Jianzhen

"Ganjin" redirects here. For the village in Iran, seeGanjin, Iran.

Jianzhen
Giám chân
Japanese sculpture of Jianzhen inTōshōdai-jitemple.Nara period,8th century AD.
Personal
Born	Chunyu (first name unknown) 688 Yangzhou,Jiangsu,China
Died	763 (aged 74–75) Tōshōdai-ji,Nara Prefecture,Japan
Religion	Buddhism
Nationality	Chinese
School	Risshū
Lineage	3rd generation
Dharma names	Jianzhen
Organization
Temple	Daming Temple Tōshōdai-ji
Senior posting
Teacher	Zhiman (Trí mãn) Dao'an (Đạo ngạn)
Students Xiangyan (Tường ngạn) Daoxing (Đạo hưng) Situo (Tư thác) Fajin (Pháp tiến)

Jianzhen
Jianzhen Monk Memorial Hall,Daming TempleinYangzhou,China
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	GiámChân
Simplified Chinese	GiámChân
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiànzhēn Wade–Giles Chien-chen IPA [tɕjɛ̂n.ʈʂə́n] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gaamjān Jyutping Gaam3-zan1 IPA [kam˧.tsɐn˥]

Ganjin
Golden Hall ofTōshōdai-jiinNara,Japan
Japanese name
Kanji	GiamChân
Transcriptions Romanization Ganjin

Jianzhen(688–763), also known by hisJapanesenameGanjin,was aTangChinesemonkwho helped to propagateBuddhisminJapan.In the eleven years from 743 to 754, Jianzhen attempted to visitJapansome six times, arriving in the year 753 and foundingTōshōdai-jiinNara.When he finally succeeded on his sixth attempt, he had lost his eyesight as a result of an infection acquired during his journeys. Jianzhen's life story and voyage are described in the scroll, "The Sea Journey to the East of a GreatBonzefrom the Tang Dynasty. "

Life

Jianzhen was born in Jiangyin county inGuangling Prefecture(present dayYangzhou),China,with the surname of Chunyu (Thuần vu). At the age of fourteen, he became a disciple ofDayun Temple(Đại vân tự). At twenty he travelled toChang'anfor study and returned six years later, eventually becoming abbot of Daming Temple. Besides his learning in theTripiṭaka,Jianzhen is also said to have been an expert in medicine. He opened the Buddhist temple as a place of healing, creating the Beitian Court ( bi điền viện )—a hospital within Daming Temple.

In autumn 742, an emissary from Japan invited Jianzhen to lecture in Japan.Despite protests from his disciples, Jianzhen made preparations and in spring 743 was ready for the long voyage across theEast China Seato Japan. The crossing failed and in the following years, Jianzhen made three more attempts but was thwarted by unfavourable conditions or government intervention.

• 
  Map of Jianzhen's travels

In summer 748, Jianzhen made his fifth attempt to reach Japan. Leaving from Yangzhou, he made it to theZhoushan Archipelagooff the coast of modernZhejiang.But the ship was blown off course and ended up in the Yande ( diên đức ) commandery onHainan Island.Jianzhen was then forced to make his way back to Yangzhou by land, lecturing at a number of monasteries on the way. Jianzhen travelled along theGan RivertoJiujiang,and then down theYangtze River.The entire failed enterprise took him close to three years. By the time Jianzhen returned to Yangzhou, he was blind from an infection.

In the autumn of 753, the blind Jianzhen decided to join a Japanese emissary ship returning to its home country. After an eventful sea journey of several months, the group finally landed atKagoshima,Kyūshū,on December 20. They reachedNarain the spring of the next year and were welcomed by the Emperor. At Nara, Jianzhen presided overTōdai-ji.The Chinese monks who travelled with him introduced Chinese religious sculpture to the Japanese. In 755, the first ordination platform in Japan was constructed at Tōdai-ji, on the place where including formerEmperor ShōmuandEmpress Kōmyōreceived ordination by Jianzhen a year earlier. In 759 he retired to a piece of land granted to him by the imperial court in the western part of Nara. There he founded a school and also set up a private temple,Tōshōdai-ji.In the ten years until his death in Japan, Jianzhen not only propagated the Buddhist faith among the aristocracy, but also served as an important conductor of Chinese culture.

Jianzhen died on the 6th day of the 5th month of 763.

Legacy

Jianzhen is credited with the introduction of theRitsuschool of Buddhism to Japan, which focused on thevinaya,or Buddhist monastic rules.

A dry-lacquer statue of the monk made shortly after his death can still occasionally be seen at Tōshōdai-ji. Recognised as one of the greatest of its type, it has been postulated by statue restoration experts that the statue incorporates linen clothing originally worn by Ganjin.The statue is made public only during a limited number of days around the anniversary of Jianzhen's death. For example, it was exhibited from June 2nd to 10th in 2007. The statue was temporarily brought to Jianzhen's original temple inYangzhouin 1980 as part of a long-planned friendship exchange between Japan and China. In preparation, the Chinese dredged the entireSlender West Lakeleading up to the temple from the old city center and rehabilitated Buddhist temples and other sites around the area.

References

Bibliography

• Bingenheimer, Marcus (2003). "A translation of the Tōdaiwajō tōseiden đường đại hòa thượng đông chinh truyện. "(Part 1),"The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 4, 168-189
• Bingenheimer, Marcus (2004). "A translation of the Tōdaiwajō tōseiden đường đại hòa thượng đông chinh truyện. (Part 2)",The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 5, 142-181
• Buswell, Robert Jr;Lopez, Donald S. Jr.,eds. (2013)."Ganjin", in Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.ISBN9780691157863.
• Genkai, Aomi-no Mabito; Takakusu J., trans. (1928).Le voyage de Kanshin en Orient (742-754),Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 28 (1), 1-41
• Genkai, Aomi-no Mabito; Takakusu J., trans. (1929).Le voyage de Kanshin en Orient (742-754),Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 29 (1), 47-62
• Zhou, Yuzhi (2016).Ganjin: From Vinaya Master to Ritsu School Founder,Journal of Asian Humanities at kyushu University 1, 47-52

External links

• Tōdai-ji Homepage