Roswell incident

Roswell incident

July 8, 1947, issueof theRoswell Daily Record,featureda story announcingthe Roswell Army Air Field "capture" of a "flying saucer" from a ranch near Roswell
Date	June & July 1947
Location	Lincoln County, New Mexico,US
Coordinates	33°57′01″N105°18′51″W

External audio
ABC News radio broadcaston Roswell disc – July 8, 1947

TheRoswell incidentis a conspiracy theory which alleges that the 1947United States Army Air Forcesballoon debris recovered nearRoswell, New Mexicowas actually a crashed extraterrestrial spacecraft. Operated from the nearbyAlamogordo Army Air Fieldand part of the top secretProject Mogul,the balloon was intended to detectSovietnuclear tests.After metallic and rubber debris were recovered byRoswell Army Air Fieldpersonnel, the United States Army announced their possession of a "flying disc". This announcement made international headlines, but was retracted within a day. To obscure the purpose and source of the debris, the army reported that it was a conventionalweather balloon.

In 1978, retired Air Force officerJesse Marcelrevealed that the army's weather balloon claim had been a cover story, and speculated that the debris was of extraterrestrial origin. Popularized by the 1980 bookThe Roswell Incident,this speculation became the basis for long-lasting and increasingly complex and contradictoryUFO conspiracy theories,which over time expanded the incident to include governments concealing evidence of extraterrestrial beings,grey aliens,multiple crashedflying saucers,alien corpses and autopsies, and thereverse engineeringof extraterrestrial technology, none of which have any factual basis.

In the 1990s, the United States Air Force published multiple reports which established that the incident was related to Project Mogul, and not debris from a UFO. Despite this and a general lack of evidence, many UFO proponents claim that the Roswell debris was in fact derived from an alien craft, and accuse the US government of a cover-up. The conspiracy narrative has become a trope in science fiction literature, film, and television. The town of Roswell promotes itself as a destination for UFO-associated tourism.

1947 military balloon crash

Alamogordo

Clovis

Kirtland

Carlsbad

Deming

Fort Sumner

Hobbs

Roswell

Corona debris

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Roswell was one of manyarmy airfields in New Mexicowhen debris was recovered from a ranch near Corona. Researchers at Alamogordo Air Field, less than 150 miles from Roswell, were launching classified balloons during the prior weeks.

By 1947, the United States had launched thousands of top-secretProject Mogulballoons carrying devices to listen for Soviet atomic tests.On June 4, researchers atAlamogordo Army Air Fieldin New Mexico launched a long train of these balloons; they lost contact with the balloons and balloon-borne equipment within 17 miles (27 km) of W.W. "Mac" Brazel's ranch nearCorona, New Mexicowhere a balloon subsequently crashed.Later that month, Brazel discovered tinfoil, rubber, tape, and thin wooden beams scattered across several acres of his ranch.

With no phone or radio, Brazel was initially unaware of the ongoingflying disc craze.Amid the first summer of theCold War,press nationwide coveredKenneth Arnold's account of what became known asflying saucers,objects that allegedly performed maneuvers beyond the capabilities of any known aircraft.Coverage of Arnold's report preceded a wave of over 800 similar sightings.When Brazel visited Corona, New Mexico, on July 5, his uncle Hollis Wilson suggested his debris could be from a "flying disk".Hundreds of reports had been made during theFourth of Julyweekend, newspapers speculated on a possible Soviet origin, and about $3,000 was offered for physical proof.

The next day Brazel drove to Roswell, New Mexico, and informed Sheriff George Wilcox of the debris he had found.Wilcox calledRoswell Army Air Field(RAAF).RAAF was home to the509th Bomb groupof theEighth Air Force,the only unit at the time capable of delivering nuclear weapons.The base assigned MajorJesse Marceland Captain Sheridan Cavitt to return with Brazel and gather the material from the ranch.RAAF Base commander ColonelWilliam Blanchardnotified theEighth Air Forcecommanding officerRoger M. Rameyof their findings.

On July 8, RAAFpublic information officerWalter Hautissued apress releasestating that the military had recovered a "flying disc" near Roswell.Robert Porter, an RAAF flight engineer, was part of the crew who loaded what he was "told was a flying saucer" onto the flight bound forFort Worth Army Air Fieldin Texas. He described the material – packaged in wrapping paper when he received it – as lightweight and not too large to fit inside the trunk of a car.After station director George Walsh broke the news over Roswell radio stationKSWSand relayed it to theAssociated Press,his phone lines were overwhelmed. He later recalled, "All afternoon, I tried to call Sheriff Wilcox for more information, but could never get through to him [...] Media people called me from all over the world."

The press release issued by Haut read:

Papers nationwide published an image from Fort Worth Army Air Field of Major Jesse A. Marcel posing with debris on July 8, 1947.

Brig. General Roger Ramey, left, and Col. Thomas J. DuBose pose with debris.

The many rumors regarding the flying disc became a reality yesterday when the intelligence office of the509th Bomb groupof the Eighth Air Force, Roswell Army Air Field, was fortunate enough to gain possession of a disc through the cooperation of one of the local ranchers and the sheriff's office ofChaves County.
The flying object landed on a ranch near Roswell sometime last week. Not having phone facilities, the rancher stored the disc until such time as he was able to contact the sheriff's office, who in turn notified Maj. Jesse A. Marcel of the 509th Bomb Group Intelligence Office.

