Jump to content

Jewish left

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
FirstPrime Minister of Israel,David Ben-Gurion,a key former figure of the Israeli left

TheJewish leftconsists ofJewswho identify with, or support,left-wingorleft-liberalcauses, consciously as Jews, either as individuals or through organizations. There is no one organization or movement which constitutes the Jewish left, however. Jews have been major forces in the history of thelabor movement,thesettlement housemovement, thewomen's rightsmovement,anti-racistandanti-colonialistwork, andanti-fascistandanti-capitalistorganizations of many forms inEurope,theUnited States,Australia,Algeria,Iraq,Ethiopia,South Africa,and modern-dayIsrael.[1][2][3][4]Jews have a history of involvement inanarchism,socialism,Marxism,and Westernliberalism.Although the expression "on the left" covers a range of politics, many well-known figures "on the left" have been of Jews who were born into Jewish families and have various degrees of connection to Jewish communities, Jewish culture, Jewish tradition, or the Jewish religion in its many variants.

History

[edit]

Jewish leftism has its philosophic roots in the Jewish Enlightenment, orHaskalah,led by thinkers such asMoses Mendelssohn,as well as the support of many European Jews such asLudwig Börneforrepublicanideals in the aftermath of theFrench Revolutionand theNapoleonic Wars.In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a movement forJewish Emancipationspread acrossEurope,strongly associated with the emergence ofpolitical liberalism,based on theEnlightenmentprinciples ofrightsandequality under the law.Because liberals represented the political left of the time (seeleft-right politics), emancipated Jews, as they entered the political culture of the nations where they lived, became closely associated with liberal parties. Thus, many Jews supported theAmerican Revolutionof 1776, theFrench Revolutionof 1789, and theEuropean Revolutions of 1848;whileJews in Englandtended to vote for theLiberal Party,which had led the parliamentary struggle forJewish Emancipation[5]— an arrangement called by some scholars "the liberal Jewish compromise".[6]

The emergence of a Jewish working class

[edit]

In the age ofindustrialisationin the late nineteenth century, a Jewishworking classemerged in the cities ofEasternandCentral Europe.Before long, a Jewishlabour movementemerged too. TheJewish Labour Bundwas formed inLithuania,Poland, and Russia in 1897.[7]Distinctive Jewishsocialistorganizations formed and spread across the JewishPale of Settlementin theRussian Empire.There were also a significant number of people of Jewish origin who did not explicitly identify as Jews per se, but were active in anarchist, socialist, and social democratic as well as communist organizations, movements, and parties.[citation needed]

AsZionismgrew in strength as a political movement,socialist Zionistparties were formed, such asBer Borochov'sPoale Zion.There were non-Zionist left-wing forms of Jewish nationalism, such asterritorialism(which called for a Jewish national homeland, but not necessarily inPalestine),autonomism(which called for non-territorial national rights for Jews in multinational empires), and thefolkism,advocated bySimon Dubnow,(which celebrated theJewish cultureof theYiddish-speaking masses).[citation needed]

As Eastern European Jews migrated West from the 1880s, these ideologies took root in growing Jewish communities, such asLondon'sEast End,Paris'sPletzl,New York City'sLower East Side,[8]andBuenos Aires.There was a lively Jewish anarchist scene in London, a central figure of which was, the non-Jewish German thinker and writerRudolf Rocker.The important Jewish socialist movement in the United States, with its Yiddish-language daily,The Forward,and trade unions such as theInternational Ladies' Garment Workers' Unionand theAmalgamated Clothing Workers.Important figures in these milieux includedRose Schneiderman,Abraham Cahan,Morris Winchevsky,andDavid Dubinsky.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jews played a major role in theSocial Democraticparties ofGermany,Russia,Austria-Hungary,andPoland.HistorianEnzo Traversohas used the term "Judeo-Marxism" to describe the innovative forms ofMarxismassociated with these Jewish socialists. These ranged from stronglycosmopolitanpositions hostile to all forms ofnationalism(as withRosa Luxemburgand, to a lesser extent,Leon Trotsky) to positions more sympathetic to cultural nationalism (as with theAustromarxistsorVladimir Medem).

