Jump to content

Jerry Rawlings

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jerry Rawlings
Rawlings in 2019
4thPresident of Ghana
In office
7 January 1993 – 7 January 2001
Vice President
Preceded byHimself
(as Chairman of the PNDC)
Succeeded byJohn Kufuor
Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council
In office
31 December 1981 – 7 January 1993
Preceded byHilla Limann(as President)
Succeeded byHimself(as President)
Chairman of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
In office
4 June 1979 – 24 September 1979
Vice PresidentGamesu Pascal [Zikpitor] Sedzro
Preceded byFred Akuffo
Succeeded byHilla Limann(as President)
Personal details
Born
Jerry Rawlings John

(1947-06-22)22 June 1947
Accra,Gold Coast(now Ghana)
Died12 November 2020(2020-11-12)(aged 73)
Accra, Ghana
Resting placeBurma Camp
Political partyNational Democratic Congress(after 1992)
Spouse
​
​
(m.1977)​
Children4, includingZanetor Agyeman-Rawlings
ProfessionFighter pilot
AwardsUDS Honorary Award
Military service
Branch/serviceGhana Air Force
Years of service1968–1992
RankFlight lieutenant

Jerry John Rawlings(22 June 1947 – 12 November 2020)[1]was a Ghanaian military coup leader, aviator and politician who led the country for a brief period in 1979, and then from 1981 to 2001. He led amilitary juntauntil 1992, and then served two terms as the democratically electedpresident of Ghana.[2][3][4]

Rawlings came to power in Ghana as aflight lieutenantof theGhana Air Forcefollowinga coup d'étatin 1979. Prior to that, he led an unsuccessful coup attempt against the ruling military government on Tuesday, 15 May 1979, just five weeks before scheduled democratic elections were due to take place. After handing power over to a civilian government, he overthrew the democratically elected Government through a military coup on Thursday, 31 December 1981 as the chairman of theProvisional National Defence Council(PNDC).[5]

In 1992, Rawlings resigned from the military, founded theNational Democratic Congress(NDC), and became the first president of the Fourth Republic. He was re-elected in 1996 for four more years.[6][7]After two terms in office, the limit according to theGhanaian Constitution,Rawlings endorsed his vice-presidentJohn Atta Millsas a presidential candidate in 2000. Rawlings served as theAfrican Unionenvoy toSomalia.[8]He died in 2020 at age 73 and was accorded astate funeral.[9][10]

Background

[edit]

Rawlings was born as Jerry Rawlings John on Sunday, 22 June 1947 inAccra,Ghana, to Victoria Agbotui, anAnlo EwefromDzelukope,Keta,and James Ramsey John, a British chemist fromCastle Douglasin Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. Rawlings attendedAchimota Schooland a military academy at Teshie.[4][11]Rawlings was married toNana Konadu Agyeman,whom he met while atAchimota College.They had three daughters:Zanetor Rawlings,Yaa Asantewaa Rawlings, Amina Rawlings; and one son, Kimathi Rawlings.[12][13]Junior Agogowas the nephew of Rawlings.[14]

Education and military career

[edit]

Rawlings finished his secondary education atAchimota Collegein 1967.[15]He joined theGhana Air Forceshortly afterwards; on his application, the military switched his surname John and his middle name Rawlings.[16]In March 1968, he was posted toTakoradi,in Ghana'sWestern Region,to continue his studies. He graduated in January 1969, and was commissioned as apilot officer,winning the coveted "Speed Bird Trophy" as the best cadet in flying theSu-7ground attack supersonic jet aircraft as he was skilled in aerobatics. He earned the rank offlight lieutenantin April 1978. During his service with theGhana Air Force,Rawlings perceived a deterioration in discipline and morale due to corruption in theSupreme Military Council(SMC). As promotion brought him into contact with the privileged classes and their social values, his view of the injustices in society hardened. He was thus regarded with some unease by the SMC. After the 1979 coup, he involved himself with the student community of theUniversity of Ghana,where he developed a more leftist ideology through reading and discussion of social and political ideas.[17][unreliable source?]