— Associated Press(July 8, 1947)

Media interest in the case dissipated soon after a press conference where General Roger Ramey, his chief of staff ColonelThomas DuBose,and weather officer Irving Newton identified the material as pieces of a weather balloon.Newton told reporters that similar radar targets were used at about 80 weather stations across the country.The small number of subsequent news stories offered mundane and prosaic accounts of the crash.On July 9, theRoswell Daily Recordhighlighted that no engine or metal parts had been found in the wreckage.Brazel told theRecordthat the debris consisted of rubber strips, "tinfoil, paper, tape, and sticks."Brazel said he paid little attention to it but returned later with his wife and daughter to gather up some of the debris.Despite later claims that he was forced to repeat a cover story, Brazel told newspaper reporters, "I am sure that what I found was not any weather observation balloon."When interviewed in Fort-Worth, Texas, Jesse Marcel described the wreckage as "parts of the weather device" composed of "tinfoil and broken wooden beams".

Some portion of the material was flown from Texas toWright Fieldin Ohio, where Colonel Marcellus Duffy identified it as balloon equipment.Duffy had previous experience with Project Mogul and contacted Mogul's project officer Albert Trakowski to discuss the debris.Unable to disclose details about the project, Duffy identified it as "meteorological equipment".

The 1947 official account omitted any connection to Cold War military programs.On July 10, military personnel at Alamogordo gave a demonstration to the press. Four officers provided a false account of mundane weather balloon usage throughout the previous year. They demonstrated balloon configurations used by the Mogul team as ways to gather meteorological data, offering a plausible explanation for any unusual aspects of the Roswell debris.The Air Force later described the weather balloon story as "an attempt to deflect attention from the top secret Mogul project."

UFO conspiracy theories (1947–1978)

For broader coverage of this topic, seeUFO conspiracy theories.

The 1947 debris retrieval remained relatively obscure for three decades.Reporting ceased soon after the government provided a mundane explanation,and broader reporting on flying saucers declined rapidly after theTwin Falls saucer hoax.Just days after stories of the Roswell "flying disc", a widely reported crashed disc from Twin Falls, Idaho, was found to be a hoax created by four teenagers using parts from ajukebox.

Nevertheless, belief in UFO cover-ups by the US government became widespread in this period.Hoaxes, legends, and stories of crashed spaceships and alien bodies in New Mexico emerged that later formed elements of the Roswell myth.In 1947, many Americans attributedflying saucersto unknown military aircraft.In the decades between the initial debris recovery and the emergence of Roswell theories, flying saucers became synonymous withalien spacecraft.After theassassination of John F. Kennedyand theWatergate scandal,trust in the US government declined and acceptance of conspiracy theories became widespread.UFO believers accused the government of a "Cosmic Watergate".The 1947 incident was reinterpreted to fit the public's increasingly conspiratorial outlook.

Aztec crashed saucer hoax

Author Frank Scully (right) and confidence man Silas Newton (center)

TheAztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoaxin 1948 introduced stories of recovered alien bodies that later became associated with Roswell.It achieved broad exposure when the con artists behind it convincedVarietycolumnistFrank Scullyto cover their fictitious crash.The hoax narrative included small grey humanoid bodies, metal stronger than any found on Earth, indecipherable writing, and a government coverup to prevent public panic – these elements appeared in later versions of the Roswell myth.In retellings, the mundane debris reported at the actual crash site was replaced with the Aztec hoax's fantastical alloys.By the time Roswell returned to media attention,grey alienshad become a part of American culture through theBarney and Betty Hill incident.In a 1997 Roswell report, Air Force investigator James McAndrew wrote that "even with the exposure of this obvious fraud, the Aztec story is still revered by UFO theorists. Elements of this story occasionally reemerge and are thought to be the catalyst for other crashed flying saucer stories, including the Roswell Incident."

Hangar 18

"Hangar 18"is a non-existent location that many later conspiracy theories allege housed extraterrestrial craft or bodies recovered from Roswell.The idea of alien corpses from a crashed ship being stored in an Air Force morgue at theWright-Patterson Air Force Basewas mentioned in Scully'sBehind the Flying Saucers,expanded in the 1966 bookIncident at Exeter,and became the basis for a 1968 science-fiction novelThe Fortec Conspiracy.Fortecwas about a fictional cover-up by theAir Force unit charged with reverse-engineeringother nations' technical advancements.

In 1974, science-fiction author and conspiracy theoristRobert Spencer Carralleged that alien bodies recovered from the Aztec crash were stored in "Hangar 18" at Wright-Patterson.Carr claimed that his sources had witnessed the alien autopsy,another idea later incorporated into the Roswell narrative.The Air Force explained that no "Hangar 18" existed at the base, noting a similarity between Carr's story and the fictionalFortec Conspiracy.The 1980 filmHangar 18,which dramatized Carr's claims, was described as "a modern-day dramatization" of Roswell by the film's directorJames L. Conway,and as "nascent Roswell mythology" by folklorist Thomas Bullard.Decades later, Carr's son recalled that he had often "mortified my mother and me by spinning preposterous stories in front of strangers... [tales of] befriending a giant alligator in the Florida swamps, and sharing complex philosophical ideas with porpoises in the Gulf of Mexico."