In Soviets and against fascism

[edit]

As with theAmerican Revolutionof 1776, theFrench Revolutionof 1789, and the German revolution of 1848, many Jews worldwide welcomed theRussian Revolution of 1917,celebrating the fall of a regime that had presided over antisemiticpogroms,and believing that the new order in what was to become the Soviet Union would bring improvements in the situation of Jews in those lands. Many Jews became involved inCommunist parties,constituting large proportions of their membership in many countries, includingGreat Britainand the U.S. There were specifically Jewish sections of many Communist parties, such as theYevsektsiyain theSoviet Union.The Communist regime in the USSR pursued what could be characterised as ambivalent policies towards Jews and Jewish culture, at times supporting their development as a national culture (e. g., sponsoring significant Yiddish language scholarship and creating anautonomous Jewish territoryinBirobidzhan), at times pursuing antisemitic purges, such as that in the wake of the so-calledDoctors' plot.(See alsoKomzet.)

With the advent offascismin parts of Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, many Jews responded by becoming actively involved in the left, and particularly the Communist parties, which were at the forefront of theanti-fascistmovement. For example, many Jewish volunteers fought in theInternational Brigadesin theSpanish Civil War(for instance in the AmericanAbraham Lincoln Brigadeand in the Polish-JewishNaftali Botwin Company). Jews and leftists foughtOswald Mosley's British fascists at theBattle of Cable Street.This mass movement was influenced by theJewish Anti-Fascist Committeein the Soviet Union.

InWorld War II,the Jewish left played a major part inresistance to Nazism.For example, Bundists and left Zionists were key inŻydowska Organizacja Bojowaand theWarsaw Ghetto Uprising.[citation needed]

Radical Jews in Central and Western Europe

[edit]

As well as the movements rooted in the Jewish working class, relativelyassimilatedmiddle classJews in Central and Western Europe began to search for sources of radicalism in Jewish tradition. For example,Martin Buberdrew onHasidismin articulating his anarchist philosophy,Gershom Scholemwas an anarchist and akabbalahscholar,Walter Benjaminwas equally influenced byMarxismand Jewishmessianism,Gustav Landauerwas a religious Jew and alibertarian communist,Jacob Israël de Haancombined socialism withHarediJudaism, whileleft-libertarianBernard Lazarebecame a passionately Jewish Zionist in 1897, but wrote two years later to Herzl – and by extension to theZionist Action Committee– "You arebourgeoisin thoughts, bourgeois in your feelings, bourgeois in your ideas, bourgeois in your conception of society. "[9]InWeimar Germany,Walther Rathenauwas a leading figure of the Jewish left.[citation needed]

Socialist Zionism and the Israeli left

[edit]
Main article:Labor Zionism

In the twentieth century, especially after theSecond Aliyah,socialist Zionism – first developed in Russia by the Marxist Ber Borochov and the non-MarxistsNachman SyrkinandA. D. Gordon– became a powerful force in theYishuv,the Jewish settlement inPalestine.Poale Zion, theHistadrutlabour union and theMapaiparty played a major part in the campaign for anIsraeli state,with socialist politicians likeDavid Ben-GurionandGolda Meiramongst the founders of the nation. At the same time, thekibbutzmovement was an experiment in practical socialism.

In the 1940s, many on the left advocated abinational statein Israel/Palestine, rather than an exclusively Jewish state. (This position was taken byHannah ArendtandMartin Buber,for example). Since independence in 1948, there has been a lively Israeli left, both Zionist (the Labour Party,Meretz) andanti-Zionist(Palestine Communist Party,Maki). The Labour Party and its predecessors have been in power in Israel for significant periods since 1948.