1979 coup and purges

[edit]
Further information:4 June revolution in Ghana

Rawlings grew discontented withIgnatius Kutu Acheampong's government, which had come to power through a coup in January 1972.[11]Acheampong was accused not only of corruption, but also of maintaining Ghana's dependency on pre-colonial powers, in a situation which led to economic decline and impoverishment.[11]

Rawlings was part of the Free Africa Movement, an underground movement of military officers who wanted to unify Africa through a series of coups. On Tuesday, 15 May 1979, five weeks prior to civilian elections, Rawlings and six other soldiers staged a coup against the government of GeneralFred Akuffo,but failed and were arrested bythe military.[18]Rawlings was publicly sentenced to death in a GeneralCourt Martialand imprisoned, although his statements on the social injustices that motivated his actions won him civilian sympathy.[18]While awaiting execution, Rawlings was sprung from custody on Monday, 4 June 1979 by a group of soldiers.[19]Claiming that the government was corrupt beyond redemption and that new leadership was required for Ghana's development, he led the group in a coup to oust the Akuffo Government and Supreme Military Council.[15]Shortly afterwards, Rawlings established and became the Chairman of a 15-memberArmed Forces Revolutionary Council(AFRC), primarily composed of junior officers.[20][15]He and the AFRC ruled for 112 days and arranged the execution by firing squad of eight military officers, including Generals Kotei, Joy Amedume, Roger Felli, and Utuka, as well as the three former Ghanaian heads of state; Acheampong, Akuffo, andAkwasi Afrifa.[11][4]

These executions were dramatic events in thehistory of Ghana,which had previously suffered few instances of political violence. Rawlings later implemented a much wider "house-cleaning exercise" involving the killings and abduction of over 300 Ghanaians. Elections were held on time shortly after the coup. On Monday, 24 September 1979, power was peacefully handed over by Rawlings to PresidentHilla Limann,whose People's National Party (PNP) had the support of Nkrumah's followers.[20]Two years later, on 31 December 1981 Rawlings ousted President Hilla Limann in a coup d'état, claiming that civilian rule was weak and the country's economy was deteriorating. The killings of the Supreme Court justices (Cecilia Koranteng-Addow,Frederick Sarkodie, and Kwadjo Agyei Agyepong), military officers Major Sam Acquah and Major Dasana Nantogmah also occurred during the second military rule of Rawlings. However, unlike the 1979 executions, these persons were abducted and killed in secret and it is unclear who was behind their murders, thoughJoachim Amartey Kweiand four others were convicted of murdering the Justices and Acquah, and were executed in 1982.[21]

1981 coup and reforms

[edit]
Further information:1981 Ghanaian coup d'état

Believing the Limann regime to be unable to resolve Ghana's neocolonial economic dependency, Rawlings led a second coup against Limann and indicted the entire political class on 31 December 1981.[22]In place of Limann'sPeople's National Party,Rawlings established theProvisional National Defence Council(PNDC) military junta as the official government.[22]

Rawlings hosted state visits from "revolutionaries" from other countries, includingDési Bouterse(Suriname),[23]Daniel Ortega(Nicaragua), andSam Nujoma(Namibia).[24]More famously, Rawlings reversed Limann's boycott ofGaddafi's Libya,allowing theBlack Starsto compete in the1982 African Cup of Nations.The team won the AFCON trophy for the fourth time, their last win as of 2022.[25]

