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Jeffersonville, Indiana

Coordinates:38°20′15″N85°42′09″W/ 38.33750°N 85.70250°W/38.33750; -85.70250
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Jeffersonville, Indiana
City of Jeffersonville
Skyline of Jeffersonville
Skyline of Jeffersonville
Flag of Jeffersonville, Indiana
Official seal of Jeffersonville, Indiana
Official logo of Jeffersonville, Indiana
Nickname:
Jeff
Location of Jeffersonville in Clark County, Indiana
Location of Jeffersonville in Clark County, Indiana
Coordinates:38°20′15″N85°42′09″W/ 38.33750°N 85.70250°W/38.33750; -85.70250
CountryUnited States
StateIndiana
CountyClark
Established1801
Government
MayorMike Moore (R)[citation needed]
Area
• Total34.35 sq mi (88.97 km2)
• Land34.08 sq mi (88.26 km2)
• Water0.28 sq mi (0.71 km2)
Elevation538 ft (164 m)
Population
• Total49,447
• Density1,451.04/sq mi (560.26/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5(EST)
• Summer (DST)UTC−4(EDT)
ZIP codes
47130, 47131, and 47199
Area code(s)812 & 930
FIPS code18-38358[3]
GNISfeature ID2395463[2]
Websitecityofjeff.net

Jeffersonvilleis a city and thecounty seatofClark County,Indiana,United States,[4]situated along theOhio River.Locally, the city is often referred to by the abbreviated nameJeff.It lies directly across the Ohio River to the north ofLouisville, Kentucky,alongI-65.The population was 49,447 at the2020 census.[5]

Jeffersonville began its existence as a settlement around Fort Finney after 1786 and was named afterThomas Jeffersonin 1801, the year he took office.

History[edit]

Statue atWarder ParkhonoringThomas Jefferson
Spring Street is the main shopping area in downtown.

18th century[edit]

Pre-founding[edit]

The foundation for what would become Jeffersonville began in 1786 when Fort Finney was established near where theKennedy Bridgeis today.U.S. Armyplanners chose the location for its view of a nearby bend in theOhio River,which offered a strategic advantage in the protection ofsettlersfromNative Americans.[6]Overtime, a settlement grew. In 1791 the fort was renamed to Fort Steuben in honor ofBaron von Steuben.Then in 1793 the fort was abandoned.[7]

19th century[edit]

Early history[edit]

Precisely when the settlement became known as Jeffersonville is unclear, but it was probably around 1801, the year in which President Thomas Jefferson took office.[7]In 1802 local residents used a grid pattern designed byThomas Jeffersonfor the formation of a city.[8]On September 13, 1803, a post office was established in the city. In 1808 Indiana's second federal land sale office was established in Jeffersonville, which initiated a growth in settling in Indiana that was further spurred by the end of theWar of 1812.[citation needed]

In 1802, Jeffersonville replacedSpringvilleas the county seat of Clark County.Charlestownwas named the county seat in 1812 but it returned to Jeffersonville in 1878, where it remains.[7]

In 1813 and 1814 Jeffersonville was briefly thede factocapital of theIndiana Territory,as then-governorThomas Poseydisliked then-capitalCorydonand decided to live in Jeffersonville to be closer to his personalphysicianin Louisville. The territorial legislature remained in Corydon and communicated with Posey by messenger.[9]

Shipbuilding[edit]

In 1819 the first shipbuilding took place in Jeffersonville, andsteamboatswould become key to Jeffersonville's economy.[7]In 1834, James Howard built his first steamboat, named the Hyperion, in Jeffersonville.[7]He established his ship building company in Jeffersonville that year but moved his business toMadison,Indianain 1836 and remained there until 1844. Howard returned his business to the Jeffersonville area to its final location inPort Fultonin 1849. There is an annual festival held in September called Steamboat Days that celebrates Jeffersonville's heritage.[10]

Underground Railroad[edit]