There are two worldwide groupings of left-wing Zionist organizations. The World Labour Zionist Movement, associated with the Labor Zionist tendency, is a loose association, includingAvoda,Habonim Dror,HistadrutandNa'amat.TheWorld Union of Meretz,associated with what was historically known as the Socialist Zionist tendency, is a loose association of the Israeli Meretz party, theHashomer HatzairSocialist Zionist youth movement, theKibbutz Artzi Federationand theGivat Havivaresearch and study center. Both movements exist as factions within theWorld Zionist Organization,as well as regional or country-specific Zionist movements; the two roughly correspond to the interwar split between the Poale Zion Right (the tradition that led to Avoda) and the Poale Zion Left (Hashomer Hatzair, Mapam, Meretz).

Apartheid South Africa

[edit]

South Africa's Jewish left-wing was heavily involved in left-wing causes such as the anti-apartheid movement. The most famous member of the anti-apartheid Jewish left wasHelen Suzman.There were also several left-wing Jewish defendants in theRivonia Trial:Joe Slovo,Denis Goldberg,Lionel Bernstein,Bob Hepple,Arthur Goldreich,Harold Wolpe,andJames Kantor.

Contemporary Jewish left

[edit]

1960s–1990s

[edit]

As the Jewish working class died out in the years after theSecond World War,its institutions and political movements did too. TheArbeter Ringin England, for example, came to an end in the 1950s and Jewish trade unionism in the US ceased to be a major force at that time. There are, however, still some remnants of the Jewish working class organizations left today, including theWorkmen's Circle,Jewish Labor Committee,andThe Forward(newspaper) in New York, theInternational Jewish Labor Bundin Australia, and theUnited Jewish People's Orderin Canada.

The 1960s–1980s saw a renewal of interest among Western Jews in Jewishworking class cultureand the various radical traditions of the Jewish past. This led to the growth of a new sort of radical Jewish organization that was both interested in Yiddish culture, Jewish spirituality, and social justice. In the US, for example, between 1980 and 1992,New Jewish Agendafunctioned as a national, multi-issue progressive membership organization with the mission of acting as a "Jewish voice on the Left and a Left voice in the Jewish Community". In 1990,Jews for Racial and Economic Justiceformed to fight for "equitable distribution of economic and cultural resources and political power" in New York City. And in 1999, leftists broke from the LA chapter of the American Jewish Congress to form theProgressive Jewish Alliance.In Britain, theJewish Socialists' Groupand RabbiMichael Lerner'sTikkunhave similarly continued this tradition, while more recently groups likeJewdashave taken an even more eclectic and radical approach to Jewishness. InBelgium,theUnion des progressistes juifs de Belgiqueis, since 1969, the heir of the Jewish Communist and Bundist Solidarité movement in theBelgian Resistance,embracing theIsraeli refusenikscause as well as of the undocumented immigrants in Belgium.

21st century

[edit]

During the first decade of the 2000s, theIsraeli–Palestinian conflictbecame a defining element in the composition of the diasporic Jewish left. A new wave of grassroots leftist Jewish organizations formed to support Palestinian causes. Groups such asJewish Voice for Peace,Independent Jewish Voices (Canada),Independent Jewish Voices (UK)and theInternational Jewish Anti-Zionist Networkgave renewed voice to left-wingJewish anti-Zionism.This perspective continues to be reflected in media outlets such asMondoweissand theTreyf Podcast.[10]

2014–2016: Jewish Left vs. the Jewish establishment

[edit]

Following the2014 Israel–Gaza conflict,some leftist Jewish organizations in the US and Canada focused on directly challenging establishment Jewish organizations[11][12][13][14]such as theJewish Federation,American Israel Public Affairs Committee,theAnti-Defamation League,andCentre for Israel and Jewish Affairs,for their support for Israel's actions during the conflict. In the US, this intra-community conflict expanded to domestic politics following the2016 United States presidential election.[15]Groups such asIfNotNow,Jewish Voice for Peace,andJews for Racial and Economic Justice (JFREJ)began organizing under the banner of #JewishResistance to "challenge institutional Jewish support for the Trump administration and affiliated white nationalists".[16]

Melbourne Jews protest Australia's policy on refugees in July 2013.