Although thePNDCclaimed to be representative of the people, it lacked experience in the creation and implementation of clear economic policies.[11]Rawlings, like many of his predecessors, attributed current economic and social problems to the "trade malpractices and other anti-social activities" of a few businesspeople.[26]In December 1982, the PNDC announced its four-year economic program of establishing a state monopoly on export-import trade with the goal of eliminating corruption surrounding import licences and shift trade away from dependency on Western markets.[26]Unrealisticprice controlswere imposed on the market and enforced through coercive acts, especially against businesspeople.[11]This resolve to employ state control over the economy is best demonstrated by the destruction of theMakola No.1 Market.[26]The PNDC established Workers' Defence Committees (WDCs) and People's Defence Committees (PDCs) to mobilize the population to support radical changes to the economy.[26]Price controls on the sale of food were beneficial to urban workers, but placed undue burden on 70% of the rural population whose income largely depended on the prices of agricultural products.[26]Rawlings' economic policies led to an economic crisis in 1983, forcing him to undertake structural adjustment and submit himself to election to retain power.[27]Elections were held in January 1992, leading Ghana back to multiparty democracy.[22]

1992 elections

[edit]
Further information:Rawlings government
President Rawlings (right) with United States AmbassadorKenneth L. Brown(center) and aUnited States Air Forcecrewman in 1995

Rawlings established the National Commission on Democracy (NCD) shortly after the 1982 coup, and employed it to survey civilian opinion and make recommendations that would facilitate the process of democratic transition. In March 1991, the NCD released a report recommending the election of an executive president, the establishment of a national assembly, and the creation of the post of prime minister. The PNDC used NCD recommendations to establish a committee for the drafting of a new constitution based on past Ghanaian Constitutions, that lifted the ban on political parties in May 1992 after it was approved by referendum.[22]

On Friday, 3 November 1992, election results compiled by the INEC from 200 constituencies showed that Rawlings' NDC had won 60% of the votes, and had obtained the majority needed to prevent a second round of voting.[22]More specifically, the NDC won 62% in the Brong-Ahafo region, 93% in the Volta region, and majority votes in Upper West, Upper East, Western, Northern, Central, and Greater Accra regions.[22]His opponents ProfessorAdu Boahenwon 31% of the votes, former President Hilla Limann won 6.8%,Kwabena Darkowon 2.9%, andEmmanuel Erskinewon 1.7%.[22]Voter turnout was 50%.[28]

The ability of opposition parties to compete was limited by the vast advantages Rawlings possessed. Rawlings' victory was aided by the various party structures that were integrated into society during his rule, called the "organs of the revolution".[22]These structures included the Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (CDRs), Commando Units, 31 December Women's Organization, the 4 June movement, Peoples Militias, and Mobisquads, and operated on a system of popular control through intimidation.[22]Rawlings held a monopoly over national media, and was able to censor print and electronic media through a PNDC newspaper licensing decree, PNDC Law 221.[22]Moreover, Rawlings imposed a 20,000 Cedis (about $400) cap on campaign contributions, which made national publicity of opposition parties virtually impossible. Rawlings himself began campaigning before the official unbanning of political parties and had access to state resources and was able to effectively meet all monetary demands required of a successful campaign.[28][22]Rawlings travelled across the country, initiating public-works projects and giving public employees a 60% pay rise prior to election day.[28]

Opposition parties objected to the election results, citing incidences ofvote stuffingin regions where Rawlings was likely to lose and rural areas with scant populations, as well as a bloated voters' register and a partisan electoral commission.[22][28]However, theCommonwealth Observer Group,led by SirEllis Clarke,approved of the election as "free and fair", as there were very few issues at polling stations and no major incidences of voter coercion.[22]In contrast, theInternational Foundation for Electoral Systems(IFES) issued a report supporting claims that erroneous entries in voter registration could have affected election results.[22]TheCarter Centerdid acknowledge minor electoral issues but did not see these problems as indicative of systematic electoral fraud.[28]

Opposition parties boycotted subsequent Ghana parliamentary and presidential elections, and the unicameral National Assembly, of which NDC officials won 189 of 200 seats and essentially established a one-party parliament that lacked legitimacy and only had limited legislative powers.[28]After the disputed election, the PNDC was transformed into the National Democratic Congress (NDC).[29]

Rawlings took office on Thursday, 7 January 1993, the same day that the new constitution came into effect, and the government became known as theFourth Republic of Ghana.[30]

Policies and reforms

[edit]

