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Josef Hoop

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Josef Hoop
Hoop in 1945
Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
In office
4 August 1928 – 3 September 1945
MonarchsJohann II
Franz I
Franz Joseph II
DeputyLudwig Marxer
Anton Frommelt
Alois Vogt
Preceded byGustav Schädler[a]
Succeeded byAlexander Frick
President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein
In office
January 1958 – 19 October 1959
MonarchFranz Joseph II
Prime MinisterAlexander Frick
Preceded byDavid Strub
Succeeded byMartin Risch
Personal details
Born14 December 1895
Eschen,Liechtenstein
Died19 October 1959 (aged 63)
Chur,Switzerland
Political partyProgressive Citizens' Party
Spouse
Emilie Gstöhl
​
(m.1920)​
Parent(s)Franz Josef Hoop
Berta Batliner
Cabinet
Signature
This article is part of
a series about
Josef Hoop
Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
1928–1945
President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein
1958–1959


Franz Josef Hoop(/hˈup/,German:[ˈjoːzɛfhˈoːp]ⓘ;14 December 1895 – 19 October 1959) was a diplomat and political figure fromLiechtensteinwho served asPrime Minister of Liechtensteinfrom 1928 to 1945. Hoop is best known for his efforts to retain Liechtenstein'sneutralityandindependenceduringWorld War II.Serving for seventeen years, he is the longest-serving prime minister in the country's history, ahead of his successorAlexander Frickby 79 days. He served under the reign ofPrince of LiechtensteinJohann II,Franz IandFranz Joseph II,making him the only prime minister to serve under three Princes consecutively.

Early life and diplomatic career[edit]

Hoop was born inEschenon 14 December 1895 toFranz Josef Hoop,a farmer and deputy member ofParliament,and Berta Batliner; he was one of nine children.[2][3]He attended high school inFeldkirch,Austria,and for a short time afterwards attended school inZürich,Switzerland.After finishing his schooling there, Hoop took up post-secondary education at theUniversity of Innsbruck,where he devoted himself to the study ofOriental languages.Hehe graduated in 1920 with a doctorate inphilosophy.He was fluent inArabic.[2]

Hoop served as theattachéandchargé d'affairesat the Liechtenstein legation inVienna,headed byPrince Eduard of Liechtenstein,from 1920 to 1923.[2][4]He worked towards the removal ofvisa requirements for Austrian citizensin Liechtenstein in 1922.[5]He also raised concerns over the low wages of the legation's staff, stating that it was not sufficient for them to properly feed and clothe themselves.[6]

The Liechtenstein legation in Vienna was closed in 1923.[2]Hoop had resisted the closure of the legation, as he believed it would negatively effect relations with Austria.[7]He visited AustrianMinister of Foreign AffairsAlfred Grünbergerregarding the closure, who had also privately opposed it. This led to Hoop being criticized in a letter by prime ministerGustav Schädler,as Liechtenstein's government had already agreed to be represented diplomatically by Switzerland.[8]He became a member of theHistorical Association for the Principality of Liechtensteinin 1921.[9]From 1924 to 1928, he worked for the Swisscustoms administrationinGenevaandSt. Gallen.[2]

Hoop married Emilie Gstöhl (27 February 1898 – 11 February 1997) in 1920; they had no children.[2]His niece,Emma Eigenmannwas the first female to serve in the Landtag of Liechtenstein; she served 1986 to 1993.[10][11]

Prime Minister of Liechtenstein[edit]

Hoop was the thirdPrime Minister of Liechtenstein,from 4 August 1928 to 3 September 1945.[1]Early elections were called afterJohann IIforced the government of Gustav Schädler to resign in June 1928 as the result of anembezzlement scandalat theNational Bank of Liechtenstein.[12]The1928 Liechtenstein parliamentary electionresulted with a win for theProgressive Citizens' Partyand Hoop was appointed to serve as prime minister.[13]As a result of the1930 Liechtenstein by-election,the Progressive Citizens' Party became the first party to hold anabsolute majorityin theLandtagin its history.[14]

Economic policy[edit]

During Hoop's tenure as Prime Minister, he oversaw the building of a 23 km longinland canalin order to increase the percentage of arable land within the country and create job opportunities. The project was approved in 1930; construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1943.[15]He had also given advice for businesses and industrial start-ups in Liechtenstein in order to bring employment.[16]

Spy affair[edit]