According to exit polls, 71% of American Jews voted Democratic during the 2016 US presidential election.[17]Over the last decade, the Jewish vote has gone toDemocratsby 76–80%[18]in each election. A large majority of American Jews also report feeling somewhat or very attached to Israel.[19]Increasingly, however, young Jews are becoming more critical of the Israeli government and feel more sympathetic towards Palestinians than older American Jews.[20]

Post-2016 growth

[edit]

After the2016 United States presidential election,the Jewish left saw a significant upsurge in the US.[21]New Jewish initiatives such asNever Again Actionformed to address the US government's expanding practice of migrant detention.[22]Many Jewish organizations, such asBend the Arc,T'ruah,JFREJ,Jewish Voice for Peace, and IfNotNow joined this effort under the banner of #JewsAgainstICE.[23]New Jewish initiatives also formed to specifically address rising antisemitism and white nationalism in the US, such as the Outlive Them network,[24]Fayer,[25]and the Muslim-Jewish Anti-Fascist Front.[26]

This period saw the creation of new leftist Jewish media outlets as well.Protocols,[27]a journal of culture and politics, began publishing in 2017.Jewish Currents,first published in 1946, gained a new editorial team of millennial Jews who relaunched the publication in 2018. And theTreyf Podcast,started in 2015, documented much of the growth of the US Jewish left during this period.

This period also saw a renewed interest inJewish Anarchismamong the US Jewish left. This interest was aided by the publication of new books on the subject, such as Kenyon Zimmer's 2015Immigrants against the State,and the reissuing of documentaries such as The Free Voice of Labor,[28]which details the final days of theFraye Arbeter Shtime.In January 2019, TheYIVO Institute for Jewish Researchorganized a special conference on Yiddish anarchism in New York City, which drew over 450 people.[29]Following this conference, a national Jewish Anarchist convergence was called in Chicago.[30]

2023–present upsurge

[edit]

A new wave of Jewish left activity began in late 2023. This upsurge was part of the wider international mobilization in response to Israel'sinvasion of the Gaza Stripand subsequentpotential acts of genocidefollowing the2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.[31][32]According to Jay Ulfeder, research project manager at Harvard's Nonviolent Action Lab, this period saw "the largest and broadest pro-Palestinian mobilization in U.S. history."[33]This included the largest-ever Jewish American demonstration in support of Palestine[34]andthe largest-ever pro-Palestine demonstration in US history.Many new Jewish leftist groups and coalitions were formed during this period, including Jews Say No to Genocide (Toronto, ON),[35][36]the Tzedek Collective (Victoria, BC),[37][38]Gliklekh in Goles (Vancouver, BC),[39]Shoresh (US),[40][41]andRabbis for Ceasefire(US),[42][43]while existing anti-Zionist Jewish groups like Jewish Voice for Peace experienced an influx of thousands of new members.[44]

Liberal ZionistJewish groups generally took an opposing position to the Jewish left during this period, moving closer to the Jewish mainstream.[45]J Streetand theAnti-Defamation League,for example, both opposed a ceasefire and voiced support for continued Israeli military action in theGaza Strip,positions that led to waves of staff dissent and resignations.[46][47][48][49]By January 2024,J Streethad called for a qualified end to Israel's military campaign[50]while theAnti-Defamation Leaguecontinued to oppose anti-Zionist and other Jewish left groups calling for a ceasefire, characterizing them as "hate groups"[51]and working with law enforcement to police campus activism critical of Israel.[52][53][54]

Ten liberal and progressive Zionist Jewish organizations,Ameinu,Americans for Peace Now, Habonim Dror North America, Hashomer Hatzair, The Jewish Labor Committee, J Street, The New Israel Fund, Partners for Progressive Israel, Reconstructing Judaism, and T'ruah, formed the Progressive Israel Network in 2019.[55]Many of these groups experienced internal dissent related to their support for Israel in the years leading up to theIsrael–Hamas War[56][57][58][59]and staff at almost all Progressive Israel Network groups signed an open letter calling for a ceasefire following the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.[60][61][47]Despite this, many Progressive Israel Network groups attended theMarch for Israelduring the2023 Israel-Hamas warunder the flag of a "Peace Bloc".[62][63]Mari Cohen, reporting on the march forJewish Currents,wrote that by "attending the November 14th March for Israel and refusing to call for a ceasefire, many progressive Jewish groups have cast their lot with the Jewish mainstream."[45]