Roswell conspiracy theories (1978–1994)

External videos
Interviews with Jesse Marcel Sr. and Jr.included in anUnsolved Mysteriesepisode
Interview with Jesse Marcel Jr.

Interest in Roswell was rekindled afterufologistStanton FriedmaninterviewedJesse Marcelin 1978.Marcel had accompanied the Roswell debris from the ranch to the Fort Worth press conference.In the 1978 interview, Marcel stated that the "weather balloon" explanation from the press conference was a cover story,and that he now believed the debris was extraterrestrial.On December 19, 1979, Marcel was interviewed by Bob Pratt of theNational Enquirer,and the tabloid brought large-scale attention to the Marcel story the following February.Marcel described a foil that could be crumpled but would uncrumple when released.On September 20, 1980, the TV seriesIn Search of...,hosted by Star Trek actorLeonard Nimoy,aired an interview where Marcel described his participation in the 1947 press conference:

They wanted some comments from me, but I wasn't at liberty to do that. So, all I could do is keep my mouth shut. And General Ramey is the one who discussed – told the newspapers, I mean the newsman, what it was, and to forget about it. It is nothing more than a weather observation balloon. Of course, we both knew differently.

Ufologists interviewed Major Marcel's son, Jesse A. Marcel Jr. M.D., who said that when he was 10 years old, his father had shown him flying saucer debris recovered from the Roswell crash site, including, "a small beam with purple-hued hieroglyphics on it".However, the symbols described as alien hieroglyphics matched the symbols on the adhesive tape that Project Mogul sourced from a New York toy manufacturer.

To publish his research, Friedman collaborated with childhood friend and authorWilliam "Bill" Moore,who reached out to established paranormal authorCharles Berlitz.Berlitz had previously written books on fringe topics like theBermuda Triangleand had collaborated with Moore to write about thePhiladelphia Experiment.Crediting Friedman only as an investigator,Moore and Berlitz co-wrote the 1980 bookThe Roswell Incident.It popularized Marcel's account and added the claimed discovery of alien bodies,found approximately 150 miles west of the original debris site on thePlains of San Agustin.Marcel never mentioned the presence of bodies.

Friedman, Berlitz, and Moore also connected Marcel's account to an earlier statement by Lydia Sleppy, a formerteletypeoperator at theKOATradio station inAlbuquerque, New Mexico.Sleppy claimed that she was typing a story about crashed saucer wreckage as dictated by reporter Johnny McBoyle until interrupted by an incoming message, ordering her to end communications.Between 1978 and the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Friedman, Moore, and the team ofKevin D. Randleand Donald R. Schmitt interviewed many people who claimed to have had a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947, generating competing and conflicting accounts.

The Roswell Incident

Main article:The Roswell Incident (1980 book)

Corona debris
(1947)

Barnett Legend(1980)

Aztec Hoax(1949)

Roswell Army Air Field
(1947)

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In 1947, officers from Roswell Army Air Field investigated a debris field near Corona. By the 1980s, popular accounts conflated the debris investigation with two separate myths of humanoid bodies over 300 miles away from Roswell.

The first Roswell conspiracy book, released in October 1980, wasThe Roswell IncidentbyCharles BerlitzandBill Moore.Anthropologist Charles Ziegler described the 1980 book as "version 1" of the Roswell myth.Berlitz and Moore's narrative was the dominant version of the Roswell conspiracy during the 1980s.

The book argues that an extraterrestrial craft was flying over the New Mexico desert to observenuclear weaponsactivity when alightningstrike killed the alien crew.It alleges that, after recovering the crashed alien technology, the US government engaged in a cover-up to prevent mass panic.The Roswell Incidentquoted Marcel's later description of the debris as "nothing made on this earth".The book claims that in some photographs, the debris recovered by Marcel had been substituted for the debris from a weather device despite no visible differences in the photographed material.The book's claims of unusual debris were contradicted by the mundane details provided by Captain Sheridan Cavitt, who had gathered the material with Marcel.The Roswell Incidentintroduced alien bodies – via the second-hand legends of deceased civil engineer Grady "Barney" Barnett – purportedly found by archaeologists on thePlains of San Agustin.

The authors claimed to have interviewed over 90 witnesses, though the testimony of only 25 appears in the book. Only seven of them claimed to have seen the debris. Of these, five claimed to have handled it.Some elements of the witness accounts – small alien bodies, indestructible metals, hieroglyphic writing – matched other crashed saucer legends more than the 1947 reports from Roswell. Berlitz and Moore claimed Scully's long-discredited crashed saucer hoax to be an account of the Roswell incident that mistakenly "placed the area of the crash near Aztec".

Mac Brazel died in 1963 before interest in the Roswell debris was revived.Berlitz and Moore interviewed his surviving adult children, William Brazel Jr. and Bessie Brazel Schreiber. Brazel Jr. described how the military arrested his father and "swore him to secrecy".However, during the time that Mac Brazel was alleged to have been in military custody, multiple people reported seeing him in Roswell, and he provided an interview to local radio stationKGFL.Schreiber, who had gathered debris material with her father when she was 14, offered ufologists a description that matched the materials used by Project Mogul, "There was what appeared to be pieces of heavily waxed paper and a sort of aluminum-like foil. [...] Some of the metal-foil pieces had a sort of tape stuck to them, and when they were held up to the light they showed what looked like pastel flowers [...]".