In January 1937,Carl Freiherr von Vogelsang,the editor ofLiechtensteiner Vaterlandand a founding member of theLiechtenstein Homeland Service,denounced Jews living in Liechtenstein in his publications and in letters sent toNazi Germanofficials. As a result, Hoop ordered a search of the offices of theVaterlandfor any incriminating letters; Vogelsang promptly left the country.[17][18]A majority of the Landtag approved of Hoop's actions, but members of thePatriotic Unioncalled for his resignation over the issue, believing the search to be unconstitutional.[19]It was decided that two specialjudgeswould determine the legal implications of the case. Eventually, in July 1937, it was concluded by both judges that Hoop had not acted unconstitutionally by ordering the search against Vogelsang, and Hoop was subsequently legallyacquittedof any wrong-doing.[20]

Foreign policy and World War II[edit]

See also:Liechtenstein in World War II

In 1936, Hoop led the signature of anextraditiontreaty being signed betweenLiechtenstein and the United States.[21]After the rise of Nazi Germany in 1933 and the introduction of anti-Jewish laws in the country, Liechtenstein experienced a large rise in Jewish immigrants. Hoop's government supported the naturalization of the refugees under a new citizenship law.[22]In doing so, Liechtenstein faced attacks from the German press and from domestic sources, such as theLiechtenstein Homeland Service.These were bolstered by the fact thatFranz I's wife,Princess Elsa of Liechtenstein,was of Jewish descent.[23][24][25]The1933 Rotter kidnappingwas designed to be an impetus for the formation of an organized Liechtenstein Nazi group, but it instead held back efforts for a time.[26]Hoop personally attempted to temper relations with Germany through the use of private contacts and actively downplayed the threat ofnational socialismwithin Liechtenstein.[27][28]

Hoop (centre-right) withAlois Vogt,Otto Schaedler,andLudwig Marxer,around 1938.

In the wake of theAnschluss of Austria,Hoop and the Progressive Citizens' Party participated in the coalition government formed alongside thePatriotic Union,with the goal of preventing government deadlock and retaining Liechtenstein's neutrality. Franz Joseph II oversaw the coalition.[b][31][32][33]Alois Vogt,the secretary of Patriotic Union, was appointed asDeputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein,replacingAnton Frommelt.[34][35]Hoop rejected the fascist tendencies of the Liechtenstein Homeland Service, which was one the merger parties of the Patriotic Union;[2][36]the party later faced suspicion after theGerman National Movement in Liechtensteinattempted a coupin 1939.[33][37]

Starting from 1938, the Hoop government was faced with Swiss pressure to transfer theEllhornmountain to Switzerland. Though Hoop was supportive of the transfer, he argued that the country should be fairly compensated for the loss of territory, such as through the transfer of Swiss land elsewhere or greater banking cooperation between the two countries. The proposition faced resistance from the residents inBalzers,and was not approved by Franz Joseph II.[38][39]Also facing unofficial objections from Nazi Germany, Hoop was forced to end the negotiations with Switzerland.[40]

Hoop (behind Franz Joseph II) outside theReich ChancelleryinBerlinon 2 March 1939.

ThroughoutWorld War II,Hoop considered friendly, non-binding, non-provocative diplomacy to be appropriate towards Nazi Germany, supplemented by courtesy gestures. In March 1939, he, along with Franz Joseph II, made an official visit toBerlin,where they metAdolf HitlerandJoachim von Ribbentrop.They discussed safeguarding Liechtenstein's independence and neutrality while maintaining good relations.[41]Franz Joseph later reminisced on the visit, stating that Hitler showed little interest in them and that it only took place in order to "flatter Hitler's ego".[42]In 1940, during a lecture inStuttgart,Hoop showed respect for the German armies.[2]At the same time, he tied the country as closely as possible toSwitzerlandduring the war in hopes of retaining Liechtenstein's neutrality.[32]He achieved the de facto inclusion of Liechtenstein into the Swiss national supply. Hoop did not consider the reformation of theLiechtenstein Armyto avoid provocation. During the war, he worked closely with Franz Joseph II.[2]

Resignation[edit]

Further information:First Russian National Army

In September 1945, after seventeen years as Prime Minister, Hoop formally resigned due to a worsening heart condition and his desire to move on from the role.[43][44]He also remarked that Franz Joseph II had pressured him to do so, as the prince believed that post-war Liechtenstein required a change in leadership. This belief stemmed from an ongoing diplomatic crisis involving the pro-AxisFirst Russian National Armyled by GeneralBoris Smyslovsky,which had taken refuge in Liechtenstein a few months prior.[45][46]This de facto dismissal of Hoop angered many within theProgressive Citizens' Party.[2]He was succeeded byAlexander Frick.[1][43][44]

Later life[edit]