Rawlings established the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) suggested by theWorld Bankand theInternational Monetary Fundin 1982 due to the poor state of the economy after 18 months of attempting to govern it through administrative controls and mass mobilization.[28]The policies implemented caused a dramatic currency devaluation, the removal of price controls, and social-service subsidies which favored farmers over urban workers, and privatization of some state-owned enterprises, and restraints on government spending.[28]Funding was provided by bilateral donors, reaching US$800 million in 1987 and 1988, and US$900 million in 1989.[28]

Between 1992 and 1996, Rawlings eased control over the judiciary and civil society, allowing a more independentSupreme Courtand the publication of independent newspapers. Opposition parties operated outside of parliament and held rallies and press conferences.[28]

1996 elections

[edit]

Given the various issues with the 1992 elections, the 1996 elections were a great improvement in terms of electoral oversight. Voter registration was re-compiled, with close to 9.2 million voters registering at nearly 19,000 polling stations, which the opposition had largely approved after party agents had reviewed the lists.[28]The emphasis on transparency led Ghanaian non-governmental organizations to create the Network of Domestic Election Observers (NEDEO), which trained nearly 4,100 localpoll watchers.[28]This organization was popular across political parties and civic groups. On the day of the election, more than 60,000 candidate agents monitored close to all polling sites, and were responsible for directly reporting results to their respective party leaders.[28]The parallel vote-tabulation system allowed polling sites to compare their results to the official ones released by the Electoral commission.[28]The Inter-Party Advisory Committee (IPAC) was established to discuss election preparations with all parties and the Electoral Commission, as well as establish procedures to investigate and resolve complaints.[28][31]Presidential and parliamentary elections were held on the same day and see-through boxes were used in order to further ensure the legitimacy of the elections.[28]Despite some fears of electoral violence, the election was peaceful and had a 78% turnout rate, and was successful with only minor problems such as an inadequate supply of ink and parliamentary ballots.[28]

The two major contenders of the 1996 election were Rawlings' NDC, andJohn Kufuor's Great Alliance, an amalgamation of theNew Patriotic Party (NPP)and the People's Convention Party (PCP).[28]The Great Alliance based their platform on ousting Rawlings, and attacked the incumbent government for its poor fiscal policies. However, they were unable to articulate a clear positive message of their own, or plans to change the current economic policy. As Ghana was heavily dependent on international aid, local leaders had minimal impact on the economy. TheElectoral Commissionreported that Rawlings had won by 57%, with Kufuor obtaining 40% of the vote. Results by district were similar to those in 1992, with the opposition winning theAshanti Regionand some constituencies in Eastern and Greater Accra, and Rawlings winning in his ethnic home, theVolta Region,and faring well in every other region.[28]The NDC took 134 seats in the Assembly compared to the opposition's 66, and the NPP took 60 seats in the parliament.[32][33]

Post military

[edit]

The 1992 constitution limits a president to two terms, even if they are nonconsecutive. Rawlings did not attempt to amend the document to allow him to run for a third term in2000.He retired in 2001 and was succeeded byJohn Agyekum Kufuor,[34]his main rival and opponent in 1996. It was the first time in Ghanaian history that a sitting governmentpeacefully transferred powerto an elected member of the opposition.

Kufuor won the presidency after defeating Rawlings' vice-presidentJohn Atta Millsin a runoff in 2000. In 2004, Mills conceded to Kufuor after another election between the two.[35]

Post presidency

[edit]

In November 2000, Rawlings was named the firstInternational Year of Volunteers2001 Eminent Person byUN Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan,attending various events and conferences to promote volunteerism.[36]

In October 2010, Rawlings was named as theAfrican Unionenvoy toSomalia.[37]In November 2010, he attended the inauguration ofDési BouterseasPresident of Suriname,and took a tour of the country. He was especially interested in the Ghanaian origins of theMaroonpeople.[23]

Rawlings delivered lectures at universities, includingOxford Universityin England.[38]Rawlings continued his heavy support for NDC.[39]In July 2019, he went on a three-day working trip toBurkina Fasoin the capacity of Chairman of the Thomas Sankara Memorial Committee.[40]