Contemporary Israeli left

[edit]
Further information:Politics of Israel § Political left

Operating in aparliamentarygovernmental system based onproportional representation,left-wing political parties and blocs in Israel have been able to elect members of theKnessetwith varying degrees of success. Over time, those parties have evolved, with some merging, others disappearing, and new parties arising.

Israeli left-wing parties have included:

Notable figures in these parties have included:Amir Peretz,Meir Vilner,Shulamit Aloni,Uri Avnery,Yossi Beilin,Ran Cohen,Matti Peled,Amnon Rubinstein,Dov KheninandYossi Sarid.

British Jewish left

[edit]

British Jewshave been influential in the left-wingpolitics of the United Kingdomfor many years, especially in the main social democratic/socialist party, theLabour Party,but also in the socially liberalLiberal Democrats.

During the years when theLiberal Partywas Britain's main party of the left, two Jews in particular attained high office:Herbert Samuel,who led the Liberal Party from 1930 to 1935, andRufus Isaacs,the only British Jew to have been created a Marquess. Other notable Liberal Jews of the 1800s and early 1900s included:Lionel de Rothschild,the first Jew to serve as an MP,Sir David Salomons,Sir Francis Goldsmid,Sir George Jessel,Arthur Cohen,The Lord Swaythling,Edward Sassoon,The Lord Hore-Belisha,Edwin Montagu,Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln,andThe Lord Wandsworth.

In the early part of the twentieth century, the Liberal Party gave way to the more radical and socialist Labour Party.Leonard WoolfandHugh Franklinwere among the figures influential in the early Labour Party, and Jewish MPs likeBarnett Janner,Sir Percy HarrisandThe Lord Nathanwere among the radical Liberal MPs, many of whom switched from Liberal to Labour, economists likeHarold LaskiandNicholas Kaldorand intellectuals likeVictor GollanczandKarl Mannheimprovided the intellectual impetus for British socialism to take hold. Prominent early Labour MPs includedThe Lord Silkin,who became a Minister inClement Attlee's government,Sydney Silverman,who abolishedcapital punishmentin Britain, andThe Lord Shinwell,one of the leaders ofRed Clydesidewho later becameSecretary of State for War.