In 1946, Hoop testified as a witness against the leaders of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein after they were charged for their 1939 coup attempt.[47]Multiple members of Hoop's government wereindictedfor their actions during the Second World War, notably his former Deputy Alois Vogt, but Hoop was never charged of anything.[35]

After resigning as prime minister, Hoop soon went on to study law at theUniversity of Zurichand then at theUniversity of Innsbruckin 1946, where he graduated and received a doctorate in 1948. After graduating, he worked as a lawyer inVaduz.[2]

Hoop later served as a board member for theNational Bank of Liechtensteinand president of the Liechtenstein Constitutional Court.[2]He was also elected to the Landtag in1957,where he served until his death in 1959.[10]He wasPresident of the Landtag of Liechtensteinfrom 1958 to 1959.[34]

Death and legacy[edit]

Hoop, a habitual smoker throughout his adult life, died on 19 October 1959 due toheart failurefollowing a surgery, at the age of 63 years old.[48][49]He was buried in his home-town of Eschen and his funeral was attended by both Franz Joseph II andPrincess Gina of Liechtenstein.[50]A street in Eschen is named after him.[51]

Hoop was regarded highly by Franz Joseph II due to his efforts to protect Liechtenstein's independence duringWorld War II.He once said in retrospect that "Hoop saved the country".[2]Martin Risch,a member of the Liechtenstein Historical Association and Hoop's successor as President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein, described him as "one of the finest men to serve within Liechtenstein, for his long-term service in the country".[9]

In popular culture[edit]

Josef Hoop was portrayed by French actorPierre Vaneckin the filmVent d'est,released in 1993.[52]

Honours[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Prince Alfred Roman of Liechtensteinas acting prime minister.[1]
  2. ^Franz Iwas still officiallyPrince of Liechtensteinat this time; he made Franz Joseph his regent following theAnschluss of Austriaand moved to a family estate inCzechoslovakia.He died on 25 July 1938 and Franz Joseph II formally succeeded him.[29][30]

References[edit]

