John Armfield

John Armfield
Born	1797 North Carolina,U.S.
Died	September 20, 1871(1871-09-20)(aged 73–74) Beersheba Springs, Tennessee,U.S.
Occupation	Slave trader
Spouse	Martha Franklin ​ (m.1831)​

John Armfield(1797–1871) was an Americanslave trader.He was the co-founder ofFranklin & Armfield,"the largest slave trading firm" in the United States.He was also the developer ofBeersheba Springs,Tennessee,and a co-founder ofSewanee: The University of the South.

Early life

John Armfield was born in 1797 in North Carolina to Quaker parents.He was of English descent.

TheFranklin and Armfield Officein Alexandria, Virginia.

Career

Main article:Franklin and Armfield Office

Armfield took up slave trading in the 1820s, more than a decade after the Atlantic slave trade had been prohibited by the United States. The domestic slave trade had been growing rapidly. Armfield sold a slave inNatchez, Mississippi,in 1827.

In 1828, Armfield and his uncle by marriage,Isaac Franklin,formed the partnership of Franklin & Armfield to buy slaves in the Upper South: the mid-Atlantic states (Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia), where agriculture was changing and many planters had surplus slaves, and sell them in the newly opened territories of theDeep South.

In this period, many whites were moving into the Southeast and the federal government beganIndian Removal.The cotton gin had made short-staple cotton profitable and there was strong demand for enslaved African Americans in the domestic slave trade as workers for clearing and development of new plantations throughout this territory.

They were enormously successful and became two of the wealthiest men in the country. Franklin and Armfield were abusive to enslaved African Americans, joking with each other in letters in coded language about the young enslaved women they were raping.Having gained enormous wealth, the two men dissolved the partnership in 1835 and sold the business to one of their agents,George Kephart.

Armfield retired toMiddle Tennesseein 1835.Franklin had also bought plantations in that area, establishingFairvue PlantationinGallatin, Tennessee,and additional lands in Louisiana and Texas.

Armfield settledGruetli,a Swiss settlement inGrundy County, Tennessee.In 1855, he developed the resort ofBeersheba SpringsinGrundy County, Tennessee,which attracted wealthy patrons. It still is operating.Additionally, he was the biggest single donor involved in the founding ofSewanee: The University of the South.

Personal life and death

In 1831 Armfield married Martha Franklin, Isaac Franklin's niece.Armfield joined the Episcopal Church, and his wife converted from the Presbyterian faith and became an Episcopalian for him.The family attendedChrist Church CathedralinNashville, Tennessee,as did BishopLeonidas Polk,with whom Armfield was a close friend.Another of Armfield's close friends wasJohn M. Bass,mayor of Nashville.

Armfield died of old age on September 20, 1871, in Beersheba Springs.

Armfield and his wife had no children. He is known to have fathered at least one child with an enslaved Black woman; he sold both her and the child. Rodney G. Williams, who is African American, has established his descent from Armfield byDNA testing.

See also

• Slave trade in the United States
• List of American slave traders

Further reading

• Gower, Herschel (October 8, 2017)."John Armfield".Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.Tennessee Historical Society.
• Ball, Edward (November 2015)."Retracing Slavery's Trail of Tears".Smithsonian.
• Natanson, Hannah (September 14, 2019)."They were once America's cruelest, richest slave traders. Why does no one know their names?".The Washington Post.