According to the book, "some of the most important testimony" was given by Marcel,the former intelligence officer who had gathered the debris in 1947 and claimed to have been part of a cover-up.The broader UFO media treated Marcel as awhistleblower.Independent researchers found embellishment in Jesse Marcel's accounts, including false statements about his military career and educational background.

Majestic 12 hoax

Main article:Majestic 12

External videos
Bill Moore addresses MUFON, July 1 1989

Majestic 12 was the purported organization behind faked government documents delivered anonymously to multiple ufologists in the early 1980s.All individuals who received the fake documents were connected to Bill Moore.After the publication ofThe Roswell Incident,Richard Dotyand other individuals presenting themselves as Air Force Intelligence Officers approached Moore.They used the unfulfilled promise of hard evidence of extraterrestrial retrievals to recruit Moore, who kept notes on other ufologists and intentionally spread misinformation within the UFO community.At a 1989Mutual UFO Networkconference, Moore confessed that he had intentionally fed fake evidence of extraterrestrials to UFO researchers includingPaul Bennewitz.Doty later said that he intentionally gave fabricated information to UFO researchers while working atKirtland Air Force Basein the 1980s.Roswell conspiracy proponents turned on Moore, but not the broader conspiracy theory.

The Majestic-12 materials have been heavily scrutinized and discredited.The various purported memos existed only as copies of photographs of documents.Carl Sagancriticized the complete lack ofprovenanceof documents "miraculously dropped on a doorstep like something out of a fairy story, perhaps 'The Elves and the Shoemaker'. "Researchers noted the idiosyncratic date format not found in government documents from the time they were purported to originate, but widely used in Moore's personal notes.

In this variant of the Roswell legend, the bodies were ejected from the craft shortly before it exploded over the ranch. The propulsion unit is destroyed and the government concludes the ship was a "short range reconnaissance craft". The following week, the bodies are recovered some miles away, decomposing from exposure and scavengers.

Role of Glenn Dennis

External videos
Unsolved MysteriessegmentSeptember 20, 1989
Glenn Dennis's storyas dramatized byUnsolved MysteriesSeptember 18, 1994

The initial claims of recovered alien bodies came from the secondhand accounts of "Barney" Barnett and "Pappy" Henderson after their deaths.On August 5, 1989, Friedman interviewed former mortician Glenn Dennis.Dennis provided an account of extraterrestrial corpses endorsed by prominent Roswell ufologists Don Berliner, Friedman, Randle, and Schmitt.Dennis claimed to have received "four or five calls" from the Air Base with questions about body preservation and inquiries about small or hermetically sealed caskets; he further claimed that a local nurse told him she had witnessed an "alien autopsy". Glenn Dennis has been called the "star witness" of the Roswell incident.

In 1991, Glenn Dennis and Walter Haut opened a UFO museum in Roswell.

On September 20, 1989, an episode ofUnsolved Mysteriesincluded the second-hand stories of alien bodies captured by the army and transported to Texas. The episode was watched by 28 million people.In 1994, Dennis's account was portrayed byUnsolved Mysteriesand dramatized in the made-for-TV movieRoswell.Dennis appeared in multiple books and documentaries.In 1991, Dennis co-founded aUFO museum in Roswellalong with Max Littell and former RAAF public affairs officer Walter Haut.

Dennis provided false names for the nurse who allegedly witnessed the autopsy. Presented with evidence that a Naomi Self or Naomi Maria Selff had never worked as a military nurse in 1947, Dennis admitted to fabricating her name. He claimed the nurse's actual name was Naomi Sipes. When no records were found for a Naomi Sipes, Dennis admitted to fabricating that name as well.UFO researcherKarl Pflockobserved that Dennis's story "sounds like a B-grade thriller conceived byOliver Stone."Scientific skepticauthorBrian Dunningsaid that Dennis cannot be regarded as a reliable witness, considering that he had seemingly waited over 40 years before he started recounting a series of unconnected events. Such events, Dunning argues, were then arbitrarily joined to form what has become the most popular narrative of the alleged alien crash.Prominent UFO researchers, including Pflock and Randle, have become convinced that no bodies were recovered from the Roswell crash.

Competing accounts and schism

A proliferation of competing Roswell accounts led to a schism among ufologists in the early 1990s.The two leading UFO societies disagreed on the scenarios presented by Randle–Schmitt and Friedman–Berliner. One issue was the location of Barnett's account. A 1992 UFO conference attempted to achieve a consensus among the various scenarios portrayed inCrash at CoronaandUFO Crash at Roswell.The 1994 publication ofThe Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswelladdressed the Barnett problem by simply ignoring the Barnett story. It proposed a new location for the alien craft recovery and a different group of archaeologists.

UFO Crash at Roswell

Still from the 1994 filmRoswell: The UFO Cover Up,based on the 1991 book. After filming, the prop became part of a permanent exhibit at a Roswell tourist attraction.

