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Joshua Fry Speed

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Joshua Fry Speed
Portrait of Speed as a young man
Member of the
Kentucky House of Representatives
In office
1848–1850
Personal details
Born(1814-11-14)November 14, 1814
Louisville, Kentucky,U.S.
DiedMay 29, 1882(1882-05-29)(aged 67)
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
Resting placeCave Hill Cemetery
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
Spouse
Fanny Henning
​
(m.1842)​
Parent
OccupationGeneral store co-owner, real estate investor, plantation owner (through family), Kentucky representative
Known forAbraham Lincoln's best friend and a close confidant

Joshua Fry Speed(November 14, 1814 – May 29, 1882) was an American planter and businessman. He was a close friend of future PresidentAbraham Lincolnfrom his days inSpringfield, Illinois,where Speed was a partner in ageneral store.He first met Lincoln in 1837. Later, Speed was a farmer and a real estate investor in Kentucky, and also served one term in theKentucky House of Representativesin 1848.[1]

Life

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Ancestors, family and early life

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Joshua Fry Speed was born atFarmington,Louisville, Kentucky, to JudgeJohn Speedand Lucy Gilmer Speed (née Fry) on November 14, 1814.[2]On his father's side, Speed's ancestry can be traced back to 17th-century cartographer and historianJohn Speed.[3]John Speed's great-grandfather (James Speed) emigrated to Virginia in 1695. James Speed's grandson, Captain James Speed, fought in theAmerican Revolutionand was seriously wounded in 1781, resulting in the Continental Congress awarding him 7,500 acres in the territory of Kentucky.[4]He settled there in 1782 and became a judge and land speculator, eventually accumulating 45,000 acres in central Kentucky and joining the territorial conventions by which Kentucky became separated from Virginia.[5]One of Captain Speed's six children, John Speed, owned a store in the 1790s and operated a salt works using leased slaves. In the 1800s, his father gave him a large tract on which to begin farming. He grew staples and the labor-intensive cash crop of hemp. He would acquire other businesses as well, including a blacksmith. By his death in 1840, he had become one of Kentucky's largest slave-owners with 54.[6]

Lucy Speed, mother of Joshua

In 1808, following the death of his first wife, John Speed married Lucy Gilmer Fry. She had come from Virginia, where her family was close toThomas Jefferson.Her father had inherited considerable wealth in land and slaves in Virginia, but left for Kentucky in 1788 or 1789. There, he opened a school in his home, where he taught a number of boys who later became prominent.[7]Joshua Speed was the fifth of 11 children from the marriage; one of his siblings died in infancy the year Joshua was born. Joshua remained close to his mother until her death, but he seems to have had a strained relationship with his father, who complained of "all your abuse of me" when Joshua was 15.[8]Depression seems to have run in the family, with evidence in his father, two of his brothers—James Speed showed signs of clinical depression—and Joshua himself.[9]Lincoln even observed this in Joshua, remarking, "You are 'naturally of a nervous temperament.'"[10]

Education and clerkship

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Despite having had little formal education himself, Joshua's father wanted his children to have that advantage. Joshua was tutored by his maternal grandfather, Joshua Fry, and attendedSt. Joseph's CollegenearBardstown.Before completing college, however, he fell ill. He returned home and, despite his father's opposition, argued that he was ready to begin a career.[11]He spent two to three years as a clerk in the largest wholesale establishment inLouisville.[12]He then moved toSpringfield, Illinois.

Career

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Speed decided to try his fortune in theMidwest;in 1835 he set out for Springfield, Illinois. At the time, Springfield had a population of fewer than 1,500 people. Almost immediately upon arriving there, Speed engaged inmerchandisingand assisted in editing a local newspaper.

Speed and Lincoln

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Speed had heard young Abraham Lincoln deliver a speech on a stump when Lincoln was running for election to the Illinois legislature. On April 15, 1837, Lincoln arrived at Springfield, the new state capital, to seek his fortune as a young lawyer, whereupon he met Joshua Speed. Lincoln sublet Joshua's apartment above Speed's store, becoming his roommate, sharing a bed with him for four years, and becoming his lifelong best friend.[13]Although bed-sharing between same sexes was a reasonably common practice in this period, this has led to speculation, including by ProfessorThomas Balcerski,regarding Lincoln's sexuality.[14]

On March 30, 1840, Judge John Speed died. Joshua announced plans to sell his store and return to his parents' largeplantation house,Farmington,nearLouisville, Kentucky.Lincoln, though notoriously awkward and shy around women, was then engaged toMary Todd,a vivacious society young woman also from Kentucky. As the dates approached for both Speed's departure and Lincoln's marriage, Lincoln broke the engagement on the planned day of the wedding, January 1, 1841. Speed departed as planned, leaving Lincoln mired in depression andguilt.