At the end of theSecond World War,the Labour Party entered government again, and several newly elected Labour MPs were Jewish, and often on the socialist left of the Party, radicalised by incidents like theBattle of Cable Street.Those MPs includedHerschel Austin,Maurice Edelman,andIan Mikardo,as well asPhil Piratin,one of only four MPs in British history to have represented theCommunist Party of Great Britain.Several MPs elected in the 1940s and 1950s went on to be Ministers inHarold Wilson's governments of the 1960s and 1970s:The Lord Barnett,Edmund Dell,John Diamond,Reg Freeson,The Baroness Gaitskell,Myer Galpern,Gerald Kaufman,The Lord Lever of Manchester,Paul Rose,The Lord Segal,The Baroness Serota,The Lord Sheldon,JohnandSamuel Silkin,Barnett Stross,andDavid Weitzman.A prominent Jewish Labour politician in this era wasLeo Abse,who put forward the private members' bill which decriminalised homosexuality and reformed the divorce laws in Britain.Robert Maxwell,a Labour MP during the 1964–66 Wilson government, eventually became a leading newspaper publisher when his holding company purchasedMirror Group Newspapersin 1984.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Labour Party experienced significant turbulence with the rise of theentryistMilitant tendency(aTrotskyistgroup led byTed Grant), and the centre-leftSocial Democratic Party(SDP) breaking away and forming anAlliancewith the Liberal Party (who had two Jewish MPs,The Lord Carlile of BerriewandClement Freud), later to unite as theLiberal Democrats.One such parliamentary defector to the SDP wasNeville Sandelson,and theKeynesianeconomistThe Lord Skidelskyalso defected. Those Jewish Labour MPs who stuck with the party includedHarry Cohen,Alf Dubs,Millie Miller,Eric Moonman,andDavid Winnick.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, with the shift away from the socialist left of the party, and duringTony Blair's leadership of the Labour Party, notable senior Jewish politicians includedPeter Mandelson,one of the architects of "New Labour",Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith,The Lord Beecham,andThe Lord Gould of Brookwood.Mandelson, party fund-raiserThe Lord LevyandJack Straw(who is of partial Jewish ancestry), were accused byTam Dalyell,MP, of being a "cabalof Jewish advisers "around Blair.[64]Several of Blair's Ministers and Labour backbenchers were Jewish or partially Jewish, includingBarbara Roche,Dame Margaret Hodge,Fabian Hamilton,Louise Ellman,The Baroness King of Bow,andGillian Merron.Labour donors during the 1990s and 2000s who were Jewish includedDavid Abrahams,The Lord Bernstein of Craigweil,Richard Caring,Sir Trevor Chinn,Sir David Garrard,The Lord Gavron,Sir Emmanuel Kaye,Andrew Rosenfeld,The Lord Sainsbury of Turville,andBarry Townsley.Several of these were caught up in theCash for Honoursscandal.[citation needed]

Under the government of Blair's successor,Gordon Brown,brothersDavid MilibandandEd Milibandbecame members of the Cabinet. Their father was the Marxist academicRalph Miliband.The brothers differed in their view of the party's future direction, and they fought a bitterleadership electionagainst each other in 2010.Ed Milibandwon the election and became the first Jewish leader of the Labour Party. One of Miliband's Shadow Cabinet members,Ivan Lewis,as well as advisersDavid Axelrod,Arnie Graf,andThe Lord Glasmanare all Jewish.

Current Jewish Labour politicians include:William Bach,The Lord Bassam of Brighton,Michael Cashman,The Lord Grabiner,Ruth Henig,Margaret Hodge,The Lord Kestenbaum,Jonathan Mendelsohn,Janet Neel Cohen,Meta Ramsay,Ruth Smeeth,Alex Sobel,Catherine Stihler,Andrew Stone,Leslie Turnberg,andRobert Winston.

Since the foundation of the Liberal Democrats, several Jews have achieved prominence:David Alliance,Luciana Berger,the aforementioned Alex Carlisle,Miranda Green,Olly Grender,Sally Hamwee,Evan Harris,Susan Kramer,Anthony Lester,Jonathan Marks,Julia Neuberger,Monroe Palmer,Paul Strasburger,andLynne Featherstone,who became a Minister in theCoalition government 2010–15.

