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Wiley
StatusActive
Traded as
Founded1807;217 years ago(1807)
New York City,United States
FounderCharles Wiley
Country of originUnited States
Headquarters locationHoboken, New Jersey,U.S.
DistributionWorldwide
Nonfiction topics
  • Science
  • technology
  • medicine
  • professional development
  • higher education
RevenueDecreaseUS$1.87 billion(2024)[1]
No.of employees6,400 (2024)[1]
Official websitewww.wiley.comEdit this at Wikidata

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,commonly known asWiley(/ˈwli/), is an Americanmultinationalpublishing companythat focuses onacademic publishingand instructional materials. The company was founded in 1807 and producesbooks,journals,andencyclopedias,in print and electronically, as well as online products and services,[2]training materials, and educational materials for undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education students.[3]

History

[edit]
TheHoboken, New Jersey,headquarters

The company was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop inManhattan.The company was the publisher of 19th century American literary figures likeJames Fenimore Cooper,Washington Irving,Herman Melville,andEdgar Allan Poe,as well as of legal, religious, and other non-fiction titles. The firm took its current name in 1865. Wiley later shifted its focus toscientific,technical,andengineeringsubject areas, abandoning its literary interests.[4]

Wiley's son John (born inFlatbush, New York,October 4, 1808; died inEast Orange, New Jersey,February 21, 1891) took over the business when Charles Wiley died in 1826. The firm was successively named Wiley, Lane & Co., thenWiley & Putnam,and then John Wiley. The company acquired its present name in 1876, when John's second sonWilliam H. Wileyjoined his brother Charles in the business.[4][5]

Through the 20th century, the company expanded its publishing activities, the sciences, and higher education.[4]

In 1989, Wiley acquired the life science publisher Liss.[6]

In 1996, Wiley acquired the German technical publisherVCH.[7][8]

In 1997, Wiley acquired the professional publisher Van Nostrand Reinhold (the successor to the company started byDavid Van Nostrand) fromThomson Learning.[9]

In 1999, Wiley acquired the professional publisher Jossey-Bass fromPearson.[10]

In 2001, Wiley acquired the publisher Hungry Minds (formerly IDG Books, including most titles formerly published by Macmillan General Reference) fromInternational Data Group.[11][12]

In 2005, Wiley acquired the British medical publisher Whurr.[13]

Wiley marked its bicentennial in 2007.[14]In conjunction with the anniversary, the company publishedKnowledge for Generations: Wiley and the Global Publishing Industry, 1807-2007,depicting Wiley's role in the evolution of publishing against a social, cultural, and economic backdrop. Wiley has also created an online community called Wiley Living History, offering excerpts from Knowledge for Generations and a forum for visitors and Wiley employees to post their comments and anecdotes.

In 2021, Wiley acquiredHindawi[15]and J&J Editorial.[16]

In 2023, Academic Partnerships acquired Wiley's online education business for $150 million.[17]

High-growth and emerging markets

[edit]

In December 2010, Wiley opened an office inDubai.[18]Wiley established publishing operations inIndiain 2006 (though it has had a sales presence since 1966), and has established a presence in North Africa through sales contracts with academic institutions in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt.[19]On April 16, 2012, the company announced the establishment of Wiley Brasil Editora LTDA inSão Paulo,Brazil,effective May 1, 2012.[20]

Strategic acquisition and divestiture

[edit]

Wiley's scientific, technical, and medical business was expanded by the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007 forUS$1.12 billion,its largest purchase to that time.[21][22][self-published source?]The combined business, named Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly (also known asWiley-Blackwell), publishes, in print and online, 1,600 scholarly peer-reviewed journals and an extensive collection of books, reference works, databases, and laboratory manuals in the life and physical sciences, medicine andallied health,engineering, the humanities, and the social sciences.[23]

Through a backfile initiative completed in 2007, 8.2 million pages of journal content have been made available online, a collection dating back to 1799. Wiley-Blackwell also publishes on behalf of about 700 professional and scholarly societies; among them are theAmerican Cancer Society(ACS), for which it publishesCancer,the flagship ACS journal; theSigma Theta TauInternational Honor Society of Nursing; and theAmerican Anthropological Association.Other journals published includeAngewandte Chemie,Advanced Materials,Hepatology,International FinanceandLiver Transplantation.[24]