Seven months later, in July 1841, Lincoln, still depressed, decided to visit Speed in Kentucky. Speed welcomed Lincoln to his paternal house, where the latter spent a month regaining his mental health. During his stay at Farmington, Lincoln rode into Louisville almost daily to discuss legal matters of the day with AttorneyJames Speed,Joshua's older brother. James Speed lent Lincoln books from his law library.[15]

Joshua Speed and Lincoln disagreed over slavery, especially Speed's argument that Northerners should not care. In 1855, Lincoln wrote to Speed:

You know I dislike slavery; and you fully admit the abstract wrong of it.... I also acknowledge your rights and my obligations, under the constitution, in regard to your slaves. I confess I hate to see the poor creatures hunted down, and caught, and carried back to their stripes, and unrewarded toils; but I bite my lip and keep quiet. In 1841, you and I had together a tedious low-water trip, on a Steam Boat from Louisville to St. Louis. You may remember, as I well do, that from Louisville to the mouth of the Ohio, there were, on board, ten or a dozen slaves, shackled together with irons. That sight was a continued torment to me; and I see something like it every time I touch the Ohio, or any other slave-border. It is hardly fair for you to assume, that I have no interest in a thing which has, and continually exercises, the power of making me miserable. You ought rather to appreciate how much the great body of the Northern people do crucify their feelings...[16]

Joshua Fry Speed,c. 1860–1865

During Lincoln's presidential administration (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865), he offered Speed several government appointments. Speed refused each time, choosing to help in other ways. Speed disagreed with Lincoln on theslaveryquestion but remained loyal, and coordinatedUnionactivities in Kentucky during theAmerican Civil War.His brother,James Speed,served as Lincoln'sUnited States Attorney General,beginning in November 1864. In explaining the nomination to Congress, Lincoln acknowledged that he did not know James as well as he knew Joshua.[17]

Later activities

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After theassassinationof Lincoln byJohn Wilkes Booth,Speed organized a memorial service in Louisville for the departed leader. He also pledged his support to the new PresidentAndrew Johnsonadministration (April 15, 1865, to March 3, 1869). Sixty members of the Speed family gave money for a monument to honor Lincoln in Springfield. Joshua Speed also wrote lengthy letters toWilliam Herndon,a former law partner of Lincoln who had set about to write a biography of Lincoln.

Death and legacy

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Joshua Speed died on May 29, 1882, in Louisville, Kentucky. He is interred inCave Hill Cemeteryin Louisville.[18]His family's estate,Farmington,is now listed on theNational Register of Historic Places,and while the farm is substantially reduced in size, the house has been restored and has become a local event venue, and the focus of living history events.[19]

Alleged hoax diary

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In 1999, the author and gay activistLarry Kramerclaimed that he had uncovered new primary sources which shed fresh light on Lincoln's sexuality. The alleged sources included a hitherto-unknown Joshua Speed diary and letters in which it was claimed Speed wrote explicitly about his relationship with Lincoln. The items were supposedly discovered hidden beneath the floorboards of the old store in which the two men lived, and they were said to reside in a private collection inDavenport, Iowa.[20]Kramer died in 2020 and apparently never produced or showed anyone the supposed documents[21]although he published a novel in 2015, including some of his ideas about Speed and Lincoln that historian and psychoanalyst, Charles Strozier, found unconvincing as a matter of history or sexuality.[22]The historian Gabor Boritt, referring to the alleged documents, wrote, "Almost certainly this is a hoax...."[23]

Further family and ancestry information

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Joshua Speed's father, Judge John Speed, was born inCharlotte County, Virginia.John was first married to Abby Lemaster. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy:

  • Thomas Speed
  • Mary Speed (born 1800)
  • Eliza Speed (born 1805)
  • James Speed
1864 painting of Joshua Fry and his wife Fanny Henning Speed

John was then married to Lucy Gilmer Fry. Lucy was born inAlbemarle County,Virginia. They had eleven children:

  • Thomas Speed (September 15, 1809 – 1812)
  • Lucy Fry Speed (February 26, 1811 – 1893). Later married toJames D. Breckinridge.
  • James Speed(March 11, 1812 – June 12, 1887)
  • Peachy Walker Speed (May 4, 1813 – January 18, 1881)
  • Joshua Fry Speed (1814–1882)
  • William Pope Speed (April 26, 1816 – June 28, 1863)
  • Susan Fry Speed (September 30, 1817 – 1888)
  • Major Philip Speed (April 12, 1819 – November 1, 1882)
  • John Smith Speed (January 1, 1821 – 1886)
  • Martha Bell Speed (September 8, 1822 – 1903)
  • Ann Pope Speed (November 5, 1831 – 1838)

Joshua Speed began a courtship with Fanny Henning and married on February 15, 1842.[24]They remained married until his death. They had no children.