Jewish groups on the left includeIndependent Jewish Voices,Jewdas,theJewish Socialists' Group,Jewish Voice for LabourandJews for Justice for Palestinians.TheJewish Labour Movementis affiliated to theLabour Party.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"The New Left."Jewish Virtual Library(2008); retrieved 6 June 2015.
  2. ^"Henri Alleg, auteur de" La Question ", est mort".Le Monde.fr.July 18, 2013 – via Le Monde.
  3. ^Naeim Giladi,"The Jews of Iraq": "In many countries, including the United States and Iraq, Jews represented a large part of the Communist party. In Iraq, hundreds of Jews of the working intelligentsia occupied key positions in the hierarchy of the Communist and Socialist parties."
  4. ^Hannah Borenstein,"Savior Story":"The violence of the late 1970s and early 1980s Ethiopia spurred many forms of active and comprehensive resistance. Ethiopian Jews participated widely; many, for instance, were members of the Marxist-Leninist EPRP."
  5. ^Geoffrey Alderman(1983)The Jewish Community in British Politics,Oxford: Clarendon.
  6. ^see Sharman KadishBolsheviks and British Jews,London: Frank Cass. (1992, e. g., pp. 55–60, 132); Jonathan HymanJews in Britain During the Great War,Manchester: University of Manchester Working Papers in Economic and Social History No. 51, October (2001, e. g., p. 11). The phrase was coined bySteven Bayme.
  7. ^Mendes, Philip."The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Labor Bund"Archived2014-07-01 at theWayback Machine,Jewish Currents(Autumn 2013); accessed 8 June 2015.
  8. ^Michels, Tony (2005).A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York.Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 335.ISBN978-0-674-03243-9.Retrieved5 May2024.
  9. ^Gabriel Piterberg (2008),The Returns of Zionism: Myths, Politics, and Scholarship in Israel,London: Verso, p. 10
  10. ^"Weinfeld: In praise of radical Jewish anarchist radio".The Canadian Jewish News.2019-08-15.Retrieved2024-02-18.
  11. ^"Direct action disrupts Jewish-Canadian complicity in settler colonialism – Canadian Dimension".Canadiandimension.com.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  12. ^"The rise of 'If Not Now' and the collapse of the pro-Israel consensus".Mondoweiss.net.2014-09-10.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  13. ^"17 Jewish Activists Protesting Israeli Occupation Arrested at ADL Headquarters".Forward.com.21 April 2016.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  14. ^"St. Louis Jews call on ADL to cancel honor to police".Mondoweiss.net.2015-07-18.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  15. ^"PHOTOS: Young Jews march on Trump HQ: #StopBannon: Will the Jewish Federations of North America follow suit?".Jewschool.com.17 November 2016.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  16. ^"Hundreds join #JewishResistance protest against Trump chief strategist Steve Bannon".Mic.com.2016-11-21.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  17. ^Strickland, Produced By Jon Huang, Samuel Jacoby, Michael; Lai, K. k Rebecca (8 November 2016)."Election 2016: Exit Polls".The New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon 11 December 2016.Retrieved16 January2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^"Jewish Voting Record in U.S. Presidential Elections".Jewish Virtual Library.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  19. ^"A Portrait of Jewish Americans".Pew Research Center. October 2013.Retrieved2017-01-09.
  20. ^Dov Waxman (2017)."Young American Jews and Israel: Beyond Birthright and BDS".Israel Studies.22(3): 177–199.doi:10.2979/israelstudies.22.3.08.JSTOR10.2979/israelstudies.22.3.08.S2CID148971751.
  21. ^Goldberg, Michelle (24 August 2019)."Opinion | Mazel Tov, Trump. You've Revived the Jewish Left".The New York Times.
  22. ^"Making" Never Again "More Than a Slogan".11 July 2019.
  23. ^Treyf [@treyfpodcast] (2019-08-11)."An enormous shkoyach to everyone who participated in #JewsAgainstIce actions today for Tisha B'Av!"(Tweet).Retrieved2020-12-31– viaTwitter.
  24. ^"Outlive Them Network – For a World without Pogroms, for a Future without Fascism".
  25. ^""Fayer" Twitter account ".Twitter.Retrieved2022-04-08.
  26. ^"'MuJews': Muslims and Jews band together against hate ".NBC News.15 February 2017.
  27. ^"Issue #10: TEMPLE – PROTOCOLS".
  28. ^Pacific Street Films,"Free Voice of Labour: The Jewish Anarchists"