Launched as a pilot in 1997 with fifty journals and expanded through 1998,[25]Wiley InterScience provided online access to Wiley journals, reference works, and books, including backfile content. Journals previously from Blackwell Publishing were available online fromBlackwell Synergyuntil they were integrated into Wiley InterScience on June 30, 2008. In December 2007, Wiley also began distributing its technical titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. Interscience was supplanted byWiley Online Libraryin 2010.[26]

On February 17, 2012, Wiley announced the acquisition of Inscape Holdings Inc., which providesDISC assessmentsand training for interpersonal business skills.[27]

On March 7, 2012, Wiley announced its intention to divest assets in the areas of travel (including theFrommer'sbrand), culinary, general interest, nautical, pets, and crafts, as well as theWebster's New WorldandCliffsNotesbrands. The planned divestiture was aligned with Wiley's "increased strategic focus on content and services for research, learning, and professional practices, and on lifelong learning through digital technology".[28]On August 13, 2012, Wiley announced it entered into a definitive agreement to sell all of its travel assets, including all of its interests in the Frommer's brand, toGoogle Inc.[29]On November 6, 2012,Houghton Mifflin Harcourtacquired Wiley's cookbooks, dictionaries and study guides.[30]In 2013, Wiley sold its pets, crafts and general interest lines toTurner Publishing Companyand its nautical line to Fernhurst Books.[31]HarperCollinsacquired parts of Wiley Canada's trade operations in 2013; the remaining Canadian trade operations were merged into Wiley U.S.[32]

In 2021, Wiley acquired theHindawipublishing firm for $298 million in cash[33]to expand itsopen access journalsportfolio.[15] Wiley stated it would keep the Hindawi journals under their previous brand and continue developing theopen sourcepublishing platform Phenom.[34]

In 2021, Wiley announced the acquisition of eJournalPress (EJP), a provider of web-based technology solutions for scholarly publishing companies.[35]

Products

[edit]

Brands and partnerships

[edit]
The old logo of Sybex, a Wiley brand of computer books

Wiley's Professional Development brands includeFor Dummies,Jossey-Bass, Pfeiffer,Wrox Press,J.K. Lasser,Sybex,Fisher InvestmentsPress, andBloombergPress. The STMS business is also known asWiley-Blackwell,formed following the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007. Brands includeThe Cochrane Libraryand more than 1,500 journals.

Wiley has publishing alliances with partners includingMicrosoft,CFA Institute,theCulinary Institute of America,theAmerican Institute of Architects,theNational Geographic Society,and theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE). Wiley-Blackwell also publishes journals on behalf of more than 700 professional and scholarly society partners including theNew York Academy of Sciences,American Cancer Society,The Physiological Society,British Ecological Society,American Association of Anatomists,Society for the Psychological Study of Social IssuesandThe London School of Economics and Political Science,making it the world's largest society publisher.[36]

Wiley partners with GreyCampus to provide professional learning solutions[buzzword]aroundbig dataand digital literacy.[37]Wiley has also partnered with five other higher-education publishers to createCourseSmart,a company developed to sell college textbooks in eTextbook format on a common platform.[38]In 2002, Wiley created a partnership with French publisherAnuman Interactivein order to launch a series of e-books adapted from theFor Dummiescollection.[39]In 2013, Wiley partnered withAmerican Graphics Instituteto create an online education video and e-book subscription service called The Digital Classroom.[40]

In 2016, Wiley launched a worldwide partnership withChristian H. Cooperto create a program for candidates taking theFinancial Risk Managerexam offered by theGlobal Association of Risk Professionals.The program will be built on the existing Wiley efficient learning platform and Christian's legacy Financial Risk Manager[41]product. The partnership is built on the view the FRM designation will rapidly grow to be one of the premier financial designations for practitioners that will track the growth of theChartered Financial Analystdesignation. The program will serve tens of thousands of FRM candidates worldwide and is based on the adaptive learning technology of Wiley's efficient learning platform and Christian's unique writing style and legacy book series.[42]

With the integration of digital technology and the traditional print medium, Wiley has stated that in the near future its customers will be able to search across all its content regardless of original medium and assemble a custom product in the format of choice.[43]Web resources are also enabling new types of publisher-customer interactions within the company's various businesses.