In 1991, Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt publishedUFO Crash at Roswell.It sold 160,000 copies and served as the basis for the 1994 television filmRoswell.Randle and Schmitt added testimony from 100 new witnesses.Though hundreds of people were interviewed by various researchers, only a few claimed to have seen debris or aliens. According to Pflock, of the 300-plus individuals reportedly interviewed forUFO Crash at Roswell(1991), only 23 could be "reasonably thought to have seen physical evidence, debris". Of these, only seven asserted anything suggestive of otherworldly origins for the debris.

External videos
Thomas DuBose interviewinRecollections of Roswell(1992)

The book claimed that GeneralArthur Exonhad been aware of debris and bodies, but Exon disputed his depiction.Glenn Dennis's claims of an alien autopsy and Grady Barnett's "alien body" accounts appeared in the book.However, the dates and locations of Barnett's account inThe Roswell Incidentwere changed without explanation. Brazel was described as leading the army to a second crash site on the ranch, where they were supposedly "horrified to find civilians [including Barnett] there already."Also in 1991, retiredUS Air Force(USAF) Brigadier GeneralThomas DuBose,who had posed with debris for press photographs in 1947, acknowledged the "weather balloon explanation for the material was a cover story to divert the attention of the press."

Crash at Corona

In 1992, Stanton Friedman releasedCrash at Corona,co-authored with Don Berliner.The book introduced new "witnesses" and added to the narrative by doubling the number of flying saucers to two, and the number of aliens to eight – two of which were said to have survived and been taken into custody by the government.Friedman interviewed Lydia Sleppy the teletype operator who years earlier had said that she was ordered not to transmit a crashed saucer story.Friedman attributed Sleppy's account to FBI usage of an alleged nationwide surveillance system that he believed was put in place following "an earlier crash".However, no evidence was found that the FBI had ever monitored any transmissions from her radio station.Friedman's description of her typing as "interrupted" by an FBI message and Moore's claim that "the machine suddenly stopped itself" were found to be impossible for the teletype model that Sleppy operated in 1947.

The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell

In 1994, Randle and Schmitt authored another book,The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswellwhich claimed a cargo plane delivered alien bodies toDwight D. Eisenhower.The book abandoned the Barnett crash site on the Plains of San Agustin as lacking evidence and contradicting its "framework of the Roswell event".Randle and Schmitt proposed a new crash site 35 miles north of Roswell, based on statements from Jim Ragsdale and Frank Kaufman.The book hid Kaufman's identity behind the pseudonym "Steve MacKenzie", but Kaufman appeared in the 1995 British television documentaryThe Roswell Incidentusing his real name.Kaufman claimed he monitored a UFO's path on radar and recovered debris from a crashed spaceship similar in shape to anF-117 stealth fighter.Kaufmann's statements did not match the personnel at the base, his service record, the radar technology available, or the known topography of the proposed crashed site.Jim Ragsdale claimed that while driving home along Highway 285 with his girlfriend Trudy Truelove, they watched a craft that was "narrow with a bat-like wing" crash.A later interview with Ragsdale clarified that his alleged crash site was nowhere near either the purported Barnett or Kaufman sites.In further interviews, Ragsdale's story grew to include bizarre details such as Ragsdale and Truelove removing eleven golden helmets from the alien craft to bury in the desert.

Air Force response

See also:List of investigations of UFOs by governments

(1995)

(1997)

USAF reports on Roswell

The Air Force provided official responses to Roswell conspiracy theories during the mid-1990s under pressure from New Mexico congressmanSteven Schiffand theGeneral Accounting Office(GAO).The initial 1994 USAF report admitted that the weather balloon explanation was a cover story forProject Mogul,a military surveillance program.Published the following year,The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desertsupported this with extensive documentation that narrowed the cause of the debris to a specific Mogul balloon train launched on June 4, 1947, and lost near the Roswell debris field.Within the UFO community, the Air Force reports were not accepted,and ufologists noted that the GAO probe found no Roswell documents at the CIA and no information about thealleged Majestic 12 group.Contemporary polls found that the majority of Americans doubted the Air Force explanation.

News media and skeptical researchers embraced the findings.Project Mogul offered a cohesive explanation for the contemporary accounts of the debris – failing only to explain later conflicting additions.Carl SaganandPhil Klassnoted that aspects of the debris reported as anomalous – including the abstract symbols and lightweight foil – matched the materials used by Project Mogul.Mogul also matched the materials of the hypothetical "disc" as described in a 1947 FBItelexfromFort Worth, Texas.The telex said that according to the Eighth Air Force, "The disc is hexagonal in shape and was suspended from a balloon by cable, which balloon was approximately twenty feet (6 m) in diameter."In 1997, the Air Force published a second report,The Roswell Report: Case Closed.It detailed how eyewitness accounts of military personnel loading aliens into "body bags" matched the Air Force's procedures for retrieving parachute test dummies in insulation bags, designed to shield temperature-sensitive equipment in the desert.

Later theories and hoaxes (1994–present)

Alien Autopsy

Main article:Alien Autopsy (1995 film)

The 1995 filmAlien Autopsy: Fact or Fiction(top) purported to show an alien recovered at Roswell. The extremely influential program was "aggressively satirized" the following year byThe X-Filesin a sequence (bottom) that "bears an uncanny resemblance in its visual style to the infamousAlien Autopsy".

