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Jessie Craigen

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Jessie Craigen
Born
Jessie Hannah Craigen

c. 1835
Died5 October 1899(1899-10-05)(aged 63–64)
Ilford
MonumentsStatue of Millicent Fawcett
Occupation(s)Activist and public speaker
Years active1850s-1890s
Political partyWomen's Liberal Association

Jessie Hannah Craigen(c. 1835– 5 October 1899), was a Britishworking-classsuffragespeaker in a movement which was predominantly made up of middle and upper-class activists. She was also a freelance (or 'paid agent') speaker in the campaigns forIrish Home Ruleand thecooperative movementand againstvivisection,compulsoryvaccination,and theContagious Diseases Acts.[1]

Early life

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It is not certain where in the UK she was born, although theDover Expressin 1866 described her as a 'Scotch lady'.[2]The 1871 census, however, shows her living with an adopted 18-year-old child, Rosetta Vincent, and a married sister, Emma Henley, inOrdsallnearRetfordand describing herself as a ‘lecturer’, born in London.[3]By 1881 she is inClifton, Bristol,and in the census she describes herself as a London-born, ‘Lecturer on Social Subjects’.[4]

She reportedly had a seafaring father from the ScottishHighlands,who died when she was an infant, and a mother who was anItalianactress.[5]As a child she appeared on the stage and this may have given her the skills and the confidence for paid public speaking. She began in the late 1850s giving readings from plays andrecitations,before moving onto delivering orations attemperancemeetings, and was described on one such occasion in 1861 as a 'cleverQuakeress'.[6]By December 1868, she was addressing suffrage meetings.[7]A newspaper reporter wrote in 1869 atAlnwickthat her talks were well attended, but added that this was because a lady lecturer was a novelty, recallingDr Johnson'scomments on the subject, ‘…a woman's preaching is like a dog's walking on his hind legs. It is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all.’[8]

As a suffragist

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She is recorded as speaking on behalf of women's rights between 1868 and 1884. Her main supporters were the radical suffragistsPriscilla Bright McLaren,Lilias Ashworth Hallettand theQuakersistersAnna MariaandMary Priestman,who had realised the necessity of gaining support from the working classes for the suffrage movement.[9]The feminist and campaigner for women's rights,Helen Blackburncalled her ‘that strange erratic genius’ who spoke with a tone like a 'mighty melodious bell'. Blackburn noted that she planned and carried out her tours by herself, travelling all over the kingdom fromJohn O'GroatstoLands End,accompanied only by her little dog, and that, with the power of her voice, she was able to gather audiences and hold them riveted, ‘from miners in Northumberland… and fishers in Cornwall... to agricultural labourers in the market-places of country towns’.[10]Craigen also visitedStornowayin the Scottish Hebrides,[11]the writer and politicianHenry Hyndmanwrote vividly of her:

Jessie Craigen was ugly, self-taught, roughly attired, and uncouth in her ways.Yet all this was soon overlooked when once the lady began to speak...She came forward, dumped down on the table in front of me an umbrella, a neck wrapper, and a shabby old bag.Then she turned round to face the audience. She was greeted with boisterous peals of laughter. No wonder! Such a figure of fun you never saw. It wasMrs. Gampcome again in the flesh – umbrella, corkscrew curls and all. There she stood with a battered bonnet on her straggling grey hair, with a rough shawl pinned over her shoulders, displaying a powerful and strongly marked and somewhat bibulous physiognomy, with a body of portly development and as broad as it was long...In two minutes the whole audience was listening intently; within five she had them in fits of laughter, this time not at her but with her. A little later tears were in every eye as she told some terribly touching story of domestic suffering, self-sacrifice, and misery. So it went on. This ungainly person was producing more effect than all the rest of the speakers put together.[12]

By 1879 she was appearing on platforms with the principal figures of the suffrage movement and at Manchester, in October of that year, Helen Blackburn said that she 'held the meeting enchained by her grand voice and her strong and witty words, delivered with practised power'.[13]On 3 February 1880 she spoke at the ‘Great Demonstration of Women’ in theFree Trade Hall,alongside such notables as Mrs McClaren,Lydia BeckerandJosephine Butler.[14]

In 1881-2 she may have formed a romantic friendship with thefeministand suffragistHelen Taylor,a woman from a very different social background. This relationship faced challenges, since class differences in late-Victorian England meant that women like Craigen, who took payment for their suffrage work, were likely to be regarded on the same terms as personal servants by the middle-class leadership of the movement. However, this friendship actually faded, to Craigen's great regret, over differences of opinion concerning Ireland andCharles Stewart Parnell,who was often a houseguest of Miss Taylor.[15]