  1. ^abc"Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021"(PDF).www.regierung.li.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 February 2024.Retrieved15 February2024.
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnGeiger, Peter(31 December 2011)."Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959)".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved26 October2022.
  3. ^"Hoop Franz Josef, stv. Landtagsabgeordneter".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved28 August2023.
  4. ^Evelin, Oberhammer (31 December 2011)."Liechtenstein, Eduard von".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved8 November2023.
  5. ^"Das österreichische Aussenministerium begrüsst die von der liechtensteinischen Regierung vorgeschlagene Aufhebung des Sichtvermerkzwanges".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 12 August 1922.Retrieved25 July2023.
  6. ^"Josef Hoop, Geschäftsträger in Wien, beschwert sich über die geringe Entlöhnung des Botschaftspersonals".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 8 June 1922.Retrieved25 July2023.
  7. ^"Josef Hoop, Geschäftsträger in Wien, teilt mit, dass die Auflösung der Wiener Gesandtschaft sich ungünstig auf die Beziehungen zu Österreich auswirken werde".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 2 July 1923.Retrieved25 July2023.
  8. ^"Die Regierung protestiert gegen die Vorsprache von Josef Hoop, Geschäftsträger in Wien, beim österreichischen Aussenminister wegen der Aufhebung der Wiener Gesandtschaft".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 2 September 1923.Retrieved25 July2023.
  9. ^abRisch 1959.
  10. ^abVogt 1987.
  11. ^"Eigenmann-Schädler, Emma".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German). 31 December 2011.Retrieved10 November2023.
  12. ^Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011)."Sparkassaskandal".Historisches Lexikon(in German).Retrieved17 May2023.
  13. ^Nohlen & Stöver 2010,p. 1164.
  14. ^Nohlen & Stöver 2010,p. 1182.
  15. ^Haidvogl, Gertrud (31 December 2011)."Binnenkanal".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved30 July2023.
  16. ^Frey, Stefan (31 December 2011)."Arbeitsbeschaffung".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved10 October2023.
  17. ^Geiger 1997,p. 371.
  18. ^Schremser, Jürgen (31 December 2011)."Vogelsang, Carl Freiherr von".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved20 July2023.
  19. ^Geiger 1997,p. 372.
  20. ^Geiger 1997,p. 373.
  21. ^"U.S. and Liechtenstein sign extradition pact".The Morning Post.21 May 1936.Retrieved23 April2023.
  22. ^"Regierungschef Josef Hoop orientiert den Landtag über einen Entwurf für ein Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 29 May 1933.Retrieved28 July2023.
  23. ^"Nazi Group Formed in Lichtenstein".The New York Times.3 July 1933.ISSN0362-4331.Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2023.Retrieved10 June2023.
  24. ^"Die liechtensteinische Regierung protestiert gegen die deutsche Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 9 April 1933.Retrieved28 July2023.
  25. ^"NAZIS IN CABINET IN LIECHTENSTEIN; Prince Franz Joseph, the New Ruler, Names Them Though Pledging Independence HITLER MOVEMENT GAINS Its Growing Strength Was One Reason for Abdication of Franz 1, Old Sovereign".The New York Times.1 April 1938.Retrieved16 May2023.
  26. ^"Rotter-Entführung".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German). 16 August 2021.Retrieved23 March2024.
  27. ^"Regierungschef Josef Hoop bemüht sich über private Kontakte, der deutschen Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein entgegenzutreten".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 7 March 1933.Retrieved28 July2023.
  28. ^"Regierungschef Josef Hoop versichert Prinz Alois von Liechtenstein, dass von der Gründung der Ortsgruppe Liechtenstein der NSDAP keine Gefahr ausgehe".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 21 July 1933.Retrieved28 July2023.
  29. ^"Prince Franz to Return to Estate".Daily News.1 April 1938. p. 216.Archivedfrom the original on 20 April 2020 – viaNewspapers.com.
  30. ^"Oldest Former Ruler Succumbs".Kenosha News.26 July 1938. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on 20 April 2020 – viaNewspapers.com.
  31. ^Tikkanen, Amy (21 April 2023)."Francis Joseph II, prince of Liechtenstein".Britannica.Retrieved15 May2023.
  32. ^abStreitwireless, Clarence (10 April 1938)."GUARANTEE SOUGHT BY LIECHTENSTEIN; Principality Wants to Join Switzerland if Powers Fail to Back Independencece GERMAN INVASION FEARED".The New York Times.Retrieved16 May2023.
  33. ^abMarxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011)."Patriotic Union (VU)".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved14 May2023.
  34. ^ab"Mitglieder - Präsidenten"(in German). 27 March 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 27 March 2019.
  35. ^abSchremser, Jürgen (31 December 2011)."Vogt, Alois".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved27 May2023.
  36. ^"Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943".Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics(in German). 2007.Retrieved15 May2023.
  37. ^Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011)."Anschlussputsch".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved14 November2023.
  38. ^Geiger 1997,pp. 300–311.
  39. ^Meier, Günther (11 December 2023)."Die Angst vor feindlichen Truppen: Wie die «Loreley des Alpenrheins» den Besitzer wechselte".Neue Zürcher Zeitung(in German).Retrieved30 March2024.
  40. ^Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011)."Ellhorn".Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein(in German).Retrieved19 March2024.
  41. ^"Prince Franz Josef II visits Adolf Hitler in Berlin".Liechtenstein Institute(in German). 27 March 2019.Retrieved17 May2023.
  42. ^"Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83".Los Angeles Times.15 November 1989.Retrieved17 May2023.
  43. ^ab"Liechtenstein gets a new boss".Stars and Stripes Newspaper Southern France.Nice. 6 September 1945. p. 4. Archived fromthe originalon 5 May 2024.Retrieved29 January2024.
  44. ^ab"Liechtenstein Gets New Chief".The New York Times.4 September 1945. Archived fromthe originalon 5 May 2024.Retrieved16 May2023.
  45. ^"LIECHTENSTEIN IN CRISIS; Principality's Cabinet Cites Lack of 'Freedom of Action'".The New York Times.21 July 1945.Retrieved16 May2023.
  46. ^ARGENTINA: Last of the Wehrmacht – Monday, Apr. 13, 1953Archived23 August 2013 at theWayback Machine
  47. ^"Josef Hoop sagt als Zeuge über die Tätigkeit von Friedrich Bock als Leiter der NSDAP-Ortsgruppe Liechtenstein aus".Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein(in German). 24 November 1945.Retrieved25 August2023.
  48. ^"DR. JOSEF HOOP, 64, DEAD;".The New York Times.20 October 1959. Archived fromthe originalon 15 May 2023.Retrieved15 May2023.
  49. ^"Parliament Chief Dies".Long Beach Independent.Long Beach, California. 20 October 1959. p. 15.Retrieved29 January2024.
  50. ^Hartmann, Gerhard (5 October 2012)."Franz Josef Hoop".Österreichische Cartellverband(in German).Retrieved15 May2023.
  51. ^"Dr. Josef Hoop Straße, 9492 Eschen".map.search.ch.Retrieved14 September2013.
  52. ^"VENT D'EST (1993)".BFI.Archived fromthe originalon 20 September 2021.

Biblography[edit]

See also[edit]

Political offices
Preceded by Head of Government of Liechtenstein
1928-1945 		Succeeded by
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