As a free state bordering the south, Indiana served as a crucial step along theUnderground Railroad.By 1830, Jeffersonville was the first and largest route for fugitives crossing the Ohio River at Louisville. Hundreds of freedom seekers made their way north to Canada through Clark County.[11]There were many instances where Jeffersonville citizens helped fugitives flee enslavement. In the 1850s, Mayors Oswald Wooley and Uriah Damron were arrested for "running off" enslaved people. In 1863, Hannah Tolliver, a black wash woman, was arrested on the Louisville, Kentucky wharf as she attempted to help another woman cross the Ohio River to freedom. Hannah was convicted and became one of seven women inmates at the Kentucky State Prison at Frankfort. Dr. Nathaniel Field moved from Middletown, Kentucky to Jeffersonville in 1829. He was the head of UGRR activity in Jeffersonville, hiding escapees in his cellar during the day and sending them on to the next "station" at night. Field was President of the Indiana Antislavery Society and friend of Levi Coffin, the head of the Underground Railroad at Cincinnati and at Richmond, Indiana.[citation needed]

The Rev. Calvin Fairbank was arrested in Jeffersonville for helping the woman, Tamar, escape. He was tried in Louisville and convicted and spent decades in the Frankfort prison.[citation needed]

Civil War[edit]

Camp Joe Holt[edit]

During theCivil WarJeffersonville was one of the principal gateways to the South. This was largely due to its location directly opposite Louisville. Three railroads (including theJeffersonville Railroadand theOhio and Mississippi Railway) served Jeffersonville from the north, as well as the waterway of theOhio River.Operating in the South, theLouisville and Nashville Railroadfurnished the connecting link between Louisville and the rest of the South. These factors made the city a good location to house supplies and troops for theUnion Army.[12]

In 1862, two area regiments established the first military camp in the city. The location was christenedCamp Joe Holt,and the name was retained when the camp was converted to a hospital called Joe Holt Hospital.[13]

Evacuation to Jeffersonville[edit]

In September and October 1862, twoConfederatearmies led byGeneralsBraxton BraggandE. Kirby Smithclosed in on Louisville, a key strategic prize. GeneralWilliam "Bull" Nelsonordered women and children to evacuate. So many fled across the river to Jeffersonville that the city's hotels and rooming houses were filled to capacity. On September 24, GeneralDon Carlos Buelland his men managed to reach Louisville barely ahead of the Confederates. The force of 100,000 Union soldiers successfully defended Louisville and forestalled any invasion.[6]

Jefferson General Hospital[edit]

Between 1864 and 1866 Port Fulton (now within Jeffersonville) was home toJefferson General Hospital,the third largest hospital in the country at that time. The institution was built to replace Joe Holt Hospital and occupied land obtained from U.S. SenatorJesse D. Bright,a Confederate sympathizer. The land stretched down to the Ohio River, facilitating patient transfer from riverboats to the hospital. The facility contained 24 wards each radiating out like spokes on a wheel and all connected by a corridor one-half mile in circumference. Each ward was 150 feet long and 22 feet wide and could accommodate 60 patients. Female nurses and matrons were quartered separately from the men. During its nearly three-year existence the institution cared for more than 16,000 patients and served more than 2,500,000 meals.[14]

Construction of the Quartermaster Depot[edit]

TheJeffersonville Quartermaster Depothad its first beginnings in the early days of the Civil War as a storage depot for the UnionQuartermasterDepartment. As the war came to a close all military supply depots along theOhio Valleywere shut down (except Jeffersonville's), and their supplies were stored at the Jeffersonville location.[15]In 1871, the U.S. Army began consolidating operations in the city into four square blocks.[6]Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Quartermaster Depot continued supplying troops engaged infrontier warswith Native Americans.[15]

20th and 21st century[edit]

Construction of the Carnegie Library[edit]