In September 2019, he paid a tribute on behalf of the president and people of Ghana, when he led a delegation to the funeral ofRobert Mugabe,the late former president ofZimbabwe.[41][42]

Death and state funeral

[edit]

Rawlings died on 12 November 2020 atKorle-Bu Teaching Hospitalin Accra, a week after having been admitted for a "short term illness" in Ghana.[43][44]According to some reports, his death was caused by complications fromCOVID-19.[45][46][47][48]His death came nearly two months after that of his mother, Victoria Agbotui, on 24 September 2020.[49]PresidentNana Akufo-Addodeclared a seven-day period of mourning in his honor and flags flown at half-mast.[50]His family members appealed to theGovernment of Ghanato bury him inKetain theVolta Region.[51]A schedule for the signing of a book of condolence was opened in his memory.[52]His funeral, originally planned for 23 December 2020, was postponed at the request of his family.[53][54][55][56]

State burial

[edit]

From 24 to 27 January 2021, funeral ceremonies were organised at Accra in Rawlings' memory.[57][58]Arequiem massfor Jerry Rawlings was held at theHoly Spirit Cathedralon 24 January 2021, followed by a vigil at the Air Force Officers' Mess in Accra later that evening.[59][60][61]His body waslaid in statein the foyer of theAccra International Conference Centrefrom 25 to 26 January 2021.[62][63]There were also traditional rites performed by theAnlo Ewepeople of his maternal ancestry. On 27 January 2021, a state funeral, attended by national and international political leaders, paramount chiefs, diplomats and other dignitaries, was held at theBlack Star Squarebefore his burial service at theMilitary CemeteryatBurma Camp,with full military honours, including aslow marchby thefuneral cortège,aflypastof aGhana Air Forcehelicopter, the sounding of theLast Postby army buglers and a21-gun salute.[64][65][66][67][68][69]

Awards and honours

[edit]

Legacy

[edit]

PresidentNana Akufo-Addoproposed to the Governing Council ofUDSto rename the institution after Jerry John Rawlings since Rawlings used his US$50,000 Hunger Project prize as seed money to establish the university.[77][78]This suggestion was accepted by his family.[79][80]