As the suffrage movement split, after its failure to win any measure for women's right to vote under theThird Reform Actof December 1884, Jesse Craigen's position, as a paid agent speaker, became more difficult and she gradually faded from the women's rights scene. (Interestingly,Leah Lenemansuggests that 'she had no payment in the movement but collected minimum expenses to keep her going'[16]) She continued to protest on behalf of other causes however, contributing an article to theNineteenth Century Reviewagainst proposals to build aChannel Tunnel,and when speaking at an anti-vivisection, anti-vaccination demonstration inChelsea,in April 1894, she was described as ‘a stout, elderly lady of dark complexion, with a stubby beard and a strong moustache…’[17]

Later life and death

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TheLocal Government Act 1894had created a system ofurbanandrural districtcouncils, and had permitted women to be councillors. In December 1894, Jessie Craigen stood, as the only woman candidate, in the election for Ilford Urban District Council, on behalf of the Women's Liberal Association. She was unsuccessful, coming fourteenth out of seventeen candidates.[18]

She died in her lodgings 2, Grove-villas, Ilford Lane,Ilford,Essex on 5 October 1899 when local newspapers described her as a ‘well-known old maiden lady’ and ‘miser’, who had shared her house with fifteen dogs.[19]Her obituary in theZoophilistdeclared that 'as a woman of the people, she exercised a great influence over the working classes... We shall miss her courageous and outspoken advocacy... her racy and eloquent speeches'.[20]Her belongings were left to Rosetta Blanche Vincent, spinster, of Church House,Uckfield,Sussex, who was granted probate on the will as sole executrix.[21]

Posthumous recognition

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Her name but no picture as there is no known photograph or drawing of her, (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on theplinthof thestatue of Millicent FawcettinParliament Square,London, unveiled in 2018.[22][23][24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Reynolds's Newspaper,23 October 1881,p1;Lincolnshire Chronicle,7 April 1871, p.4; N. Durbach,Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853–1907(2005), p.111
  2. ^Dover Express,30 November 1866, p.3
  3. ^1871 census RG10/3455/0089
  4. ^1881 census RG11/2482, p.28
  5. ^H. Blackburn,Women's Suffrage: A Record of the Women's Suffrage Movement in the British Isles, with Biographical Sketches of Miss Becker(1902), p.127
  6. ^For exampleClerkenwell News,8 November 1856, p.1 andWest Middlesex Advertiser and Family Journal,1 May 1858, p.3;At the Corn Exchange Hall, Dundee in theDundee, Perth and Cupar Advertiser,7 June 1861, p.5.
  7. ^Dundee Courier,25 December 1868, p.3, although E..Crawford,The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928(2003), p.149 suggests July 1870.
  8. ^Alnwick Mercury,25 December 1869, p.4, quoting from J. Boswell,The life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D(1827), p.128
  9. ^E..Crawford,The Women's Suffrage Movement...,p.150;Yorkshire Gazette,3 June 1884, p.5
  10. ^H. Blackburn,Women's suffrage...(1902), pp.153,126
  11. ^Leneman, Leah (1995).A guid cause: the women's suffrage movement in Scotland(New rev. ed.). Edinburgh: Mercat Press. p. 23.ISBN1-873644-48-5.OCLC34146764.
  12. ^H. M. Hyndman,Further Reminiscences(1912), p.8
  13. ^H. Blackburn,Women's suffrage...(1902), p.148
  14. ^Manchester Times,7 February 1880, p.6
  15. ^S.S. Holton,Suffrage Days: Stories from the Women's Suffrage Movement(2002), pp.59-60
  16. ^Leneman, Leah (1995).A guid cause: the women's suffrage movement in Scotland(New rev. ed.). Edinburgh: Mercat Press. p. 257.ISBN1-873644-48-5.OCLC34146764.
  17. ^Pall Mall Gazette,4 May 1882, p.4; D. Clifford, E. Wadge,et al.,Repositioning Victorian Sciences: Shifting Centres in Nineteenth-century Scientific Thinking(2006), p.216
  18. ^Essex Herald6 November 1894, p.5 and 18 December 1894, p.8
  19. ^E..Crawford,The Women's Suffrage Movement...,p.150;London Evening Standard,11 April 1900,p.2;Essex Herald,10 October 1899, p.5
  20. ^The Zoophilist,1 November 1899, vol 19, p.152
  21. ^S.S.Holton, 'Silk Dresses and Lavender Kid Gloves: the wayward career of Jessie Craigen' inWomen's History Review,Vol 5:1 (1996),p.149; Probate Calendars of England & Wales (1900), p.194, Effects worth: £73-0s-6d
  22. ^"Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square".Gov.uk. 24 April 2018.Retrieved24 April2018.
  23. ^Topping, Alexandra (24 April 2018)."First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled".The Guardian.Retrieved24 April2018.
  24. ^"Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth".iNews. 24 April 2018.Retrieved25 April2018.

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