Frontal view of theCarnegie LibraryinWarder Park,Jeffersonville

On December 17, 1900, Jeffersonville officially opened a newJeffersonville Township Public Libraryin a room above the Citizens National Bank. 1400 books formed the initial collection. Soon, theCarnegie Foundationdonated $16,000 for the construction of a new library building – abeaux arts,copper-domed landmark. The building was designed by JeffersonvillearchitectArthur Loomis.Masonic officials laid the building's cornerstone on September 19, 1903, inWarder Park.[6]When theCarnegie Libraryopened in 1905, it contained 3,869 volumes. Whereas in later years grants from the Carnegie Foundation were scaled back to prevent the construction of lavish libraries, the library in Warder Park was relatively ornate.[16]

Due to theOhio River Flood of 1937,the library suffered a near total loss of its collection. However, it reopened in November 1937 thanks to months of work and donations of money and books.[6]

World War I[edit]

TheAmerican Car and Foundry Companyin Jeffersonville, Indiana, 1909

DuringWorld War I,Jeffersonville contributed to the war effort largely through its production capabilities. On the eve of war, the Quartermaster Depot began producing a wide range in items, includingsaddles,harnesses, stoves, and kitchen utensils. Most famously, though, the depot produced 700,000 shirts per month, earning it the nickname "America's largest shirt factory."[6]Meanwhile, theAmerican Car and Foundry Company's local plant manufactured a variety of products ranging from components for over 228,000artilleryshellsto 18,156 cake turners.[6]

Shortly after the war ended in 1918, civilian employment at the Quartermaster Depot fell to 445, and military presence dropped to just tenofficersand twoenlisted.[6]

Religious revivals in the 1920s[edit]

For a brief period in the mid-1920s and early 1930s,Roy E. Davis,a founding member of the 1915Ku Klux Klan,hosted a series ofreligious revivalsin Jeffersonville.[17]He also moved his First Pentecostal Baptist Church there, and held revivals in neighboring states. Meanwhile, he routinely challenged theJeffersonville Evening Newsfor its depiction of his church, eventually starting a new publication calledThe Banner of Truthto publicize his services and aid recruitment.[18]Much of his popularity stemmed from his vocal opposition ofprohibition.[19]

In 1934, a fire destroyed Davis's First Pentecostal Baptist Church. After years of legal trouble, Davis was denied a permit to rebuild. He left Jeffersonville, andWilliam Branham– formerly a ministering elder in Davis's church – becamepastorof the congregation. Branham moved the group to a new building, eventually naming itBranham Tabernacle,as it is known today.[citation needed]

Flood of 1937[edit]

Jeffersonville was one of many communities affected by the Ohio River flood of 1937. After record rainfall in mid-January, 90% of the city was flooded, electricity was lost, all roads leading into the city were covered, and a levee failed. TheIndiana National Guarddeployed to the area to help those displaced, distribute much-needed emergency supplies, inoculate residents for typhoid fever, and purify drinking water. Finally by the end of the month the water began to recede. The flood left an estimated $250 million worth of damage throughout the Ohio Valley.[20][21]

"Little Las Vegas"[edit]

City Hall in the Quadrangle complex

In the 1930s and 1940s, gambling was instrumental in Jeffersonville's recovery from theGreat Depressionand the Flood of 1937. This earned the town the nickname "LittleLas Vegas".[22]During this time, Jeffersonville attracted the likes ofClark Gable,John Dillinger,Al Capone,and others. After Clarence Amster, aNew Albanyresident was gunned down on July 2, 1937, public sentiment turned against gambling and the mobsters it brought. In 1938, James L. Bottorff was elected judge and announced that gambling would not be tolerated. The Club Greyhound, a major dog racing track known for fixing races, was raided and closed within a year, with others soon following.[23]

World War II[edit]

Having acquired theHoward Shipyardsin 1925, theU.S. Navyawarded the Jeffersonville Boat & Machine Company (later known asJeffboat) a contract to build boats duringWorld War II.Jeffboat built landing vessels such as theLST,and swelled in number of employees from 200 to 13,000 people. After the war ended, the Navy sold the Howard Shipyard to Jeffboat.[24]