A foundation called the JJ Rawlings Foundation was named after him led by his children, Madam Yaa Asantewaa Agyeman-Rawlings and Madam Amina Agyeman-Rawlings.[81]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Jerry J. Rawlings – Biography & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica.12 November 2020.Retrieved8 January2021.
  2. ^"Ghana: History".thecommonwealth.Archivedfrom the original on 7 May 2019.Retrieved22 May2019.
  3. ^"Rawlings hails frontline health workers".MyJoyOnline.4 June 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 5 June 2020.Retrieved5 June2020.
  4. ^abc"Jerry J. Rawlings | head of state, Ghana".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved3 August2020.
  5. ^"The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics, 1979-2000".asq.africa.ufl.edu.Retrieved9 June2024.
  6. ^"Flt.-Lt. (Rtd) Jerry John Rawlings Profile".Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2013.Retrieved3 January2013.
  7. ^"Jerry John Rawlings Profile – MyGHPage".Retrieved5 December2020.
  8. ^"AU Chairperson receives High Representative for Somalia, Jerry John Rawlings".MyJoyOnline.31 January 2011.Retrieved26 November2020.
  9. ^"Ghana buries former president Jerry Rawlings with honors".The Independent.27 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 8 June 2022.Retrieved28 January2021.
  10. ^Accra, Staff and agencies in (12 November 2020)."Ghana's former leader Jerry Rawlings dies at 73".the Guardian.Retrieved20 November2020.
  11. ^abcdefNugent, Paul (2009). "Nkrumah and Rawlings: Political Lives in Parallel?".Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana(12): 35–56.JSTOR41406753.
  12. ^Gracia, Zindzy (1 February 2018)."Jj Rawlings' Family".Yen.com.gh – Ghana news.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2019.Retrieved2 August2019.
  13. ^MyNewsGH (28 November 2018)."All my CHILDREN are POLITICIANS – Konadu RAWLINGS makes shocking disclosure".MyNewsGh.Retrieved26 May2020.
  14. ^"Mahama's son, Asiedu Nketia's nephew: Four Ghanaian footballers who are related to politicians".GhanaWeb.25 May 2022.Retrieved25 May2022.
  15. ^abcMorrison, Minion K. C.(2004). "Political Parties in Ghana through Four Republics: A Path to Democratic Consolidation".Comparative Politics.36(4): 421–442.doi:10.2307/4150169.JSTOR4150169.
  16. ^"Rawlings recounts how the military changed his 'real surname'".Adom Online.13 July 2020.Retrieved8 September2020.
  17. ^"Biography of the Former President of the Republic of Ghana, FLT Lt Jerry John Rawlings".Archived fromthe originalon 27 December 2012.Retrieved3 January2013.
  18. ^ab"May 15, 1979: Flt. Lt. Jerry Rawlings arrested after failed military uprising".Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2018.Retrieved24 November2018.
  19. ^Pike, John."Ghana – Rawlings Coup".globalsecurity.Archivedfrom the original on 29 November 2018.Retrieved28 November2018.
  20. ^abAdedeji, John (Summer 2001)."The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics 1979–2000"(PDF).African Studies Quarterly.5.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 February 2019.Retrieved25 November2018.
  21. ^Schabas, William A.; Darcy, Shane (18 February 2005).Truth Commission and Courts: The Tension Between Criminal Justice and the Search for Truth.Springer. p. 128.ISBN9781402032233.Retrieved22 March2020.
  22. ^abcdefghijklmnAbdulai, David (1992). "Rawlings" Wins "Ghana's Presidential Elections: Establishing a New Constitutional Order".Africa Today.39(4): 66–71.JSTOR4186868.
  23. ^ab"Couppleger, oud-president van Ghana en vriend van Desi Bouterse, Jerry Rawlings, overleden (73)".Dagblad Suriname(in Dutch). 12 November 2020.Retrieved13 November2020.
  24. ^Novicki, Margaret A. (1986)."Flt.-Lt. Jerry Rawlings: Chairman, Provisional National Defence Council, Ghana"(PDF).Africa Report.31(6). African-American Institute: 4–8.ISSN0001-9836.
  25. ^"How the Late JJ Rawlings won Ghana last AFCON title".Happy Ghana.13 November 2020.Retrieved13 November2020.
  26. ^abcde"The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991".publishing.cdlib.org.University of California Press.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2018.Retrieved24 November2018.
  27. ^Horton, Richard (22 December 2001). "Ghana: defining the African challenge".The Lancet.358(9299): 2141–2149.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07221-X.ISSN0140-6736.PMID11784645.S2CID19547198.