Pseudo-documentaries, most notablyAlien Autopsy: Fact or Fiction,have taken a major role in shaping popular opinion of Roswell.In 1995, British entrepreneurRay Santilliclaimed to have footage of an alien autopsy filmed after the 1947 Roswell crash, purchased from an elderly Army Air Force cameraman.Alien Autopsycenters around Santilli's hoaxed footage, which it presents as a probable artifact of the government's investigation into Roswell.The purported cameraman Barnett had died in 1967 without ever serving in the military,and visual effects expertStan Winstontold newspapers thatAlien Autopsyhad misrepresented his conclusion that Santilli's footage was an obvious fake.In a 2006 documentary, Santilli admitted that the footage was fabricated, filmed on a set built in aLondonliving room.

Over twenty million viewers watched the purported autopsy.Fox aired the program immediately before and implicitly connected to the fictionalX-Files,which later parodied the film.Alien Autopsyestablished a template for future pseudo-documentaries built on questioning a presumed government cover-up.Though thoroughly debunked, core UFO believers, many of whom still accepted earlier hoaxes like the Aztec crash,weighed the autopsy footage as additional evidence strengthening the connection between Roswell and extraterrestrials.

The Day After Roswell

Main article:The Day After Roswell

In 1997, retired army intelligence officerPhilip J. CorsoreleasedThe Day After Roswell.Corso's book combined many existing and conflicting conspiracies with his own claims.Corso alleged that he was shown a purportedly nonhuman body suspended in liquid inside a glass coffin.The Day After Roswellcontains many factual errors and inconsistencies.For example, Corso says the 1947 debris was "shipped toFort Bliss,Texas, headquarters of the 8th Army Air Force ".Other Roswell books place the 8th Army Air Force headquarters 500 miles away at its actual location, Fort Worth Army Air Field.

Corso further claimed that he helped oversee a project toreverse engineerrecovered crash debris.Other ufologists expressed doubts about Corso's book.Schmitt openly questioned if Corso was "part of the disinformation" Schmitt believed was working to discredit ufology.Corso's story was criticized for its similarities to science fiction likeThe X-Files.Lacking evidence, the book relied on weight provided by Corso's past work on theForeign Technology Division,and a foreword from US Senator and World War II veteranStrom Thurmond.Corso had misled Thurmond to believe he was providing a foreword for a different book. Upon discovering the book's actual contents, Thurmond demanded the publisher remove his name and writing from future printings stating, "I did not, and would not, pen the foreword to a book about, or containing, a suggestion that the success of the United States in the Cold War is attributable to the technology found on a crashed UFO."

Related debunked or fringe theories

Roswell has remained the subject of divergent popular works, including those by ufologist Walter Bosley, paranormal authorNick Redfern,and American journalistAnnie Jacobsen.In 2011, Jacobsen'sArea 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Basefeatured a claim that Nazi doctorJosef Mengelewas recruited by Soviet leaderJoseph Stalinto produce "grotesque, child-size aviators" to cause hysteria.The book was criticized for extensive errors by scientists from theFederation of American Scientists.HistorianRichard Rhodes,writing inThe Washington Post,also criticized the book's sensationalistic reporting of "old news" and its "error-ridden" reporting. He wrote: "All of [her main source's] claims appear in one or another of the various publicly available Roswell/UFO/Area 51 books and documents churned out by believers, charlatans and scholars over the past 60 years. In attributing the stories she reports to an unnamed engineer and Manhattan Project veteran while seemingly failing to conduct even minimal research into the man's sources, Jacobsen shows herself at a minimum extraordinarily gullible or journalistically incompetent."

In 2017, UK newspaperThe Guardianreported onKodachromeslides which some had claimed showed a dead space alien.First presented at a UFO conference in Mexico, organized byJaime Maussanand attended by almost 7,000 people, days afterwards it was revealed that the slides were in fact of a mummified Native American child discovered in 1896 and which had been on display at theChapin Mesa Archeological Museumin Mesa Verde, Colorado, for many decades.In 2020, an Air Force historian revealed a recently declassified report of a circa-1951 incident in which two Roswell personnel donned poorly fitting radioactive suits, complete with oxygen masks, while retrieving a weather balloon after an atomic test. On one occasion, they encountered a lone woman in the desert, who fainted when she saw them. One of the personnel suggests they could have appeared to someone unaccustomed to then-modern gear, to be alien.

Explanations

The Air Force reports identified a military program as the source of the 1947 debris and concluded that other alien crash accounts were likely misidentified military programs or accidents.

Secrecy around the 1947 debris recovery was due to Cold War military programs rather than aliens.Contrary to evidence, UFO believers maintain that a spacecraft crashed near Roswell,and "Roswell" remains synonymous with UFOs.B. D. Gildenberg has called Roswell "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim".Some accounts are likelydistorted memoriesof recoveries of servicemen in plane crashes, or parachutetest dummies,as suggested by the Air Force in their 1997 report.Pflock argues that proponents of the crashed-saucer explanation tend to overlook contradictions and absurdities, compiling supporting elements without adequate scrutiny.Kal Korff attributes the poor research standards to financial incentives, "Let's not pull any punches here: The Roswell UFO myth has been very good business for UFO groups, publishers, for Hollywood, the town of Roswell, the media, and UFOlogy... [The] number of researchers who employ science and its disciplined methodology is appallingly small."