Also duringWorld War II,the Quartermaster Depot, in conjunction withFort Knox,Kentucky, housedGermanprisoners of waruntil 1945.[25][26]

End of segregation[edit]

Jeffersonville endedsegregationin its public schools in 1952, two years before theSupreme CourtcaseBrown v. Board of Educationruled that segregation wasunconstitutional.Prior to this,Jeffersonville High Schoolwas reserved for white high school students. Meanwhile, black students in grades one through twelve were sent to Taylor High School.[27]WhileThe New York Timesheld up Jeffersonville as a model for all "southern-minded" cities, integration came at a cost. Though black students were allowed to attend the newly integrated Jeffersonville High School, black instructors previously employed at Taylor High School were terminated.[28]

Annexation[edit]

On February 5, 2008, the city of Jeffersonville officially annexed four out of six planned annex zones.[29]The proposed annexation of the other two zones was postponed due to lawsuits. One of the two areas remaining to be annexed wasOak Park,Indiana an area of about 5,000 more citizens. The areas annexed added about 5,500 acres (22 km2) to the city and about 4,500 citizens, raising the population to an estimated 33,100. The total area planned to be annexed was 7,800 acres (32 km2). The areas received planning and zoning, building permits and drainage issues services immediately, with new in-city sewer rates. Other services were phased in, such as police and fire, and worked jointly with the pre-existing non-city services until they were available.[30]

The Clark County Courts dismissed the lawsuits against the city on February 25, 2008.[31]This dismissal brought the remaining Oak Park area into the city. The population of the city grew to nearly 50,000 citizens, making it the largest annexation in Jeffersonville's history.[citation needed]

Big Four Pedestrian Bridge and Big Four Station[edit]

Big Four Station is a park that opened in 2014 at the base of the Big Four Bridge.

Conceived in the 1990s and completed in 2014, theBig Four Bridgewas converted to apedestrian bridgein a joint effort between Kentucky and Indiana governments. An average of 1.5 million pedestrians and bicycles cross the roughly-1/2 mile bridge each year. 1/4 mile ramps complete the bridge on each end. The bridge is also decorated with a colorful LED lighting system that operates from twilight to 1 am. The lights can be customized by request.[32]

On the Jeffersonville side of the bridge the city constructed Big Four Station, a plaza and park. The park features green space, fountains, a farmers market on Saturdays, a restroom, a bike-sharing station, a pavilion, a playground, and easy access to downtown shops and restaurants.[33]Big Four Station is also the home of the annualAbbey Road on the River,the largest Beatles-inspired music festival in the world, as well as other annual celebrations.[34]

Geography[edit]

According to the 2010 census, Jeffersonville has a total area of 34.354 square miles (88.98 km2), of which 34.06 square miles (88.21 km2) (or 99.14%) is land and 0.294 square miles (0.76 km2) (or 0.86%) is water.[35]

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18502,122
18604,02089.4%
18707,25480.4%
18809,35729.0%
189010,66614.0%
190010,7741.0%
191010,412−3.4%
192010,098−3.0%
193011,94618.3%
194011,493−3.8%
195014,68527.8%
196019,52232.9%
197020,0082.5%
198021,2206.1%
199021,8412.9%
200027,36225.3%
201044,95364.3%
202049,44710.0%
Source: US Census Bureau

2010 census[edit]

As of thecensus[36]of 2010, there were 44,953 people, 18,580 households, and 11,697 families living in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 1,319.8 inhabitants per square mile (509.6/km2). There were 19,991 housing units at an average density of 586.9 per square mile (226.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.4%White,13.2%African American,0.3%Native American,1.1%Asian,1.9% fromother races,and 3.0% fromtwo or more races.Hispanics or Latinosof any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 18,580 households, of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% weremarried couplesliving together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.0% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 37.3 years. 23.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census[edit]

As of thecensus[3]of 2000, there were 27,362 people, 11,643 households, and 7,241 families living in the city. The population density was 2,014.7 inhabitants per square mile (777.9/km2). There were 12,402 housing units at an average density of 913.2 per square mile (352.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.50%White,13.68%African American,0.27%Native American,0.84%Asian,0.08%Pacific Islander,0.65% fromother races,and 1.97% fromtwo or more races.Hispanics or Latinosof any race were 1.80% of the population.