Open access

[edit]

In 2016, Wiley started a collaboration with the open access publisherHindawito help convert nine Wiley journals to full open access. In 2018 a further announcement was made indicating that the Wiley-Hindawi collaboration would launch an additional four new fully open access journals.[44]

On January 18, 2019, Wiley signed a contract withProject DEALto begin open access to its academic journals for more than 700 academic institutions.[45]It is the first contract between a publisher and a leading research nation (Germany) toward open access to scientific research.[citation needed]

Higher education

[edit]

Higher Education's "WileyPLUS" is an online product that combines electronic versions of texts with media resources and tools for instructors and students. It is intended to provide a single source from which instructors can manage their courses, create presentations, and assign and grade homework and tests; students can receive hints and explanations as they work on homework, and link back to relevant sections of the text.

"Wiley Custom Select" launched in February 2009 as a custom textbook system allowing instructors to combine content from different Wiley textbooks and lab manuals and add in their own material. The company has begun to make content from its STMS business available to instructors through the system, with content from its Professional/Trade business to follow.[46]

In September 2019, Wiley entered into a collaboration with IIM Lucknow to offer analytics courses for finance executives.[47][48]

Online Program Management

[edit]

In November 2011, Wiley Education Services announced the purchase Deltak for $220 million.[49][50]Wiley later acquired The Learning House in 2018.[51]This made Wiley one of the largestOPMproviders at the time, with 60 university partners and more than 700 online programs.[17]

In June 2023, Wiley announced they would divest several business units, including Wiley University Services.[52]Wiley's 2023 full year revenue was $208 million, an 8% reduction from the prior year.[53]In 2020, Wiley reported $232 million in OPM revenue with organic growth of 11% compared to prior year.[54]

In November 2023,Academic Partnershipsannounced they would purchase Wiley's OPM business for $110 million.[55]

Medicine

[edit]

In January 2008, Wiley launched a new version of its evidence-based medicine (EBM) product, InfoPOEMs with InfoRetriever, under the name Essential Evidence Plus, providing primary-care clinicians with point-of-care access to the most extensive source of EBM information[56]via their PDAs/handheld devices and desktop computers. Essential Evidence Plus includes the InfoPOEMs daily EBM content alerting service and two new content resources—EBM Guidelines, a collection of practice guidelines, evidence summaries, and images, and e-Essential Evidence, a reference for general practitioners, nurses, and physician assistants providing first-contact care.[57]

Architecture and design

[edit]

In October 2008, Wiley launched a newonline serviceprovidingcontinuing education units(CEU) and professional development hour (PDH) credits to architects anddesigners.The initial courses are adapted from Wiley books, extending their reach into the digital space. Wiley is an accredited AIA continuing education provider.[citation needed]

Wiley Online Library

[edit]

Wiley Online Library is a subscription-based library of John Wiley & Sons that launched on August 7, 2010, replacing Wiley InterScience.[26]It is a collection of online resources covering life, health, and physical sciences as well as social science and the humanities. To its members, Wiley Online Library delivers access to over 4 million articles from 1,600 journals, more than 22,000 books, and hundreds of reference works, laboratory protocols, and databases from John Wiley & Sons and its imprints, includingWiley-Blackwell,Wiley-VCH,andJossey-Bass.The online library is implemented on top of the Literatum platform, developed byAtyponwhich Wiley acquired in 2016.

Corporate structure

[edit]

Governance and operations

[edit]

While the company is led by an independent management team and Board of Directors, the involvement of the Wiley family is ongoing, with sixth-generation members (and siblings)Peter Booth Wileyas the non-executive chairman of the board and Bradford Wiley II as a Director and past chairman of the board. Seventh-generation members Jesse and Nate Wiley work in the company's Professional/Trade and Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly businesses, respectively.[citation needed]

Wiley has been publicly owned since 1962, and listed on theNew York Stock Exchangesince 1995; its stock is traded under the symbolsNYSE:WLY(for its Class A stock) andNYSE:WLYB(for its class B stock).