Project Mogul

AProject Mogularray

A 1994 USAF report identified the crashed object from the 1947 incident as aProject Moguldevice.Mogul – the classified portion of an unclassifiedNew York Universityatmospheric research project – was a military surveillance program employinghigh-altitude balloonsto monitornuclear tests.The project launched Flight No. 4 fromAlamogordo Army Air Fieldon June 4. Flight No. 4 was drifting toward Corona within 17 miles of Brazel's ranch when its tracking equipment failed.Major Jesse Marcel and USAF Brigadier General Thomas DuBose publicly described the claims of a weather balloon as a cover story in 1978 and 1991, respectively.In the USAF report, Richard Weaver states that the weather balloon story may have been intended to "deflect interest from" Mogul, or it may have been the perception of the weather officer because Mogul balloons were constructed from the same materials.Sheridan W. Cavitt, who accompanied Marcel to the debris field, provided asworn witness statement for the report.Cavitt stated, "I thought at the time and think so now, that this debris was from a crashed balloon."

Ufologists had considered the possibility that the Roswell debris had come from a top-secret balloon. In March 1990,John Keelproposed that the debris had been from a Japanese balloon bomb launched in World War II.An Air Force meteorologist rejected Keel's theory, explaining that theFu-Go balloons"could not possibly have stayed aloft for two years".Project Mogul was first connected to Roswell by independent researcher Robert G. Todd in 1990.Todd contacted ufologists and in the 1994 bookRoswell in Perspective,Pflock agreed that the Brazel ranch debris was from Mogul.In response to a 1993 inquiry from US congressmanSteven Schiffof New Mexico, theGeneral Accounting Officelaunched an inquiry and directed the Office of theUnited States Secretary of the Air Forceto conduct an internal investigation.Air Force declassification officer Lieutenant James McAndrew concluded:

When the civilians and personnel from Roswell AAF [...] 'stumbled' upon the highly classified project and collected the debris, no one at Roswell had a 'need to know' about information concerning MOGUL. This fact, along with the initial mis-identification and subsequent rumors that the 'capture' of a 'flying disc' occurred, ultimately left many people with unanswered questions that have endured to this day.

Anthropomorphic dummies

Anthropomorphic dummies were transported on medical gurneys and sometimes inside black insulation bags visually similar to "body bags" used forcadavers

The 1947 Roswell accounts did not mention alien bodies.None of the primary eyewitnesses mentioned bodies.Roswell authors interviewed only four people with supposed firsthand knowledge of alien bodies.The claims of alien bodies – made decades later by elderly witnesses, sometimes as death-bed confessions – contradict each other in basic details such as the location of the crash, the number of extraterrestrials, and the description of the bodies.

The 1997 Air Force report concluded that the alleged "bodies" reported by later eyewitnesses came from memories of accidents involving military casualties and memories of the recovery ofanthropomorphic dummies.Military programs, such as the 1950sOperation High Dive,released test dummies from high-altitude balloons above the New Mexico desert.The Air Force concluded that the number of accounts of body retrievals suggested an explanation other than dishonesty, and that the retrieval process for their dummies resembled the body retrieval stories in many aspects.The dummies were transported usingstretchers,casket-shaped crates, and sometimes insulation bags that resembledbody bags.Descriptions of "weapons carriers" and a "jeeplike truck that had a bunch of radios" matched theDodge M37used for 1950s test retrievals.Eyewitnesses described the purported bodies as bald, "dummies", resembling "plastic dolls", and wearing flight suits. These attributes were consistent with Air Force dummies used in the 1950s.

Roswell as modern myth and folklore

The mythology of Roswell involving increasingly elaborate accounts of alien crash landings and government cover-ups has been analyzed and documented bysocial anthropologistsand skeptics.AnthropologistsSusan Harding and Kathleen Stewart highlight the Roswell Story was a prime example of how a discourse moved from the fringes to the mainstream, aligning with the 1980szeitgeistofpublic fascination with "conspiracy, cover-up and repression".SkepticsJoe Nickelland James McGaha proposed that Roswell's time spent away from public attention allowed the development of a mythology drawing from later UFO folklore, and that the early debunking of the incident created space for ufologists to intentionally distort accounts towards sensationalism.

Charles Ziegler argues that the Roswell story exhibits characteristics typical of traditional folk narratives.He identifies six distinct narrativesand a process of transmission through storytellers, wherein a core story was formed from various witness accounts and then shaped and altered by those involved in the UFO community.Additional "witnesses" were sought to expand upon the core narrative, while accounts that did not align with the prevailing beliefs were discredited or excluded by the "gatekeepers".