There were 11,643 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% weremarried couplesliving together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution was 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,234, and the median income for a family was $45,264. Males had a median income of $32,491 versus $24,738 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $19,656. About 6.9% of families and 10.1% of the population were below thepoverty line,including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy[edit]

A plethora of businesses call Jeffersonville home, including both locally owned and operated companies, as well as national ones. As of 2020, some of the top employers in the city included: Greater Clark County Schools (1600), Clark Memorial Hospital (1500), Clark Memorial Hospital Foundation (1066),Heartland Payment Systems(850), and Republic Bank & Trust of Indiana (721).[37]

Dining and bars[edit]

Mick's Lounge wherePapa John's Pizzabegan

Jeffersonville has a variety of restaurants along the river front, downtown, and other areas such as the Quartermaster Depot. These include small bars, restaurants, and fast food chains.[38]Jeffersonville is also the birthplace of the pizza chainPapa John's Pizza.[39]

Kitchen Kompact[edit]

Kitchen Kompact manufactures cabinetry in a converted portion of the Quartermaster Depot. The 750,000 square foot facility employs nearly 300 workers with an average tenure of 15 years. They produce around 10,000 cabinets per shift.[40]

National Processing Center[edit]

Jeffersonville is home to theUnited States Bureau of the Census's National Processing Center – the bureau's primary center for collecting, capturing, and delivering data. The facility comprises approximately one million square feet, and processes millions of forms per year. It also employs 1200 to more than 6000 people, making it one of southern Indiana's largest employers.[41]

River Ridge Commerce Center[edit]

The River Ridge Commerce Center is an industrial zone located on the outskirts of Jeffersonville nearCharlestown, Indiana.Built on land previously occupied by theIndiana Army Ammunition Plant,it now hosts a variety of industries. These include manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, food & beverage, life sciences, logistics, and more.[42]

Part ofJeffboatin Jeffersonville. Jeffboat was the largest inland shipbuilder in the U.S.

Shipbuilding industry[edit]

Until 2018, Jeffersonville was the home ofJeffboat,the largest inland shipbuilder in the US. At its peak, thebargemanufacturer employed over 13,000 employees. The company closed due to an overproduction of barges, marking the end of 200 years of shipbuilding in Jeffersonville.[24]In 2022, city officials announced intentions to redevelop the 80-acre property.[43]

Education[edit]

Jeffersonville public schools belong to theGreater Clark Countyschool system.[44]

Public schools[edit]

  • Franklin Square Elementary
  • Thomas Jefferson Elementary
  • Northaven Elementary
  • Riverside Elementary
  • Wilson Elementary
  • Parkview Middle School
  • River Valley Middle School
  • Jeffersonville High School

Private schools[edit]

  • Sacred Heart Catholic School[45]

Events[edit]

Nearby points of interest[edit]