Wiley's operations are organized into three business divisions:

  • Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly (STMS), also known asWiley-Blackwell
  • Professional Development
  • Global Education

The company has approximately 10,000 employees worldwide, with headquarters inHoboken, New Jersey,since 2002.

Corporate culture

[edit]

In 2008, Wiley was named for the second consecutive year toForbesmagazine's annual list of the "400 Best Big Companies in America". In 2007,Book Businessmagazine cited Wiley as "One of the 20 Best Book Publishing Companies to Work For". For two consecutive years, 2006 and 2005,Fortunemagazine named Wiley one of the "100 Best Companies to Work For". Wiley Canada was named toCanadian Businessmagazine's 2006 list of "Best Workplaces in Canada", and Wiley Australia has received the Australian government's "Employer of Choice for Women" citation every year since its inception in 2001. In 2004, Wiley was named to theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Best Workplaces for Commuters" list.Working Mothermagazine in 2003 listed Wiley as one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers", and that same year, the company received the Enterprise Award from theNew Jersey Business & Industry Associationin recognition of its contribution to the state's economic growth. In 1998,Financial Timesselected Wiley as one of the "most respected companies" with a "strong and well thought out strategy" in its global survey of CEOs.[citation needed]

In August 2009, the company announced a proposed reduction of Wiley-Blackwell staff in content management operations in the UK and Australia by approximately 60, in conjunction with an increase of staff in Asia.[58]In March 2010, it announced a similar reorganization of its Wiley-Blackwell central marketing operations that would lay off approximately 40 employees. The company's position was that the primary goal of this restructuring was to increase workflow efficiency. In June 2012, it announced the proposed closing of its Edinburgh facility in June 2013 with the intention of relocating journal content management activities currently performed there toOxfordand Asia. The move would lay off approximately 50 employees.[59]

Wiley is a signatory of theSDG Publishers Compact,[60][61]and has taken steps to support the achievement of theSustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in the publishing industry.[62]These include becoming carbon neutral and supporting reforestation.[63][64] Wiley'sNatural Resources Forumwas one of six out of 100 journals to receive the highest possible "Five Wheel" impact rating[65]from an SDG Impact Intensity journal rating system analyzing data from 2016 to 2020.[66][67]

Gender pay gap

[edit]

Wiley reported a mean 2017gender pay gapof 21.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 21.5%. The gender bonus gaps are far higher, at 50.7% for the median measure and 42.3% for the mean. Wiley said: "Our mean and median bonus gaps are driven by our highest earners, who are predominantly male."[68]

Controversies

[edit]

Journal protests

[edit]

The entire editorial board of theEuropean Law Journalresigned over a dispute about contract terms and the behavior of its publisher, Wiley. Wiley did not allow the editorial board members to decide over editorial appointments and decisions.[69]

A majority of the editorial board of the journalDiversity & Distributionsresigned in 2018 after Wiley allegedly blocked the publication of a letter protesting the publisher's decision to make the journal entirely open access.[70]

Publication practices

[edit]

Wiley makes some articles disappear from their journals without any explanation.[71]

Manipulation of bibliometrics

[edit]

According toGoodhart's lawand concerned academics like the signatories of theSan Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment,commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation ofbibliometricsandscientometricslike thejournal impact factor,which is often used asproxyofprestigeand can influence revenues, includingpublic subsidiesin the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.[72]

Five Wiley journals, which exhibited unusual levels ofself-citation,had theirjournal impact factorof 2019 suspended fromJournal Citation Reportsin 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.[73]

Publication of "Paper Mill" generated papers

[edit]

In April 2022, the journalSciencerevealed that a Ukrainian company,International Publisher Ltd.,run by Ksenia Badziun, operates a Russian website where academics can purchase authorships in soon-to-be-published academic papers.[74]Over a two-year period, researchers found that at least 419 articles "appeared to match manuscripts that later appeared in dozens of different journals" and that "more than 100 of these identified papers were published in 68 journals run by established publishers, includingElsevier,Oxford University Press,Springer Nature,Taylor & Francis,Wolters Kluwer,and Wiley-Blackwell. "[74]Wiley-Blackwell claimed that they were examining the specific papers that were identified and brought to their attention.[74]