  28. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsLyons, Terrence (1 April 1997). "A Major Step Forward".Journal of Democracy.8(2): 65–77.doi:10.1353/jod.1997.0019.ISSN1086-3214.S2CID154046946.
  29. ^Adedeji, John (Summer 2001)."The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics 1979–2000"(PDF).African Studies Quarterly.5.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 February 2019.Retrieved25 November2018.
  30. ^"Ghana: Update on the Fourth Republic".Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 September 1994.Retrieved5 January2020– viaUNHCR.
  31. ^"The Electoral Political Process".Devex.30 November 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 26 November 2018.Retrieved24 November2018.
  32. ^"GHANA: parliamentary elections Parliament, 1996".archive.ipu.org.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2020.Retrieved25 May2020.
  33. ^Peace FM."Ghana Election 1996".Ghana Elections – Peace FM.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2019.Retrieved2 August2019.
  34. ^"Rawlings Attacks Kufuor".Modern Ghana.1 October 2002.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2019.Retrieved2 August2019.
  35. ^Duodu, Cameron(8 August 2012)."John Atta Mills: Politician who helped secure democracy in Ghana".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2019.Retrieved2 August2019.
  36. ^ "IYV 2001: A chronology" published atunv.orgArchived6 October 2016 at theWayback Machine,by UN Volunteers. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  37. ^"Rawlings named AU envoy to Somalia",9 October 2010.Archived2 June 2011 at theWayback Machine.news24.com.
  38. ^Kasuka, Bridgette (April 2013).Prominent African Leaders Since Independence.New Africa Press.ISBN978-9987-16-026-6.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2020.Retrieved21 May2020.
  39. ^Akosah-Sarpong, Kofi, "Jerry Rawlings: A Threat to Ghana's Democracy?"Archived7 January 2015 at theWayback Machine.The African Executive.
  40. ^"Rawlings on working visit to Burkina Faso".www.graphic.com.gh.Archivedfrom the original on 18 July 2019.Retrieved18 July2019.
  41. ^"Mugabe was a 'formidable warrior' – Rawlings' tribute on behalf of gov't".www.myjoyonline.com.Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2019.Retrieved14 September2019.
  42. ^"Government sends delegation to the funeral of Robert Mugabe".Graphic Ghana.Archivedfrom the original on 18 September 2019.Retrieved16 September2019.
  43. ^"Breaking News: Jerry John Rawlings is dead".Ghana Web. 12 November 2020.Retrieved12 November2020.
  44. ^Akorlie, Christian (12 November 2020)."Jerry Rawlings, Ghana's unlikely democrat, dies at 73".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2020.Retrieved12 November2020.
  45. ^"Jerry Rawlings: Buhari, Akufo-Addo, world leaders, celebrities react to death of former Ghana leader Jerry Rawlings".BBC News.12 November 2020.
  46. ^"Jerry Rawlings, Ghana's former president, dies at 73".The East African.13 November 2020.
  47. ^"Ghana's President Pays Courtesy Visit to Jerry Rawlings' Wife".Arise TV.13 November 2020.
  48. ^Adebayo, Adeyemi (12 November 2020)."Former Ghanaian President, Jerry Rawlings dies from COVID-19 complications".Nairametrics.
  49. ^"Rawlings' mother has died".www.myjoyonline.com.24 September 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2020.Retrieved12 November2020.
  50. ^"Prez Akufo-Addo declares seven-day national mourning in honour of Rawlings".Graphic Online.Retrieved12 November2020.
  51. ^"Bury Rawlings in Keta – Family demands".Graphic Online.Retrieved14 November2020.
  52. ^"See the schedule for the signing of Rawlings' Book of Condolence".Graphic Online.Retrieved16 November2020.
  53. ^"Anlo Traditional Council fumes over Rawlings funeral announcement".Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana.30 November 2020.Retrieved28 January2021.
  54. ^"Anlo traditional area to organise funeral for Rawlings without body".Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana.27 January 2021.Retrieved28 January2021.
  55. ^"State funeral for Rawlings scheduled for December 23".Graphic Online.Retrieved30 November2020.
  56. ^"Rawlings' funeral postponed".Graphic Online.Retrieved22 December2020.
  57. ^"Rawlings to be buried on Jan. 27 – MyJoyOnline.com".www.myjoyonline.com.12 January 2021.Retrieved24 January2021.
  58. ^"Ghana govment announce date for Jerry Rawlings burial".BBC News Pidgin.Retrieved24 January2021.
  59. ^"Requiem mass held in honour of late former President Rawlings – MyJoyOnline.com".www.myjoyonline.com.24 January 2021.Retrieved25 January2021.
