijin(Nhật hệ nhân)is used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants.

Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 15th century to thePhilippinesandBorneo,[54][55][56][57]and in the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.[58]: pp. 52–3 However, migration of Japanese people did not become a mass phenomenon until theMeiji era,when Japanese people began to go to theUnited States,Brazil,Canada,thePhilippines,China,andPeru.There was also significant emigration to the territories of theEmpire of Japanduring the colonial period, but most of these emigrants and settlersrepatriatedto Japan after theend of World War II in Asia.[59]

According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 4.0 millionNikkeijinliving in their adopted countries.[17]The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states ofSão PauloandParaná.[60]There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in thePhilippines,[61]East Malaysia,Peru,the U.S. states ofHawaii,California,andWashington,and theCanadiancities ofVancouverandToronto.Separately, the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

See also

[edit]

References

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