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^abU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Jeffersonville, Indiana
  3. ^ab"U.S. Census website".United States Census Bureau.Archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 31,2008.
  4. ^"Find a County".National Association of Counties. Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2015.RetrievedJune 7,2011.
  5. ^"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Jeffersonville city, Indiana".census.gov.Archivedfrom the original on January 28, 2024.RetrievedJune 10,2022.
  6. ^abcdefghNokes, Garry J. (2002).Images of America: Jeffersonville Indiana.Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 99.ISBN0-7385-2041-1.
  7. ^abcde"Official History of Jeffersonville".Cityofjeff.net. Archived fromthe originalon July 20, 2008.RetrievedJuly 28,2010.
  8. ^Biographical and Historical Souvenir for the Counties of Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd, Jefferson, Jennings, Scott, and Washington, Indiana.Chicago Printing Company. 1889. p. 29.ISBN9781548571665.
  9. ^Life of Walter Quintin Gresham, 1832–1895ArchivedSeptember 7, 2023, at theWayback MachineBy Matilda Gresham (Rand, McNally & company 1919) page 23-23
  10. ^"Welcome to jeffsteamboatdays.com".jeffsteamboatdays.com.Archivedfrom the original on January 16, 2017.RetrievedOctober 18,2021.
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  12. ^"Our County Seat".www.co.clark.in.us.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2021.RetrievedOctober 18,2021.
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  14. ^"Jeffersonville Jefferson General Hospital Looking West".Indiana Memory.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2021.RetrievedOctober 17,2021.
  15. ^ab"The Falls City Engineers, Chapter VII: Civil War Engineering and Navigation"(PDF).publications.usace.army.mil.p. 113. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 21, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 27,2024.
  16. ^THOMAS, LARRY (October 26, 2006)."Jeffersonville celebrates rebirth of Carnegie Library".News and Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on October 8, 2021.RetrievedOctober 8,2021.
  17. ^"Davis Is Released In Police Court".The Courier Journal.March 22, 1930.
  18. ^"Church Publicity Policy Explained".Jeffersonville Evening News.April 18, 1931.
  19. ^Davis, Roy (February 5, 1930). "A Preacher On Prohibition".The Courier Journal.
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  22. ^West, Gary (August 5, 2018)."Club Greyhound had many colorful characters, stories".Bowling Green Daily News.Archivedfrom the original on October 7, 2021.RetrievedOctober 7,2021.
  23. ^BOYLE, JOHN (September 15, 2019)."NOW AND THEN: Goons, gambling, Greyhounds in Little Las Vegas".News and Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on October 7, 2021.RetrievedOctober 7,2021.
  24. ^abGRADY, DANIELLE (April 2, 2018)."Historian: End of Jeffboat is end of nearly 200-year-old era".News and Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on October 29, 2021.RetrievedOctober 12,2021.
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  26. ^"The German Prisoner of war camp in Indiana".Archived fromthe originalon May 25, 2011.
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  28. ^Stepro, Diane."Taylor High School – Segregated Education in Jeffersonville, 1872–1954".Discover Indiana.Archivedfrom the original on October 8, 2021.RetrievedOctober 8,2021.
  29. ^Jeff absorbs 4 annexed areas(by Harold J. Adams)Courier JournalFebruary 8, 2008ArchivedNovember 3, 2012, at theWayback Machine
  30. ^Parts of Jeffersonville annexation officialArchivedJuly 14, 2011, at theWayback Machine(by David Mann)The Evening NewsFebruary 8, 2008
  31. ^Jeffersonville annexation challenge is rejected(Ben Zion Hershberg)Courier JournalFebruary 26, 2008ArchivedNovember 3, 2012, at theWayback Machine
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  33. ^"Big Four Bridge and Big Four Station – Jeffersonville Main Street, Inc".July 9, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on October 25, 2021.RetrievedOctober 11,2021.
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  40. ^"About Us".Kitchen Kompact.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2021.RetrievedOctober 11,2021.
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  45. ^"SCHOOL".Jeffersonville Catholic.Archivedfrom the original on October 8, 2021.RetrievedOctober 8,2021.
  46. ^"Jammin in Jeff".City Of Jeffersonville Parks Department.December 15, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on September 14, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 14,2022.
  47. ^ab"2023 Indiana Festival Guide".Festival Guides and Reviews.Archivedfrom the original on February 8, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 8,2023.
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  50. ^"Vintage Fire Museum – Jeffersonville Main Street, Inc".April 29, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on October 8, 2021.RetrievedOctober 8,2021.

External links[edit]