Roswell incident development

	Debris	Site	Bodies
Documented historical events	Foil Sticks Durable paper Rubber strips	Found near Corona, New Mexico on Brazel's ranch	None
Aztec hoax	Super-strong metal Alien writing Crashed spaceship	Crashed near Aztec, New Mexico	16 small humanoid alien corpses in crashed saucer
Roswell Incident(1980)	Super-strong lightweight metal sheets Alien writing	Struck by lightning near Alamagordo, New Mexico Crashed on the Plains of San Agustin	Small humanoid alien corpses near San Agustin
Majestic 12 hoax	Pieces of a "short-range reconnaissance craft" Alien writing	Exploded north-west of Roswell Scattered debris over a large area	4 badly decomposed humanoid corpses near Roswell
UFO Crash at Roswell(1991)	Super-strong lightweight metal sheets Alien writing	Crashed once near Corona, New Mexico on Brazel's ranch Crashed completely 2 miles southeast of Brazel's ranch	4 decomposed and partially eaten humanoid corpses near Roswell
Crash at Corona(1992)	Super-strong lightweight metal sheets Alien writing	Landed once near Corona, New Mexico on Brazel's ranch Exploded near Corona, New Mexico	4 humanoid corpses in escape pods near Roswell 3 humanoid corpses near San Agustin 1 surviving extraterrestrial humanoid near San Agustin
Roswell in Perspective(1994)	Fragments with symbols Super-strong lightweight metal sheets A narrow craft with "bat-like wings" north of Roswell	Landed once near Corona, New Mexico, on Brazel's ranch Struck a cliff 35 miles north of Roswell	3 humanoid corpses north of Roswell 1 living humanoid pilot north of Roswell
The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell(1994)	Super-strong lightweight metal sheets An intact craft with "bat-like wings"	Landed once near Corona, New Mexico on Brazel's ranch Crashed once near Brazel's ranch Crashed completely into cliff north of Roswell	3 humanoid corpses in the craft 1 surviving extraterrestrial in the craft

Cultural impact

Tourism and commercialization

Alien-themed street light on Main Street

Roswell's tourism industry is based on ufology museums and businesses, as well as alien-themed iconography and alienkitsch.Many typical city features in Roswell are UFO-themed, including fast food restaurants, grocery stores, and street lights. A broad range of establishments offer UFO items.A yearly UFO festival has been held since 1995.Several alleged crash sites are open to visitors for a fee.There are alien festivals, conventions, and museums, including the International UFO Museum and Research Center.Around 90,000 tourists visit Roswell each year.

Popular fiction

The incident spread internationally through films depicting the key points of Roswell conspiracy theories.In the 1980 independently distributed filmHangar 18,an alien ship crashes in the desert of the US Southwest. Debris and bodies are recovered, but their existence is covered up by the government.DirectorJames L. Conwaysummarized the film as "a modern-day dramatization of the Roswell incident".Conway later revisited the concept in 1995 when he filmed theStar Trek: Deep Space Nineepisode "Little Green Men";In that episode, characters travel to 1947, triggering the Roswell incident, with their ship being stored in Hangar 18.In the 1996 filmIndependence Day,an alien invasion prompts the revelation of a Roswell crash and cover-up, including experiments on alien corpses.The 2008 filmIndiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skullsees the protagonist on a quest for an alien body from the Roswell Incident.

In the 1990s, Roswell became the most well-known of the early flying saucer accounts, due in part to frequent portrayals of a Roswell conspiracy on television. The hit seriesThe X-Filesfeatured the Roswell incident as a recurring element.The show's second episode"Deep Throat",introduced a Roswell alien crash into the show's mythology. The comical 1996 episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space"satirized the recently-broadcast SantelliAlien Autopsyhoax film.After the success ofThe X-Files,Roswell alien conspiracies were featured in other sci-fi drama series, includingDark Skies(1996–97)andTaken(2002).Starting in 1998, Pocket Books published a series of young adult novels titledRoswell High;from 1999 to 2002, the books were adapted into the WB/UPN TV seriesRoswell,with a second adaption release in 2019 under the titleRoswell, New Mexico.

Journalist Toby Smith has described Roswell as the "embarkation point" for mass media and pop culture treatment of UFOs, crashed saucers, and aliens on Earth.In a 2001 episode of the animated comedyFuturama,titled, "Roswell That Ends Well",protagonists from the 31st century travel back in time and cause the Roswell incident.The animated seriesAmerican Dadfeatures an alien namedRogerwho crashed at Roswell.The 2006 comedyAlien Autopsyrevolves around the 1990s-creation of the Santilli hoax film.The 2011Simon PeggcomedyPaultells the story of Roswell tourists who rescue a grey alien.

Statements by US presidents

Widespread speculation of a cover-up led to United States presidents being questioned about the Roswell incident.In a 2014 interview,Bill Clintonsaid, "When the Roswell thing came up, I knew we'd get gazillions of letters. So I had all the Roswell papers reviewed, everything". Clinton's administration found no evidence of alien contact or a crashed ship.When asked during a 2015 interview withGQmagazine about whether he had looked at top-secret classified information, Obama replied, "I gotta tell you, it's a little disappointing. People always ask me about Roswell and the aliens and UFOs, and it turns out the stuff going on that's top secret isn't nearly as exciting as you expect. In this day and age, it's not as top secret as you'd think."In December 2020, Obama joked withStephen Colbert,"It used to be that UFOs and Roswell was the biggest conspiracy. And now that seems so tame, the idea that the government might have an alien spaceship."In June 2020,Donald Trump,when asked if he would consider releasing more information about the Roswell incident, said, "I won't talk to you about what I know about it, but it's very interesting."

See also

• 1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident
• Kecksburg UFO incident
• List of conspiracy theories
• List of reported UFO sightings
• Nazi UFOs
• Pentagon UFO videos
• Project Blue Book
• Storm Area 51
• UFO sightings in the United States

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External links

• Media related toRoswell UFO incidentat Wikimedia Commons