  29. ^Andrew Silow-Carroll,"A YIVO conference finds a new audience for Yiddish anarchism"Jewish Telegraphic Agency,January 22, 2019
  30. ^"HOME | Mysite".
  31. ^"A Surge in American Jewish Left Organizing".Jewish Currents.Retrieved2024-02-18.
  32. ^"Israeli War on Gaza Sparks 'Largest Mass Mobilization of Jews' for Palestine in US History".www.commondreams.org.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  33. ^Maltz, Judy (December 5, 2023)."'Largest pro-Palestinian Mobilization in U.S. History'".Haaretz.Archived fromthe originalon December 12, 2023.
  34. ^Burch, Sarah (2023-10-19)."The largest ever Jewish protest in solidarity with Palestinians".JVP.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  35. ^"Jews Say No to Genocide".
  36. ^Smith, Louise (2024-02-01)."Jews Against Genocide".The Grind Magazine.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  37. ^"The Tzedek Collective".
  38. ^"Tzedek Collective: 'On NCCM's Lawsuit Against Hillel BC' Feb 8/24".Retrieved2024-02-19.
  39. ^"Gliklekh in Goles".
  40. ^"Shoresh: the anti-Zionist Israeli movement in the U.S."Action Network.
  41. ^"Shoresh US".
  42. ^"Rabbis for Ceasefire".
  43. ^Singh, Kanishka (2024-01-09)."Rabbis protest at United Nations asking for ceasefire in Gaza".Reuters.
  44. ^Burley, Shane (2024-01-15)."Jewish Activists Mobilizing Against War Are Finding a New Community".New Lines Magazine.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  45. ^abCohen, Mari (2023-12-08)."Progressive Zionists Choose a Side".Jewish Currents.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  46. ^Cohen, Mari (2014-02-09)."J Street's Pro-War Stance Prompts Staff Departures".Jewish Currents.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  47. ^abRosenfeld, Arno (2024-02-02)."'Clear violation of our policies': Jewish nonprofit workers face pushback calling for Gaza cease-fire ".The Forward.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  48. ^Harpaz, Beth (2023-10-19)."ADL researcher quits over Greenblatt blasting of Jewish left on Israel and Hamas".The Forward.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  49. ^Zhang, Sharon (2024-01-05)."ADL Staff Internally Dissent Over Group's Targeting of Pro-Palestine Advocates".Truthout.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  50. ^"'Time for Diplomacy'".J Street.2024-01-22.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  51. ^Lee, Micah (2023-11-11)."Anti-Defamation League Maps Jewish Peace Rallies With Antisemitic Attacks".The Intercept.Archived fromthe originalon 2023-12-03.
  52. ^Guyer, Jonathan; Perkins, Tom (2024-01-05)."Anti-Defamation League staff decry 'dishonest' campaign against Israel critics".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  53. ^Dickson, EJ (2023-11-26)."Musk Endorsement Has a Top ADL Advisor Ready to Quit".Rolling Stone.
  54. ^Kane, Alex (2023-11-21)."The Push to" Deactivate "Students for Justice in Palestine".Jewish Currents.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  55. ^"Ten Organizations Launch New Progressive Israel Network".New Israel Fund.2019-06-24.Retrieved11 December2023.
  56. ^Cohen, Mari (2021-04-19)."Revising The Dream: Members of the socialist-Zionist youth group Habonim Dror North America are increasingly pushing back on Zionism's centrality in the movement".Jewish Currents.
  57. ^Kampeas, Ron (2019-04-15)."Reconstructionist Movement Backs Anti-BDS Measure – But 60 Rabbis Disagree".The Forward.
  58. ^"Reconstructionist Judaism and Zionism",Wikipedia,2023-11-27,retrieved2024-02-19
  59. ^Alex Kane, Mari Cohen (2022-02-10)."Why Liberal Zionist Groups Won't Say" Apartheid "".Jewish Currents.
  60. ^Seitz-Wald, Alex (2023-12-07)."Hundreds of Jewish organization staffers call for White House to back Gaza cease-fire".NBC News.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  61. ^"Open Letter from Professionals at Jewish Organizations to President Biden and Congress".docs.google.com.Retrieved2024-02-19.
  62. ^Cohen, Mari."Progressive Zionists Choose a Side".Jewish Currents.Retrieved11 December2023.
  63. ^Kampeas, Ron (2023-11-11)."Organizers of mass pro-Israel rally in Washington seek to pitch broad tent for Jews".Times of Israel.Retrieved11 December2023.
  64. ^"Dalyell's 'Jewish cabal' remarks denied".BBC News.Retrieved9 January2017.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_left&oldid=1248424272"