In 2024, Wiley closed down 19 of the about 250 journals it had acquired in the Hindawi deal, after retracting "more than 11,300 'compromised' studies over the past two years"; Wiley had earlier shuttered four journals for publishing fake articles coming frompaper mills.[75]

[edit]

Photographer copyrights

[edit]

A 2013 lawsuit brought by a stock photo agency for alleged violation of a 1997 license was dismissed for procedural reasons.[76]

A 2014 ruling by theDistrict Court for the Southern District of New York,[77]later affirmed by the Second Circuit,[78]says that Wiley infringed on the copyright of photographer Tom Bean by using his photos beyond the scope of the license it had purchased. The case was connected to a larger set of copyright infringement cases brought by photo agency DRK against various publishers.[79]

A 20159th Circuit Court of Appealsopinion established that another photo agency had standing to sue Wiley for its usage of photos beyond the scope of the license acquired.[80]

Used books

[edit]

In 2018, aSouthern District of New Yorkcourt upheld the award of over $39 million to Wiley and other textbook publishers in a vast litigation against Book Dog Books, a re-seller ofused bookswhich was found to hold and distribute counterfeit copies. The Court found that circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish distribution of 116 titles for which counterfeit copies had been presented and of other 5 titles. It also found that unchallenged testimony on how the publishers' usually acquired licenses from authors was sufficient to establish the publishers' copyright on the books in question.[81][82]

Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons

[edit]

In 2008, John Wiley & Sons filed suit against Thailand native Supap Kirtsaeng over the sale of textbooks made outside of the United States and then imported into the country.[83]In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court held 6–3 that thefirst-sale doctrineapplied to copies of copyrighted works made and sold abroad at lower prices, reversing the Second Circuit decision which had favored Wiley.[84]

Internet Archive lawsuit

[edit]