Fanny Henning Speed bequested a large amount toUnion Collegein Barbourville, Kentucky, andSpeed Hall,listed on the National Register, is named for her.[25]

Representations in other media

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See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^Collins & Collins 1874,p. 374.
  2. ^Speed 1896,p. 3.
  3. ^Strozier 2016,pp. 7–8.
  4. ^Strozier 2016,p. 8.
  5. ^Strozier 2016,p. 8;Speed 1896,p. 3.
  6. ^Strozier 2016,pp. 8–10.
  7. ^Collins & Collins 1874,p. 625.
  8. ^Strozier 2016,pp. 14–15.
  9. ^Strozier 2016,p. 14.
  10. ^Basler 1953,p. I:265.
  11. ^Strozier 2016,p. 8;Speed 1896,pp. 3–4.
  12. ^Speed 1896,p. 4.
  13. ^Donald, David Herbert (2003)."We are Lincoln men": Abraham Lincoln and his friends.Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 30, 32.ISBN0-7432-5468-6.OCLC52766031.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2024.RetrievedNovember 5,2022.
  14. ^"Was Abraham Lincoln gay?".The Economist.ISSN0013-0613.RetrievedOctober 2,2024.
  15. ^Donald, David Herbert (1995).Lincoln.New York: Touchstone. p. 88.
  16. ^"Abraham Lincoln's 1855 Letter to Joshua Speed".Showcase.netins.net. Archived fromthe originalon November 25, 2012.RetrievedOctober 12,2013.
  17. ^Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005),Team of Rivals.New York: Simon & Schuster, 676.ISBN978-0-684-82490-1.
  18. ^Wilson, Scott.Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons,3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 44410-44411). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  19. ^"Home".historicfarmington.org.Archivedfrom the original on January 31, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 11,2006.
  20. ^Lloyd, Carol (April 30, 1999)."Was Lincoln Gay?".Salon.Archivedfrom the original on March 22, 2017.RetrievedMarch 22,2017.
  21. ^Strub, Sean (August 17, 2020)."Remembering the Passion of Larry Kramer".POZ.Archivedfrom the original on August 9, 2021.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  22. ^Fried, Ronald K. (May 15, 2016)."Debunking the Myth That Lincoln Was Gay".The Daily Beast.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2024.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  23. ^Gabor Boritt,The Lincoln Enigma: The Changing Faces of an American Icon,Oxford University Press, 2001, p.xiv.
  24. ^Ishbel Ross.The President's wife: Mary Todd Lincoln: a biography.1973, p 44.
  25. ^Gloria Mills; Charlotte Worsham (January 1982)."National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Speed Hall".National Park Service.Archivedfrom the original on May 4, 2024.RetrievedApril 25,2018.Withaccompanying three photos from 1981

Sources and further reading

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  • Basler, Roy P., ed. (1953).Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln.New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.LCCN53006293.
  • Bush, Bryan S. (2008).Lincoln and the Speeds: The Untold Story of a Devoted and Enduring Friendship.Morley, Missouri: Acclaim Press.ISBN9780979880261.
  • Collins, Lewis; Collins, Richard H. (1874).History of Kentucky.Vol. 2. Covington, Kentucky: Collins & Co.
  • Howard, Victor B. (Summer 1982). "Lincoln Slave Policy in Kentucky: A Study of Pragmatic Strategy".The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society.80(3): 281–308.JSTOR23379497.
  • Kincaid, Robert L. (April 1943)."Joshua Fry Speed—1814–1882, Abraham Lincoln's Most Intimate Friend"(PDF).The Filson Club History Quarterly.17(2).RetrievedMay 4,2024.
  • Kincaid, Robert L. (April 1954). "Joshua Fry Speed: Lincoln's Confidential Agent in Kentucky".The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society.52(179): 99–110.JSTOR23373760.
  • Krause, Susan (Spring 1996). "Abraham Lincoln and Joshua Speed, Attorney and Client".Illinois Historical Journal.89(1): 35–50.JSTOR40193006.
  • Olson, Julius E. (September 1920). "Lincoln in Wisconsin".The Wisconsin Magazine of History.4(1): 44–54.JSTOR4630278.
  • Paludan, Phillip Shaw (Summer 2006). "Lincoln and Negro Slavery: I Haven't Got Time for the Pain".Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association.27(2): 1–23.JSTOR20149097.
  • Speed, Joshua F. (1896).Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln and Notes of a Visit to California: Two Lectures.Louisville, Kentucky: Printed by the Bradley & Gilbert Co.
  • Strozier, Charles B. (2016).Your Friend Forever, A. Lincoln: The Enduring Friendship of Abraham Lincoln and Joshua Speed.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN9780231171328.
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