  60. ^"LIVESTREAMED: Catholic Requiem Mass for late Jerry John Rawlings".www.ghanaweb.com.24 January 2021.Retrieved24 January2021.
  61. ^"LIVESTREAMED: Ghana Armed Forces holds vigil in honour of Flt Lt Jerry John Rawlings".www.ghanaweb.com.24 January 2021.Retrieved24 January2021.
  62. ^Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche."Ghana bids farewell to former president Jerry Rawlings | DW | 26 January 2021".DW.COM.Retrieved26 January2021.
  63. ^"Ghana Pays Final Respects to Former President Jerry Rawlings | Voice of America – English".www.voanews.com.26 January 2021.Retrieved26 January2021.
  64. ^"Ghana buries former president Jerry Rawlings with honors".KHON2.27 January 2021.Retrieved27 January2021.
  65. ^"Ghana's revered leader Rawlings buried with military honours".news.yahoo.com.Retrieved27 January2021.
  66. ^"Rawlings funeral: Ghanaians bid farewell to ex-president".BBC News.27 January 2021.Retrieved27 January2021.
  67. ^AfricaNews (25 January 2021)."Ghana honours ex-president John Jerry Rawlings".Africanews.Retrieved25 January2021.
  68. ^"See de activities and plan for de final funeral rites of de late Jerry Rawlings".BBC News Pidgin.Retrieved25 January2021.
  69. ^"Ghana buries former president Jerry Rawlings with honors".KLBK | KAMC | EverythingLubbock.com.27 January 2021.Retrieved27 January2021.
  70. ^"Ghana 1982 To Present The Rule Of Jerry J Rawlings"(PDF).CIA.gov.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 January 2017.
  71. ^University for Development Studies News."Acceptance Speech by H. E. Jerry John Rawlings"(PDF).Leadership for Sustainable Development and Democratic Transition in Ghana.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 October 2013.Retrieved27 October2013.
  72. ^ Peace FM Online (27 October 2013)."Rawlings Receives Another Award in South Africa And Says The World Is Engulfed in Hypocrisy".Office of Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings/Former President of the Republic of Ghana.Archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2013.Retrieved27 October2013.
  73. ^"Hall of Fame".Department of Publishing and Web Development.Retrieved26 November2020.
  74. ^"Rawlings honoured with Marcus Garvey Award".Graphic Online.Retrieved26 November2020.
  75. ^"A father who can't mourn his child".Ghanabusinessnews.16 November 2020.Retrieved22 December2020.
  76. ^"Nana Konadu receives book written to honour Rawlings".GhanaWeb.23 November 2021.Retrieved15 November2023.
  77. ^"About the University for Development Studies – University for Development Studies".
  78. ^"Prez Akufo-Addo wants UDS to be renamed after Rawlings".Graphic Online.Retrieved16 November2020.
  79. ^"Rawlings' family welcomes decision to name UDS after him".Graphic Online.Retrieved30 November2020.
  80. ^"UDS-Tamale to be renamed after Rawlings as family accepts Akufo-Addo's proposal".Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana.27 January 2021.Retrieved27 January2021.
  81. ^"Akosombo dam spillage: JJ Rawlings Foundation donates to Mepe flood victims".Modern Ghana.6 November 2023.Retrieved15 November2023.

Further reading

[edit]

The following are physical books relevant to Jerry Rawlings, which may not be available online, but are added in case of looking for more information.

  • Danso-Boafo, Kwaku (2012).J. J. Rawlings and the Democratic Transition in Ghana.Accra: Ghana Universities Press.ISBN978-996430384-6.
  • Ahwoi, Kwamena (2020).Working with Rawlings.Tema: Digibooks Ghana Limited.ISBN9789988892999.
  • Nugent, Paul (1996).Big men, small boys and politics in Ghana.London: Frances Pinter.ISBN9781855673731

See also, Shipley, Jesse Weaver. "Alternative Histories of Global Sovereignty: Ghana's Lost Revolution"Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East.Vol. 42, No. 2, 2022, pp. 532–537. DOI 10.1215/1089201X09988009.

[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Head of state of Ghana
1979 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Head of state of Ghana
1981–1993 		Succeeded by
Constitutional Rule
Preceded by
Constitutional rule re-established in Ghana
 President of Ghana
1993–2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States
1994–1996 		Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded by Chief of the Defence Staff
November 1982 – August 1983 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
New title National Democratic Congress presidential candidate
1992,1996 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Rawlings&oldid=1232878505"