In June 2020, Wiley was one of a group of publishers who sued theInternet Archive,arguing that its collection of e-books was denying authors and publishers revenue and accusing the library of "willful mass copyright infringement".[85][86]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  71. ^"A Wiley journal makes another article disappear".Retraction Watch.June 29, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on June 30, 2020.RetrievedJune 29,2020.
  72. ^McKiernan, Erin C.; Schimanski, Lesley A.; Muñoz Nieves, Carol; Matthias, Lisa; Niles, Meredith T.; Alperin, Juan P. (2019)."Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations".eLife.8.doi:10.7554/eLife.47338.PMC6668985.PMID31364991.
  73. ^Oransky, Ivan (June 29, 2020)."Major indexing service sounds alarm on self-citations by nearly 50 journals".Archived fromthe originalon June 29, 2020.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  74. ^abcDalmeet Singh Chawla (April 6, 2022)."Russian site peddles paper authorship in reputable journals for up to $5000 a pop: Advertisements promised adding names to articles that appeared in dozens of journals".Science.RetrievedApril 18,2022.
  75. ^Alonso, Johanna (May 15, 2024)."Wiley to Shutter 19 Journals".Inside Higher Education.RetrievedMay 15,2024.
  76. ^"Minden Pictures, Inc. v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc".January 27, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019.RetrievedApril 6,2019.Minden is a stock photography agency that licenses photographs to publishers, including Wiley. [...] In 1997, Minden licensed a number of photographs to Wiley for use in several educational publications. Compl. [...] In the instant action, Minden alleges that Wiley infringed the copyrights in the licensed photographs by exceeding the limitations imposed in the licenses.
  77. ^"JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant, v. DRK PHOTO, Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff".February 21, 2014. 998 F. Supp. 2d 262 No. 11 Civ. 5454(KPF) United States District Court, S.D. New York.DRK contends that its licenses with Wiley for the images at issue in these instances were limited in scope in terms of the print run, media, and/or geographic distribution, and that Wiley violated the license terms by printing more units than authorized, selling the photographs beyond the licensed geographic distribution areas, and/or using the photographs electronically without permission. [...] The record establishes that Wiley infringed on DRK's copyrights for the Three Bean Instances. [...] Because Wiley has failed to raise any issue of material fact as to whether it exceeded the scope of its license for the Three Bean Instances, summary judgment is granted in DRK's favor for these instances.
  78. ^Peter Leung (February 20, 2018)."John Wiley Partial Photo Copyright Win Affirmed On Appeal".Intellectual Property on Bloomberg Law.Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019.RetrievedApril 6,2019.
  79. ^Thomas Long (June 11, 2014)."Agreements with photographers did not give stock photo agency standing to sue for copyright infringement".Intellectual Property Law Daily.Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 19,2022.
  80. ^Minden Pictures v. John Wiley & Sons(Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit) ( "Until recently, Minden entered into 'Agency Agreements' with the individual photographers for whom it serves as a licensing agent. The Agency Agreements at the heart of this case were executed between 1993 and 2008. [...] One company to which Minden granted licenses is an educational publisher, John Wiley & Sons. [...] Because we conclude that the Agency Agreements convey the rights to reproduce, distribute, and display the photographs to Minden via an 'exclusive license' to grant licenses to third parties, we hold that Minden may bring an infringement action to remedy the unauthorized reproduction, distribution, and display of the photographs by those to whom it has granted licenses. We do not reach Minden's remaining arguments." ),Text.
  81. ^Judge William H. Pauley, III (August 17, 2018)."John Wiley & Sons, Inc. et al v. Book Dog Books, LLC et al".448.Scorched-earth litigation ensued, including numerous discovery motions, followed by appeals of determinations made by the Magistrate Judge, and multiple motions for summary judgment (followed by motions for reconsideration). [...] Defendants now resurrect that argument, contending that no reasonable jury could find sufficient evidence of distribution for 116 works. [...] Defendants continued to purchase from sources that they knew sold counterfeits. [...] Further, the jury learned that Defendants kept inadequate records. [...] Defendants acknowledge that infringement can be established through circumstantial evidence. [...] Second, Defendants challenge the five works for which Plaintiffs did not present a counterfeit copy. However, the jury heard that Defendants had purchased copies of those works from Best Books World, a known counterfeiter [...] But deposition testimony revealed that those distributors considered Defendants to be one of the most prevalent suppliers of counterfeit books and had ceased doing business with Defendants based on their history of infringement. [...] Defendants assert that Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate ownership for thirteen titles, meaning that Plaintiffs failed to establish statutory standing to sue for those works. [...] In each instance, while the copyright registrations submitted in evidence identified someone other than Cengage or Pearson as the copyright holder, trial testimony established that the person or entity listed was either the textbook's author or a publishing company acquired by Cengage or Pearson. Plaintiffs maintained that Cengage or Pearson were granted exclusive licenses for these works. Although Plaintiffs did not submit documentation, Cengage representative Jessica Stitt testified that Cengage owns or holds the exclusive license for every Cengage title. [...] Defendants never challenged this testimony, nor did they ask any questions regarding Plaintiffs' ownership of these works. No contradictory evidence of ownership presented. The jury was entirely justified in concluding that Plaintiffs established ownership for all works.
  82. ^Lindsay McKenzie (April 9, 2018)."Publishers Win Big in Fake-Textbook Lawsuit".Inside Higher Ed.Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019.RetrievedApril 6,2019.
  83. ^John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. KirtsaengArchivedJune 9, 2019, at theWayback Machine,CIV.A.08CIV.7834DCP, 2009 WL 3364037 (S.D.N.Y. October 19, 2009) aff'd, 654 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. 2011)
  84. ^"Supreme Court says copyright law does not protect publishers in discount re-sales".The Washington Post.Associated Press.March 19, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon March 20, 2013.RetrievedMarch 19,2013..
  85. ^Harris, Elizabeth A. (June 1, 2020)."Publishers Sue Internet Archive Over Free E-Books".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on June 12, 2020.RetrievedJune 12,2020.
  86. ^Text of Hachette Book Group, Inc. v. Internet Archive is available from:CourtListener

Further reading

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